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Stimulus-specific oscillatory responses of the brain: a time/frequency-related coding process

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第4期111卷 565-583页

作者： Sannita, WG Univ Genoa Dept Motor Sci Ctr Neuroact Drugs DISMR I-16132 Genoa Italy SUNY Stony Brook Dept Psychiat Stony Brook NY USA

Objectives: To review the coherent, rhythmic oscillations above similar to 20 Hz that occur in response to sensory inputs in the firing rate and membrane or local field potentials of distributed neuron aggregates of CNS layered structures. Results: Oscillatory activity at approximately 20-80 Hz occurs in response to either olfactory, auditory and visual (contrast) stimuli;oscillations at frequencies centered on 100-120 Hz or 600 Hz are recorded, respectively, from the visual system (luminance stimulation) and from the somatosensory cortex. Experimental evidence suggests sources/mechanisms of generation that depend on inhibitory interneurons and pyramidal cells and are partially independent from those of conventional (broadband) evoked responses. In the olfactory and visual systems, the oscillatory responses reflect the global stimulus properties. A time/phase correlation between firing rate, spiking coincidence and oscillatory field responses has been documented. The oscillatory responses are postsynaptic both in cortex and in precortical structures (e.g. retina;LGN). Evidence indicates intracortical and thalamocortical interacting mechanisms of regulation as well as GABAergic and cholinergic modulation. In the visual cortex the oscillatory responses are driven by oscillations in the synaptic input. Oscillatory potentials are dependent on resonance phenomena and produce narrow-band synchronization of activated neurons. They may have a role in the 'binding' of separate neuronal aggregates into sensory units. Conclusions: Oscillatory responses contribute as a time/frequency coding mechanism to pacing neurons selectively for the physical properties of stimulus and are involved in sensory information processing. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： oscillatory responses brain coding process

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Assessment of interjudge reliability in the open-ended questions coding process

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QUALITY & QUANTITY 2006年第4期40卷 519-537页

作者： Leiva, Francisco Munoz Rios, Francisco Javier Montoro Martinez, Teodoro Luque Univ Granada Dept Mkt & Market Res Fac Econ & Business Sci E-18071 Granada Spain

In the process of coding open-ended questions, the evaluation of interjudge reliability is a critical issue. In this paper, using real data, the behavior of three coefficients of reliability among coders, Cohen's K, Krippendorff's alpha and Perreault and Leigh's I (r) are patterned, in terms of the number of judges involved and the categories of answer defined. The outcome underlines the importance of both variables in the valuations of interjudge reliability, as well as the higher adequacy of Perreault and Leigh's I (r) and Krippendorff's alpha for marketing and opinion research.

关键词： interjudge reliability open-ended questions concordance coefficients coding process

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Making the Invisible Visible: Guidelines for the coding process in Meta-Analyses

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ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2022年第4期25卷 716-740页

作者： Villiger, Jessica Schweiger, Simone A. Baldauf, Artur Univ Bern Engehaldenstr 4 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

This article contributes to the practice of coding in meta-analyses by offering direction and advice for experienced and novice meta-analysts on the "how" of coding. The coding process, the invisible architecture of any meta-analysis, has received comparably little attention in methodological resources, leaving the research community with insufficient guidance on "how" it should be rigorously planned (i.e., cohere with the research objective), conducted (i.e., make reliable and valid coding decisions), and reported (i.e., in a sufficiently transparent manner for readers to comprehend the authors' decision-making). A lack of rigor in these areas can lead to erroneous results, which is problematic for entire research communities who build their future knowledge upon meta-analyses. Along four steps, the guidelines presented here elucidate "how" the coding process can be performed in a coherent, efficient, and credible manner that enables connectivity with future research, thereby enhancing the reliability and validity of meta-analytic findings. Our recommendations also support editors and reviewers in advising authors on how to improve the rigor of their coding and ultimately establish higher quality standards in meta-analytic research.

关键词： coding process guidelines recommendations coding approach data extraction categorization reporting transparency rigor meta-analysis meta-analytic review systematic literature review state-of-the-art assessment methodological resources

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From Typing to Insights: An Interactive Code Visualization for Enhanced Student Support Using Keystroke Data 56

From Typing to Insights: An Interactive Code Visualization f...

