Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's Mini-Sentinel pilot program aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to...
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Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's Mini-Sentinel pilot program aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to develop and understand the validity of algorithms for identifying health outcomes of interest from administrative and claims data. This article summarizes the process and findings of the algorithm review of hypersensitivity reactions. Methods PubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service searches were conducted to identify citations applicable to the hypersensitivity reactions of health outcomes of interest. Level 1 abstract reviews and Level 2 full-text reviews were conducted to find articles using administrative and claims data to identify hypersensitivity reactions and including validation estimates of the coding algorithms. Results We identified five studies that provided validated hypersensitivity-reaction algorithms. algorithm positive predictive values (PPVs) for various definitions of hypersensitivity reactions ranged from 3% to 95%. PPVs were high (i. e. 90%-95%) when both exposures and diagnoses were very specific. PPV generally decreased when the definition of hypersensitivity was expanded, except in one study that used data mining methodology for algorithm development. Conclusions The ability of coding algorithms to identify hypersensitivity reactions varied, with decreasing performance occurring with expanded outcome definitions. This examination of hypersensitivity-reaction coding algorithms provides an example of surveillance bias resulting from outcome definitions that include mild cases. Data mining may provide tools for algorithm development for hypersensitivity and other health outcomes. Research needs to be conducted on designing validation studies to test hypersensitivity-reaction algorithms and estimating their predictive power, sensitivity, and specificity. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Mini-Sentinel pilot program aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance...
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Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Mini-Sentinel pilot program aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to develop and understand the validity of algorithms for identifying health outcomes of interest (HOIs) from administrative and claims data. This paper summarizes the process and findings of the algorithm review of erythema multiforme and related conditions. Methods PubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service searches were conducted to identify citations applicable to the erythema multiforme HOI. Level 1 abstract reviews and Level 2 full-text reviews were conducted to find articles that used administrative and claims data to identify erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis and that included validation estimates of the coding algorithms. Results Our search revealed limited literature focusing on erythema multiforme and related conditions that provided administrative and claims data-based algorithms and validation estimates. Only four studies provided validated algorithms and all studies used the same International Classification of Diseases code, 695.1. Approximately half of cases subjected to expert review were consistent with erythema multiforme and related conditions. Conclusions Updated research needs to be conducted on designing validation studies that test algorithms for erythema multiforme and related conditions and that take into account recent changes in the diagnostic coding of these diseases. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Mini-Sentinel pilot program initially aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this su...
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Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Mini-Sentinel pilot program initially aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to develop and understand the validity of algorithms for identifying health outcomes of interest (HOIs) from administrative and claims data. This paper summarizes the process and findings of the algorithm review of acute respiratory failure (ARF). Methods PubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service searches were conducted to identify citations applicable to the anaphylaxisHOI. Level 1 abstract reviews and Level 2 full-text reviews were conducted to find articles using administrative and claims data to identify ARF, including validation estimates of the coding algorithms. Results Our search revealed a deficiency of literature focusing on ARF algorithms and validation estimates. Only two studies provided codes for ARF, each using related yet different ICD-9 codes (i. e., ICD-9 codes 518.8, " other diseases of lung," and 518.81, " acute respiratory failure"). Neither study provided validation estimates. Conclusions Research needs to be conducted on designing validation studies to test ARF algorithms and estimating their predictive power, sensitivity, and specificity. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's Mini-Sentinel pilot program initially aimed to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveil...
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Purpose The Food and Drug Administration's Mini-Sentinel pilot program initially aimed to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to develop and understand the validity of algorithms for identifying health outcomes of interest (HOIs) from administrative and claims data. This paper summarizes the process and findings of the algorithm review of pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease. Methods PubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service Web searches were conducted to identify citations applicable to the pulmonary fibrosis/ interstitial lung disease HOI. Level 1 abstract reviews and Level 2 full-text reviews were conducted to find articles using administrative and claims data to identify pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease, including validation estimates of the coding algorithms. Results Our search revealed a deficiency of literature focusing on pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease algorithms and validation estimates. Only five studies provided codes;none provided validation estimates. Because interstitial lung disease includes a broad spectrum of diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, the scope of these studies varied, as did the corresponding diagnostic codes used. Conclusions Research needs to be conducted on designing validation studies to test pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease algorithms and estimating their predictive power, sensitivity, and specificity. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
With the rapid development of computers, communication and multimedia electronic products, application of high quality images is becoming more and more popular. Improvement of image quality is a very important subject...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783037853191
With the rapid development of computers, communication and multimedia electronic products, application of high quality images is becoming more and more popular. Improvement of image quality is a very important subject at present. Basic on compression technology of static images, this subject raises adaptive quantitative methods for different images, adopts secondary calculation method during quantization, and then gives simulation validation to images by Matlab software. According to the rate of high-frequency and low-frequency of images, adjust quantization table to make the best effort of image compression.
