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arXiv 2023年

作者： Ali-Dib, Mohamad Menou, Kristen New York University Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188 United Arab Emirates Physics & Astrophysics Group DPES University of Toronto ScarboroughONM1C 1A4 Canada Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics University of Toronto ONM5S 3H4 Canada Department of Physics University of Toronto ONM5S 1A7 Canada Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur TOP team Laboratoire Lagrange - CNRS Nice France

Large Language Models (LLMs) can solve some undergraduate-level to graduate-level physics textbook problems and are proficient at coding. Combining these two capabilities could one day enable AI systems to simulate and predict the physical world. We present an evaluation of state-of-the-art (SOTA) LLMs on PhD-level to research-level computational physics problems. We condition LLM generation on the use of well-documented and widely-used packages to elicit coding capabilities in the physics and astrophysics domains. We contribute ∼ 50 original and challenging problems in celestial mechanics (with REBOUND), stellar physics (with MESA), 1D fluid dynamics (with Dedalus) and non-linear dynamics (with SciPy). Since our problems do not admit unique solutions, we evaluate LLM performance on several soft metrics: counts of lines that contain different types of errors (coding, physics, necessity and sufficiency) as well as a more ‘educational’ Pass-Fail metric focused on capturing the salient physical ingredients of the problem at hand. As expected, today’s SOTA LLM (GPT4) zero-shot fails most of our problems, although about 40% of the solutions could plausibly get a passing grade. About 70 − 90% of the code lines produced are necessary, sufficient and correct (coding & physics). Physics and coding errors are the most common, with some unnecessary or insufficient lines. We observe significant variations across problem class and difficulty. We identify several failure modes of GPT4 in the computational physics domain, such as poor physical units handling, poor code versioning, tendency to hallucinate plausible sub-modules, lack of physical justification for global run parameters (e.g., simulation time, or upper-lower bounds for parametric exploration) and inability to define steady-state or stopping conditions reliably. Our reconnaissance work provides a snapshot of current computational capabilities in classical physics and points to obvious improvement targets if AI systems

关键词： coding errors

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Mitigating Temporal Fragility in the XY Surface Code

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Tsai, Pei-Kai Wu, Yue Puri, Shruti Yale University Department of Applied Physics New HavenCT06511 United States Yale Quantum Institute Yale University New HavenCT06511 United States Yale University Department of Computer Science New HavenCT06511 United States

An important outstanding challenge that must be overcome in order to fully utilize the XY surface code for correcting biased Pauli noise is the phenomenon of fragile temporal boundaries that arises during the standard logical state preparation and measurement protocols. To address this challenge we propose a new logical state preparation protocol based on locally entangling qubits into small Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger-like states prior to making the stabilizer measurements that place them in the XY-code state. We prove that in this new procedure O(√n) high-rate errors along a single lattice boundary can cause a logical failure, leading to an almost quadratic reduction in the number of fault-configurations compared to the standard state-preparation approach. Moreover, the code becomes equivalent to a repetition code for high-rate errors, guaranteeing a 50% code-capacity threshold during state preparation for infinitely biased noise. With a simple matching decoder we confirm that our preparation protocol outperforms the standard one in terms of both threshold and logical error rate in the fault-tolerant regime where measurements are unreliable and at experimentally realistic biases. We also discuss how our state-preparation protocol can be inverted for similar fragile-boundary-mitigated logical-state measurement. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： coding errors

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A flexible Bayesian non-parametric mixture model reveals multiple dependencies of swap errors in visual working memory

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Radmard, Puria Bays, Paul M. Lengyel, Máté Department of Engineering University of Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Psychology University of Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Cognitive Science Central European University Austria

