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Temporal patterns of broadcast calls in the corncrake encode information arbitrarily

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY 2013年第2期24卷 547-552页

作者： Rek, Pawel Osiejuk, Tomasz S. Adam Mickiewicz Univ Dept Behav Ecol Inst Environm Biol Fac Biol Poznan Poland

By combining different vocalizations, in different ways, animals have the potential to vastly increase the range of information that can be encoded in acoustic signals. Although such a mechanism is hard to apply in species having small repertoires, individuals can increase the amount of information by separating vocalizations with intervals of different length, that is, with vocalizations functioning as commas and intervals as carriers of information. Nevertheless, there has been little study of information encoding using temporal arrangement of single call types. We have recently shown that male corncrakes (Crex crex) produce such temporal patterns in correlation to their aggressive motivation and these elicit the according behavior in the receivers. In this study, we report that the design of these patterns is arbitrarily related to their function. The aggressive information is encoded in the syntactic pattern itself, not in the absolute length of intervals, and thus signal variants appear to transfer different kinds of information without any association with the structure of signal variants. The finding of such coding in acoustic signaling in species with innately programmed call structures implies a much larger flexibility and complexity of communication systems of animals in general and in species with low repertoires of genetically coded vocalizations in particular.

关键词： coding scheme conventional communication corncrake Crex crex signal function

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High functional complexity despite an extremely small repertoire of calls in the Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana)

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AUK 2015年第3期132卷 613-623页

作者： Rek, Pawel Adam Mickiewicz Univ Fac Biol Inst Environm Biol Dept Behav Ecol Poznan Poland Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Biol Div Evolut Ecol & Genet Canberra ACT Australia

Vocal learning and nonlearning birds frequently use the same habitats and are subject to similar selection pressures. However, although the repertoires of learning species are usually more complex, we know much less about how nonlearners encode information in acoustic signals. The present study describes the use of 3 basic mechanisms of acoustic encoding in signals of a vocal nonlearner: in repertoire, in acoustic structure, and in the temporal distribution of sounds. The study is based on observations of a simulated territorial intrusion in the Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana), a cryptic rail from Western and Central Eurasia. Males produced 5 types of calls. The loudest, the whitt call, consisted of 2 independent sounds with different fundamental frequencies: a soft and low F call and a loud and high G call. Before the playback, all males produced calls that consisted of both frequencies (F+G calls), and most of the birds still produced such calls after the playback. Only birds that approached the speaker during the playback produced F calls, F+G calls with a muffled G fundamental, and structurally distinctive soft rumble calls, whereas only birds that did not approach the speaker used G calls. These data suggest that males' engagement in aggressive interaction was associated with muting G or F fundamentals. The acoustic structure of whitt calls varied significantly between preplayback and postplayback recordings, and between approaching and nonapproaching males. However, certain acoustic parameters retained a high potential for individual recognition despite the playback. Finally, males lengthened their between-call intervals as they approached the speaker, which suggested that there was a link between the temporal distribution of calls and the aggressive motivation of males. Although they have a small repertoire of calls with innately programmed structures, Spotted Crakes modify their calling on many different planes and produce a high diversity of signals.

关键词： aggressive motivation coding scheme fundamental frequency Porzana porzana signal function soft calls soft songs Spotted Crake

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The Communicative Work of Biology-Journal Captions: Lessons for Technical and Professional Communication

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TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY 2016年第4期25卷 260-277页

作者： Smith, Jordan Mackiewicz, Jo Hanson, Derek Fanning, Shannon N. Doan, Sara Iowa State Univ Rhetor & Profess Commun Program Ames IA USA Iowa State Univ Appl Linguist & Technol Program Ames IA USA Iowa State Univ Rhetor & Profess Commun Ames IA USA Iowa State Univ Rhetor & Profess Commun Program Digital Rhetor Content Management & Multimedia Pr Ames IA USA Iowa State Univ Rhetor & Profess Commun Program Data Visualizat & Rhetor Sci Ames IA USA Univ Wisconsin Profess Writing Program Rhetor Technol Milwaukee WI 53201 USA

The authors examined a corpus of figure captions from technical and professional communication (TPC)-journal articles to test their sense that TPC captions do not fulfill their communicative potential as well as, they sensed, journals in science often do. The authors performed a content analysis on captions from biology-journal articles and iteratively tested a coding scheme of caption content. The resulting scheme can help in analyzing caption content, developing captions, and imparting a variety of TPC-related skills to students.

