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Level overlap and level color coding revisited: Improved attribute attendance and higher choice consistency in discrete choice experiments

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JOURNAL OF CHOICE MODELLING 2024年 52卷

作者： Jonker, Marcel F. Erasmus Univ Erasmus Sch Hlth Policy & Management Rotterdam Netherlands Erasmus Univ Erasmus Choice Modelling Ctr Rotterdam Netherlands

Previous work has identified attribute level overlap and level color coding as effective and attractive strategies to reduce task complexity and improve behavioral efficiency in discrete choice experiments (DCEs). However, the simultaneous and combined impact of level overlap and level color coding on attribute non-attendance and choice consistency has not yet been investigated. To address this limitation and to strengthen the available evidence base, this paper reanalyzed an existing randomized controlled DCE from the Netherlands (N = 2,731) and analyzed a new randomized controlled DCE conducted in the United Kingdom (N = 3,084) using heteroskedastic attribute non-attendance mixed logit models. Both randomized controlled experiments were based on a relatively complex instrument with 5 attributes with 5 levels each and the results from both experiments were remarkably similar. In the base-case study arms without level overlap and color coding, only about half of the attributes are attended to. Level color coding as a stand-alone strategy improves attribute attendance but reduces respondents' choice consistency. In contrast, level overlap as a stand-alone strategy improves attribute attendance while simultaneously increasing respondents' choice consistency. The combination of level overlap and color coding is even more effective: it results in approximately full attribute attendance and a 30% increase in respondents' choice consistency. Experimental designs with level overlap are therefore recommended as a default design strategy and level color coding recommended to further increase respondents' behavioral efficiency in complex DCEs.

关键词： Discrete choice experiment Behavioral efficiency Level overlap color coding Attribute non-attendance Choice consistency

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Urgency-Based color coding to support visual search in displays for supervisory control of multiple unmanned aircraft systems

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DISPLAYS 2022年 74卷

作者： Friedrich, Max Vollrath, Mark German Aerosp Ctr DLR Inst Flight Guidance Dept Pilot Assistance Lilienthalpl 7 D-38108 Braunschweig Germany Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig Inst Psychol Dept Engn & Traff Psychol Gaussstr 23 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany

This study derives and validates a color-coding concept for system states in icon-based displays for supervisory control of multiple unmanned aircraft systems. In aviation, safe indications are typically coded with green, caution indications with amber and warnings with red. This study proposes to adjust the salience of indications according to their intended urgency. For this purpose, a numerical measure for target salience was developed based on findings from the visual search literature. The measure uses differences in color space between target, distractor and background colors to estimate target salience. The measure is computed by dividing the color difference between target and distractor by the color difference between distractor and background and multiplying the result by the division of the target-distractor and distractor-background color differences. The resulting target salience value increases when decreasing the difference between distractor and background color as well as increasing differences between target and distractor and target and background colors. The results from applying the target salience measure suggest to code safe indications with grey instead of green, caution indications with yellow and warning and advisory indications with red and cyan, respectively. Two visual search experiments were conducted to validate the target salience measure and the proposed color-coding concept. Experiment one (n = 32) was a within-subject design comparing reaction time differences between yellow and amber targets among green and grey distractors for four set size conditions. Experiment two (n = 62) was a mixed-subject design comparing reaction time differences between red, yellow and cyan targets among grey and green distractors for four set size and 18 eccentricity conditions. The results show that target saliences diminish with increasing distractor salience, which could particularly be observed for yellow targets among green distractors. Red and yel

关键词： Visual search Search efficiency color coding Display design principles Unmanned aircraft systems

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Non-Invasive Load Identification Algorithm Based on color coding and Feature Fusion of Power and Current

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FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH 2022年 10卷