Human behavioural data in psychophysics has been used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of many cognitive processes, such as attention, sensorimotor integration, and perceptual decision making. Visual working memory (VWM) has particularly benefited from this approach: analyses of VWM errors have proven crucial for understanding VWM capacity and coding schemes, in turn constraining neural models of both. One poorly understood class of VWM errors are swap errors, whereby participants recall an uncued item from memory. Swap errors could arise from erroneous memory encoding, noisy storage, or errors at retrieval time - previous research has mostly implicated the latter two. However, these studies made strong a priori assumptions on the detailed mechanisms and/or parametric form of errors contributed by these sources. Here, we pursue a data-driven approach instead, introducing a Bayesian non-parametric mixture model of swap errors (BNS) which provides a flexible descriptive model of swapping behaviour, such that swaps are allowed to depend on both the probed and reported features of every stimulus item. We fit BNS to the trial-by-trial behaviour of human participants and show that it recapitulates the strong dependence of swaps on cue similarity in multiple datasets. Critically, BNS reveals that this dependence coexists with a non-monotonic modulation in the report feature dimension for a random dot motion direction-cued, location-reported dataset. The form of the modulation inferred by BNS opens new questions about the importance of memory encoding in causing swap errors in VWM, a distinct source to the previously suggested binding and cueing errors. Our analyses, combining qualitative comparisons of the highly interpretable BNS parameter structure with rigorous quantitative model comparison and recovery methods, show that previous interpretations of swap errors may have been incomplete. These findings necessitate further systematic investigation, and demonstrate t

关键词： coding errors

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Estimating years of education using the current population survey after 2014

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ECONOMICS LETTERS 2020年第0期189卷 109058-000页

作者： Hersch, Joni Lopez, Fernando Mendoza Shinall, Jennifer Bennett Vanderbilt Law Sch 131 21st Ave South Nashville TN 37203 USA IZA Inst Lab Econ Bonn Germany

In 2015, the Current Population Survey (CPS) eliminated three questions related to educational attainment. These now-eliminated questions continue to be used by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) to calculate their years of education variable in their Merged Outgoing Rotation Groups (MORG) extracts. We demonstrate that the NBER imputation method after 2014 results in missing values for imputed education for 27.5% of the observations and average years of education of about 1.1 fewer years. We provide coding that can be used with the current CPS questions to allow comparison of years of education over time. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Current population survey Education Missing data coding errors Merged outgoing rotation groups NBER

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Can Reducing Faults Prevent Vulnerabilities?

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COMPUTER 2018年第7期51卷 82-85页

作者： Kuhn, Rick Raunak, Mohammad Kacker, Raghu NIST Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA Loyola Univ Maryland Comp Sci Baltimore MD USA

Most security vulnerabilities result from ordinary coding errors. What does this mean for the prospects of more secure software?

关键词： Program Debugging Security Of Data Software Fault Tolerance Security Vulnerabilities Software Faults coding errors Software Security Software Vulnerabilities Computer Bugs Computer Security Encoding Testing NIST Cybertrust Security Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Faults Bugs Software Engineering

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Low-cost methodology for fault diagnosis and localization in pipelined ADCs

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INTEGRATION-THE VLSI JOURNAL 2018年第Sep.期63卷 64-73页

作者： Abbas, Mohamed Ramadan, Ashraf Assiut Univ Fac Engn Dept Elect Engn Assiut 71516 Egypt King Saud Univ Coll Engn Dept Elect Engn Riyadh 11421 Saudi Arabia

This paper presents two low cost methodologies for fault diagnosis and localization in digitally calibrated pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). A simple design for test (DFT) is proposed to generate the required test stimulus and to provide the required controllability to collect the code error (fault) signature, which is represented by the difference between the transfer characteristics of the device under test and a golden one. In the first method, the features of the code error-signature are modeled to differentiate between the fault types and fault locations. The main focus of the first method is to detect and localize the capacitance mismatch, gain degradation, reference voltage error and offset voltage error of the device under test (DUT). The modeled features of the code error signatures are the number of zero crossing and the number of jumps in its derivative. The number of zero crossing is utilized to diagnose and localize the capacitance mismatch and gain degradation faults, while the number of jumps is used to detect and localize the reference voltage and offset voltage faults. The faults are determined stage-wise. The second method needs longer diagnosing time, but is able to diagnose the multi-source faults. To verify the proposed methodologies, a ten-stage digitally-calibrated pipelined ADC is behaviorally modeled and simulated using MATLAB. Faults having different type and values are intentionally injected in different stages of the design. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods in detecting the faulty portion and fault type. Therefore, the faulty (or even the weak) portion(s) of the DUT can be identified. Which is useful feedback information for the designer to enhance the reliability of the subsequent design generation.

关键词： device under test gain degradation Fault diagnosis offset voltage feedback information coding errors zero crossings voltage reference number of jumps

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Content coding and Search for Risk Assessment: Problems and Solutions

Content Coding and Search for Risk Assessment: Problems and ...