关键词： Biology journals captions coding scheme content analysis figures technical and professional communication journals visuals

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SVMtm: Support vector machines to predict transmembrane segments

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2004年第5期25卷 632-636页

作者： Yuan, Z Mattick, JS Teasdale, RD Univ Queensland Inst Mol Biosci ARC Ctr Bioinformat St Lucia Qld 4072 Australia Univ Queensland Inst Mol Biosci ARC Special Res Ctr Funct & Appl Genom Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

A new method has been developed for prediction of transmembrane helices using support vector machines. Different coding schemes of protein sequences were explored, and their performances were assessed by crossvalidation tests. The best performance method can predict the transmembrane helices with sensitivity of 93.4% and precision of 92.0%. For each predicted transmembrane segment, a score is given to show the strength of transmembrane signal and the prediction reliability. In particular, this method can distinguish transmembrane proteins from soluble proteins with an accuracy of similar to99%. This method can be used to complement current transmembrane helix prediction methods and can be Used for consensus analysis of entire proteomes . The predictor is located at http://***/predictors/ SVMtm. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： SVMtm transmembrane helix prediction location of transmembrane segments coding scheme

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Transposed-letter and laterality effects in lexical decision

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BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2006年第1期97卷 102-109页

作者： Perea, M Fraga, I Univ Valencia Fac Psicol Dept Metodol Valencia 46010 Spain Univ Santiago Compostela Santiago De Compostela Spain

Two divided visual field lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine the role of the cerebral hemispheres in transposed-letter similarity effects. In Experiment 1, we created two types of nonwords: nonadjacent transposed-letter nonwords (TRADEGIA;the base word was TRAGEDIA, the Spanish for TRAGEDY) and two-letter different nonwords (orthographic controls: TRATEPIA). In Experiment 2, the controls were one-letter different nonwords (TRAGEPIA) instead of two-letter different nonwords (TRA TEPIA). The effect of transposed -letter similarity was substantially greater in the right visual field (left hemisphere) than in the left visual field. Furthermore, nonwords created by transposing two letters were more competitive than the nonwords created by substituting one or two letters of a target word. We examine the implications of these findings for the models of visual word recognition. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： letter encoding coding scheme lexical decision word recognition visual field

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ON IDENTIFICATION VIA MULTIWAY CHANNELS WITH FEEDBACK

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 1991年第6期37卷 1519-1526页

作者： AHLSWEDE, R VERBOVEN, B CATHOLIC UNIV LEUVEN DEPT MATHB-3000 LOUVAINBELGIUM

Identification for multiway channels was mentioned by Ahlswede and Dueck as a challenging direction of research. In case of complete feedback, a rather unified theory of identification is presented. (For the classical transmission problem the dream of such a theory did not get fulfilled for more than twenty years.) Its guiding principle is the discovery, that communicators (sender and receiver) must set up a common random experiment with maximal entropy and use it as randomization for a suitable identification technique. It is shown how this can be done in a constructive way. The proof of optimality (weak converse) is based on a new entropy bound, which can be viewed as a substitute for Fano's lemma in the present context. The "single-letter" characterization of (second-order) capacity regions rests now on a new "entropy characterization problem," which often can be solved. This is done for the multiple-access channel with deterministic encoding strategies and for the broadcast channel with randomized encoding strategies.

关键词： IDENTIFICATION MULTIWAY CHANNELS FEEDBACK coding scheme CAPACITY REGION RANDOMIZED STRATEGIES

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Lexical competition is enhanced in the left hemisphere: Evidence from different types of orthographic neighbors

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BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2008年第3期105卷 199-210页

作者： Perea, Manuel Acha, Joana Fraga, Isabel Univ Valencia Fac Psicol Dept Metodol Valencia 46010 Spain Univ Santiago de Compostela Fac Psicol Dept Psicol Social Basica & Metodol Santiago De Compostela 15782 Spain

Two divided visual field lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine the role of the cerebral hemispheres in orthographic neighborhood effects. In Experiment 1, we employed two types of words: words with many substitution neighbors (high-N) and words with few substitution neighbors (low-N). Results showed a facilitative effect of N in the left visual field (i.e., right hemisphere) and an inhibitory effect of N in the right visual field (left hemisphere). In Experiment 2, we examined whether the inhibitory effect of the higher frequency neighbors increases in the left hemisphere as compared to the right hemisphere. To go beyond the usual N-metrics, we selected words with (or without) higher frequency neighbors (addition, deletion, or transposition neighbors). Results showed that the inhibitory effect of neighborhood frequency is enhanced in the right visual field. We examine the implications of these findings for the orthographic coding schemes employed by the models of visual word recognition. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： visual field coding scheme orthographic neighborhood lexical decision lexical competition

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Implementable phase-coded radar waveforms featuring extra-low range sidelobes and Doppler resilience

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IET RADAR SONAR AND NAVIGATION 2019年第9期13卷 1530-1539页