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56th Annual SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, SIGCSE TS 2025

作者： James, Friday E. Feldhausen, Russel Bean, Nathan H. Weese, Josh Allen, David S. Friend, Michelle Department of Computer Science Kansas State University Manhattan KS United States Department of Curriculum and Instruction Kansas State University Manhattan KS United States Department of Teacher Education University of Nebraska Omaha Omaha NE United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798400705328

The continuous rising of digital learning platforms has unarguably brought about a surge in the amount of data obtained from different learning environments, which presents a great opportunity for computer science teachers to gain an understanding of students' coding processes. This is vital for enhancing student support as teachers can gain insights into students' thought process, strategies and identify areas where students might be struggling while tackling programming tasks. Traditional assessment methods such as feedback after homework submissions or completed lab assignments often results in late and untimely intervention that would prevent early dropouts and massive failures as the students' learning journey is neglected. We leverage students' keystroke data obtained from Python and Java-based introductory programming courses delivered through CODIO learning platform - covering 3 semesters and having 13 programming assignments each, to design an interactive code visualization platform using Streamlit. The application features an interface that reproduces students' code snippets with JavaScript enabled syntax highlighting. It includes a combination of dropdown menu and an adjustable slider which enables an instructor to navigate through the timestamps and have a detailed view of students' coding processes. The intervention ultimately fosters a more supportive learning environment and helps boost students' confidence. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： code snippet coding process insight intervention keystroke data

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Fast motion estimation algorithm using multilevel distortion search in Walsh-Hadamard domain

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IET IMAGE processING 2017年第1期11卷 22-30页

作者： Dong, Liang Pan, Zhibin Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Xian 710049 Peoples R China

Block-matching motion estimation (BME) can efficiently reduce the temporal redundancy between the successive video sequences in video compression coding system. In this study, a fast BME algorithm using multilevel distortion search in Walsh-Hadamard domain is proposed to reduce the computational burden and speed up coding process. First, the proposed algorithm divides the block into several sub-blocks. Then, the Walsh-Hadamard transform is applied to these sub-blocks. Finally, the proposed algorithm calculates the partial block matching distortion by utilising a novel back diagonal search scheme which can quickly reject unnecessary candidate block in a multilevel manner. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm effectively reduces the number of operations in block distortion calculation meanwhile maintains the best motion estimation matching quality. Compared with the full search, the proposed algorithm can reduce 87.19% computational complexity without any degradation of the peak signal to noise ratio. In addition, compared with the partial distortion search algorithm, successive elimination algorithm, multilevel successive elimination algorithm and the transform-domain successive elimination algorithm, the proposed algorithm can also save 68.27, 70.09, 37.81 and 37.44% computational complexity, respectively. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can also be easily incorporated into any block-based template search motion estimation algorithm.

关键词： motion estimation search problems Hadamard transforms image matching image sequences video signal processing fast motion estimation algorithm multilevel distortion search Walsh-Hadamard domain block-matching motion estimation BME temporal redundancy video sequences video compression coding system coding process subblocks partial block matching distortion computational complexity peak signal to noise ratio partial distortion search algorithm template search motion estimation algorithm

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Questions on validity of International Classification of Diseases-coded diagnoses

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INFORMATICS 1999年第2期54卷 77-95页

作者： Surján, G Haynal Univ Hlth Sci Management Informat Dept H-1389 Budapest Hungary

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes are used for indexing medical diagnoses for various purposes and in various contexts. According to the literature and our personal experience, the validity of the coded information is unsatisfactory in general, however the 'correctness' is purpose and environment dependent. For detecting potential error sources, this paper gives a general framework of the coding process. The key elements of this framework are: (1) the formulation of the established diagnoses in medical language;(2) the induction from diagnoses to diseases;(3) indexing the diseases to ICD categories: (4) labelling of the coded entries (e.g. principal disease, complications, etc.). Each step is a potential source of errors. The most typical types of error are: ii) overlooking of diagnoses;(2) incorrect or skipped induction;(3) indexing errors;(4) violation of ICD rules and external regulations. The main reasons of the errors are the physician's errors in the primacy documentation, the insufficient knowledge of the encoders (different steps of the coding process require different kind of knowledge), the internal inconsistency of the ICD, and some psychological factors. Computer systems can facilitate the coding process, but attention has to be paid to the entire coding process, not only to the indexing phase. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd, All rights reserved.