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IEEE Aerospace Conference

作者： Jane T. Malin Carroll Thronesbery David R. Throop 1610 Wavecrest Lane Houston TX 77062 S&K Global Solutions 1331 Gemini Suite 315 Houston TX 77058 The Boeing Company 2100 Space Park Drive Houston TX 77058

ISBN: (纸本)9781467376778

Risk assessment depends on data from problem reports (PRs), yet analysis of these reports is difficult. Finding all the pertinent reports is a challenge. Full-text search is commonly used to retrieve groups of similar PRs, but this method typically misses many reports because of variations in spelling, synonyms and technical jargon. Metadata codes are used to classify the content of each PR according to features such as the type of failure mode, defect or cause. However, manual PR coding schemes are difficult to follow and there are frequent coding errors. NASA reports have made recommendations to improve the quality of content codes, but these recommendations have not been adequately addressed. During an assessment for the International Space Station (ISS), alternative solutions to metadata coding were explored. Automatic concept extraction from the content of text descriptions was used to assign concept tags to each PR The concepts were drawn from large ontology of aerospace language. An automatic rule-based approach was developed to generate interoperable "proxy" codes. The rules associated the extracted concepts with manual PR codes. The work to automatically define proxy codes was abandoned because of the poor quality of the manual content codes. Lessons learned and recommended corrective and preventive actions for manual coding errors are discussed. They include improvements in development, definition, evaluation, review and correction of content coding errors and coding schemes. Automated concept extraction is a viable solution to the poor quality of manual PR codes. The benefits of this approach are discussed.

关键词： benefits approach discussed Codes Public Relations Praseodymium coding errors Solutions Risk Assessment Risk Management Metadata manual Interoperability AUTOMATIC

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Reconciling climate-conflict meta-analyses: reply to Buhaug et al.

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CLIMATIC CHANGE 2014年第3-4期127卷 399-405页

作者： Hsiang, Solomon M. Burke, Marshall Miguel, Edward Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA Natl Bur Econ Res Cambridge MA 02138 USA Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA

A comment by Buhaug et al. attributes disagreement between our recent analyses and their review articles to biased decisions in our meta-analysis and a difference of opinion regarding statistical approaches. The claim is false. Buhaug et al.'s alteration of our meta-analysis misrepresents findings in the literature, makes statistical errors, misclassifies multiple studies, makes coding errors, and suppresses the display of results that are consistent with our original analysis. We correct these mistakes and obtain findings in line with our original results, even when we use the study selection criteria proposed by Buhaug et al. We conclude that there is no evidence in the data supporting the claims raised in Buhaug et al.

关键词： opinion Meta-Analysis aluminium coding errors

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Correct energy conservation in geothermal wellbore simulation

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GEOTHERMICS 2014年 51卷 429-433页

作者： McGuinness, Mark J. Victoria Univ Wellington Sch Math Stat & Operat Res Wellington New Zealand

fundamental error of interpretation of static steam dryness versus flowing steam quality in the coding of the simulator GWELL has been found, that means it does not correctly conserve energy or momentum. GWELL, or the energy and momentum subroutines from it, may have formed a basis for other geothermal wellbore simulator codes in existence, prompting this note on how to quickly check if your favorite geothermal wellbore simulator is actually conserving energy. The possible consequences of using a simulator that does not conserve momentum or energy as presumed, are also briefly explored. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Geothermal wellbore simulation Energy conservation Static versus flowing steam quality Static versus flowing enthalpy GWELL coding errors SwelFlo

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On a Problem of Massey

On a Problem of Massey

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Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA)

作者： Hamkins, Jon CALTECH Jet Prop Lab Pasadena CA 91109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479935901

In 1976, Massey introduced a method to compute the confidence interval for the frame error rate of a coded communications system based on the simulation of just a few frame errors [1]. He commented that his approach did not apply to bit error rate confidence intervals, because bit errors are not independent in a coded system. In this paper, we show how to overcome the limitation Massey recognized, and present a method to compute a confidence interval of the bit error rate of a coded communications system from a simulation of bit and frame error events. The proposed interval may be easily computed from the first and second sample moments of the number of bits errors per frame.

关键词： coding errors error statistics modulation coding Massey simulations bit error rate coded communication system confidence interval computation frame error rate Accuracy Approximation methods Bismuth Bit error rate Computational modeling Decoding Signal to noise ratio

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