Statistical coding techniques have been used for a long time in lossless data compression, using methods such as Huffman's algorithm, arithmetic coding, Shannon's method, Fano's method, etc. Most of these ...
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Statistical coding techniques have been used for a long time in lossless data compression, using methods such as Huffman's algorithm, arithmetic coding, Shannon's method, Fano's method, etc. Most of these methods can be implemented either statically or adaptively. In this paper, we show that although Fano coding is sub-optimal, it is possible to generate static Fano-based encoding schemes which are arbitrarily close to the optimal, i.e. those generated by Huffman's algorithm. By taking advantage of the properties of the encoding schemes generated by this method, and the concept of "code word arrangement", we present an enhanced version of the static Fano's method, namely Fano(+). We formally analyze Fano(+) by presenting some properties of the Fano tree, and the theory of list rearrangements. Our enhanced algorithm achieves compression ratios arbitrarily close to those of Huffman's algorithm on files of the Calgary corpus and the Canterbury corpus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Optical encoder is the important sensor used for length and angle measurement. A new type optical encoder: virtual absolute encoder has inherited the advantage of the two old traditional ones. The principle of virtual...
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Optical encoder is the important sensor used for length and angle measurement. A new type optical encoder: virtual absolute encoder has inherited the advantage of the two old traditional ones. The principle of virtual absolute encoder has been introduced. A practical coding algorithm was designed according to the characters of the slit disk. The code design of indexing track highest to 17 bits comes true with the aid of computer aided design (CAD). A method to decode was also developed, which can convert the binary cyclic code into binary natural code, and this method furnishes the further engineering practice with the theoretical foundation.
In this paper, a new method lossless for real time compression of still images in the field of the artificial vision, is presented. The proposed method is based on a new focus which incorporates the simultaneous execu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9531840547
In this paper, a new method lossless for real time compression of still images in the field of the artificial vision, is presented. The proposed method is based on a new focus which incorporates the simultaneous execution of the acquisition and compression process of an image. The method consists of three processes. In the first one, a linear camera captures a line which is stored in memory. In the next step, the compression process of this line is executed at the same time as the acquisition process reads the next line. The process is repeated downwards starting from the upper line of the image. The novelty and main contribution of this method is in the compression process. A new coding algorithm is formulated and developed. The proposed method guarantees a ratio of compression of 3:1 with high probability and a real time execution.
Normally, the dynamic range of a Shack-Hartmann sensor is limited by the fool leaving their respective subapertures, thus a definite attachment of the foci to their subapertures is difficult. By using an array of spat...
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Normally, the dynamic range of a Shack-Hartmann sensor is limited by the fool leaving their respective subapertures, thus a definite attachment of the foci to their subapertures is difficult. By using an array of spatial light modulators in front of the microlenses of the sensor to switch on and off the subapertures, a definite assignment of the spots to their subapertures is possible. We present a coding algorithm that needs only log(2) N+1 frames to assign N spots unequivocal to their subapertures. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
A new coding algorithm is proposed for encoding arbitrarily shaped video objects. This algorithm employs an object-based discrete wavelet transform to decompose the video object. The decomposed pyramid is entropy enco...
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A new coding algorithm is proposed for encoding arbitrarily shaped video objects. This algorithm employs an object-based discrete wavelet transform to decompose the video object. The decomposed pyramid is entropy encoded with a modified set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm called partial-SPIHT (P-SPIHT). which only encodes the coefficients belonging to the decomposed video objects. The performance of this algorithm shows that it is a competitive candidate for the standardisation of video object coding.
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