作者： Dong, Yunhan Def Sci & Technol Grp Intelligence Surveillance & Space Div Sydney NSW Australia

Golay binary complementary sequences are used to code quadriphase waveforms. The Gaussian minimum shift keying coding scheme is used to produce waveforms with constant amplitude, and continuous and differentiable phase. To satisfy spectral requirements, the waveforms are further spectrally optimised by a spectrum-optimisation process, making the final waveforms implementable. The extra-low sidelobe level is achieved by the use of an extended mismatched filter on receive of pulse compression. To improve Doppler tolerance, Doppler-resilient complementary waveforms are derived that provide first-order suppression to the raised range sidelobes introduced by the Doppler frequency shift in returned signals. This study is an expanded version of a conference paper presented at 2018 International Radar Conference held in Brisbane, Australia.

关键词： phase coding minimum shift keying optimisation binary sequences Doppler shift target tracking waveform analysis pulse compression radar signal processing Doppler radar radar constant amplitude continuous phase differentiable phase spectral requirements spectrum-optimisation process final waveforms implementable extra-low sidelobe level extended mismatched filter Doppler tolerance Doppler-resilient complementary waveforms raised range sidelobes Doppler frequency shift 2018 International Radar Conference implementable phase-coded radar waveforms extra-low range sidelobes Doppler resilience golay binary complementary sequences quadriphase waveforms Gaussian minimum shift coding scheme

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A novel non-heuristic search technique for constructing uniform designs with a mixture of two- and four-level factors: a simple industrial applicable approach

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JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN STATISTICAL SOCIETY 2022年第3期51卷 716-757页

作者： Elsawah, A. M. Beijing Normal Univ Hong Kong Baptist Univ United Div Sci & Technol Zhuhai 519085 Peoples R China Zagazig Univ Fac Sci Dept Math Zagazig 44519 Egypt

Uniformly scatter the design points over the experimental domain is one of the most widely used techniques to construct optimal designs (called, uniform designs) for real-world high-dimensional experiments with limited resources and without model pre-specification. Uniform designs are robust to the underlying model assumption and thus experimenters do not need to specify the models of their experiments in advance before conducting them. A uniform design affords a good design space coverage that yields more accurate approximations globally using fewer experimental trials. The construction of uniform designs is a significant challenge due to the computational complexity. The existing techniques are extremely time-consuming (heuristic search techniques), difficult for non-mathematicians experimenters, and optimal results are not guaranteed. This paper tries to help non-mathematicians experimenters by providing a simple non-heuristic search technique for constructing uniform designs for experiments with a mixture of two- and four-level factors. The efficiency of the new technique is investigated theoretically and numerically. A comparison study between the new technique and the existing techniques is given. Furthermore, the applicability of the new technique for real-world applications is discussed and demonstrated by two real industrial experiments. The results show that the new designs that are generated by the new technique are better than the existing recommended designs.

关键词： Threshold accepting algorithm coding scheme Gray map Design without replicates Saturated orthogonal design Uniform design Aberration Moment aberration Hamming distance

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BORIS: a free, versatile open-source event-logging software for video/audio coding and live observations

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METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2016年第11期7卷 1325-1330页

作者： Friard, Olivier Gamba, Marco Univ Torino Dept Life Sci & Syst Biol Via Accademia Albertina 13 I-10123 Turin Italy

Quantitative aspects of the study of animal and human behaviour are increasingly relevant to test hypotheses and find empirical support for them. At the same time, photo and video cameras can store a large number of video recordings and are often used to monitor the subjects remotely. Researchers frequently face the need to code considerable quantities of video recordings with relatively flexible software, often constrained by species-specific options or exact settings. BORIS is a free, open-source and multiplatform standalone program that allows a user-specific coding environment to be set for a computer-based review of previously recorded videos or live observations. Being open to user-specific settings, the program allows a project-based ethogram to be defined that can then be shared with collaborators, or can be imported or modified. Projects created in BORIS can include a list of observations, and each observation may include one or two videos (e.g. simultaneous screening of visual stimuli and the subject being tested;recordings from different sides of an aquarium). Once the user has set an ethogram, including state or point events or both, coding can be performed using previously assigned keys on the computer keyboard. BORIS allows definition of an unlimited number of events (states/point events) and subjects. Once the coding process is completed, the program can extract a time-budget or single or grouped observations automatically and present an at-a-glance summary of the main behavioural features. The observation data and time-budget analysis can be exported in many common formats (TSV, CSV, ODF, XLS, SQL and JSON). The observed events can be plotted and exported in various graphic formats (SVG, PNG, JPG, TIFF, EPS and PDF).

关键词： behavioural analysis behaviour coding coding scheme ethology observational data ttime-budget

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