关键词： classification ICD coding process data accuracy

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Low production cost virtual modelling and control laboratories for chemical engineering students

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第6期49卷 230-235页

作者： Rossiter, J.A. Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering University of Sheffield SheffieldS1 3JD United Kingdom

This paper gives a brief review of work on virtual and remote laboratories along with a critique of their strengths and weaknesses. This is used as a motivation for a proposed method for producing virtual laboratories which, while relatively crude in comparison with professional alternatives, are much cheaper and faster to produce and thus can be created using the skill set and time of normal academics. Some examples and the coding processes are demonstrated. © 2016

关键词： Cost engineering Laboratories Chemical engineering students coding process Independent learning Modelling and controls Production cost Remote laboratories Student engagement Virtual laboratories

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Comparison of Developer's Work Efficiency between Different Editors 29

Comparison of Developer's Work Efficiency between Different ...

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29th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC)

作者： Onizuka, Sentaro Kanda, Tetsuya Inoue, Katsuro Osaka Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Osaka Japan Nanzan Univ Fac Sci & Technol Nagoya Aichi Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781665455374

In this paper, as an example of comparing developer's work efficiency between different editors, we propose a method to collect and compare self-evaluations and quantitative evaluations of developer's work efficiency for each editor. We also practiced the proposed method on Visual Studio Code and Eclipse, and confirmed the applicability of the method.

关键词： coding process Fine-grained Edit History Work Efficiency Editor

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Modelling dynamics with context-free grammars

Modelling dynamics with context-free grammars

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Conference on Video Surveillance and Transportation Imaging Applications

作者： Garcia-Huerta, Juan-M. Jimenez-Hernandez, Hugo Herrera-Navarro, Ana-M. Hernandez-Diaz, Teresa Terol-Villalobos, Ivan Ctr Engn & Ind Dev Av Playa Pie de la Cuesta 702 Queretaro Qro Mexico Autonomous Univ Quer Fact Informat Santiago 76010 Spain CIDETEQ Pedro Escobedo Qro Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)9780819499431

This article presents a strategy to model the dynamics performed by vehicles in a freeway. The proposal consists on encode the movement as a set of finite states. A watershed-based segmentation is used to localize regions with high-probability of motion. Each state represents a proportion of a camera projection in a two-dimensional space, where each state is associated to a symbol, such that any combination of symbols is expressed as a language. Starting from a sequence of symbols through a linear algorithm a free-context grammar is inferred. This grammar represents a hierarchical view of common sequences observed into the scene. Most probable grammar rules express common rules associated to normal movement behavior. Less probable rules express themselves a way to quantify non-common behaviors and they might need more attention. Finally, all sequences of symbols that does not match with the grammar rules, may express itself uncommon behaviors (abnormal). The grammar inference is built with several sequences of images taken from a freeway. Testing process uses the sequence of symbols emitted by the scenario, matching the grammar rules with common freeway behaviors. The process of detect abnormal/normal behaviors is managed as the task of verify if any word generated by the scenario is recognized by the grammar.

关键词： Grammar Inference Abnormal Detection coding process

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TRANSFORMATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN SPORT IN THE NEW CONSTITUTIONAL DISPENSATION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RUGBY AS A SPORT CODE

TRANSFORMATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN SPORT IN...

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作者： JOSEPH A. SMILES University Of The Free State

学位级别：博士

This thesis traces and analyses the development of sport transformation and democratization in South Africa since the new constitutional dispensation, commencing in the early 1990's. The origin, evolution and development of sport in South Africa are still in its infancy in comparison with sporting history in the global context. However, tremendous strides have also been made in other sport events, such as hosting rugby, soccer, cricket and golf, for example, at an international level. Furthermore, the knowledge about sport and democracy was not well addressed, defined and explicit. Additionally, the transformation and democratization of South African sport have been given only superficial attention since the dawn of the new democracy. In this regard rugby and politics have been intertwined in South African sport for more than fifteen decades (1861–2012). There was virtually no racial mixing of any kind in South African sport previously. The all-encompassing apartheid laws effectively prevented racial integration, both on and off the field. Above all sports apartheid was tragic in its denial of human dignity and its enforced waste of human talent and possibilities. Therefore, by using the grounded theory approach, this thesis examines empirical evidence gathered from the research participant's data and information. The scope and nature of the research project necessitate applying the grounded theory approach which included many issues at hand to understand the origin and development of the issues, one has to determine whether transformation and democratisation of South African sport was politically or merit driven. In addition to that, a key outcome of the research was to construct a proposed theoretical framework by means of the grounded theory approach in qualitative research. The framework will eventually emerge from data collected from the relevant stakeholders involving in South African sport. The study also examines to what extent transformation has taken place

关键词： transformation democracy sport politics quota-system grounded theory data analysis development players merit selection labelling coding process rugby

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