作者： Xiang, Yuzhu Ding, Yifan Luo, Qiang Wang, Puyu Li, Qing Liu, Haojie Fang, Kaijie Cheng, Hanmiao Jiangsu Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhenjiang Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Automation Nanjing Peoples R China Jiangsu Lingchuang Elect Automat Co Ltd Zhenjiang Peoples R China Tianjin Inst Power Sources Tianjin Peoples R China State Grid Jiangsu Elect Power Co Ltd Mkt Serv Ctr Nanjing Peoples R China

In the traditional non-invasive load monitoring (NILM) algorithms, the identification accuracy is enhanced with the increased network scale while sacrificing the calculation speed, which restricts the efficiency of the load identification. In this study, a multi-feature (active/reactive power and current peak-to-peak value) fusion algorithm is proposed, which can achieve enhanced identification accuracy with a smaller network scale while maintaining the calculation speed. The features of the power and current amplitudes of the loads are transformed into the values of red-green-blue (RGB) color channels by color coding and then fused into the V-I trajectory features. After that, the true-color feature image with higher discrimination is generated and input into the convolutional neural network (CNN). The testing results on the PLAID data set indicate that in comparison with the traditional load identification algorithm, the algorithm proposed in this study performs higher identification accuracy with a smaller neural network parameter scale, which significantly improves the identification efficiency.

关键词： non-invasive load monitoring (NILM) feature fusion color channel color coding convolutional neural network true-color feature image

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Phase-measuring profilometry of colored objects based on color coding and sinusoidal correction

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OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2020年第8期59卷

作者： Bao, Zhongyi Li, Hongru Yuan, Han Cui, Lei Zhou, Shouhuan Sichuan Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China

To improve the phase-measuring profilometry measurement speed, phase-shifted fringes can be encoded into color channels. However, for colored objects, the intensity of the fringes in each channel is affected by surface texture. Therefore, a measurement method based on color coding and sinusoidal correction is proposed. First, two color images are encoded. The red (R) and blue (B) channels for the first image and the green (G) channel for the second image are used in a three-step phase-shifting process. Meanwhile, the G channel of the first coded image and the R and B channels of the second coded image are corresponding solid colors. Two color-coded images are projected onto the object's surface, and the CCD captures the modulated deformed fringe pattern. After decoupling, the channels of the images are separated, the pure color channels are extracted, and the reflectivity of each point on the object surface in the RGB channels is calculated. Then, the intensity of the phase-shifted fringes in the two images is corrected by the calculated reflectivity. A 24-color standard color card and color lion mask were used to verify the method. Compared with the traditional color coding method, we were able to reduce the influence of color texture and obtain better results. (C) 2020 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

关键词： phase-measuring profilometry interchannel crosstalk texture interference sinusoidal correction color coding

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color coding the "Labyrinth": How Staff Perceived a Two-Part Intervention to Improve Wayfinding in an Adult Emergency Department

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HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2021年第4期14卷 429-441页

作者： Madson, Michael Goodwin, Kelsie Arizona State Univ Polytech CampusSanta Catalina Hall 251U Mesa AZ 85212 USA Med Univ South Carolina Adult Emergency Dept Charleston SC 29425 USA Med Univ South Carolina Chest Pain Ctr Charleston SC 29425 USA

Objectives, purpose, or aim: We report a two-part wayfinding intervention, considering four quality criteria (visibility, usability, efficiency and overall effectiveness) from staff perspectives. Background: Few studies to date have explored wayfinding in the Emergency Department (ED). Yet, as ED usage continues to grow, effective wayfinding in these high-stress, fast-paced environments is likely to become increasingly important. At an adult ED located in the U.S. Southeast, wayfinding has been a persistent problem. We subsequently developed a two-part wayfinding intervention: colored routes to key destinations in the ED and corresponding visitor badges. Methods: Quality criteria were formulated using the Donabedian model: visibility (structure), usability (process), efficiency (process), and overall effectiveness (outcome). Assessments consisted of staff surveys, which were distributed from March to early April 2019. Results: The strong ratings across quality criteria, added to affirmative comments from staff, provide evidence that the color coding system made a positive impact on wayfinding. Conclusions: While the results should be generalized with caution, the two-part intervention may be highly portable to other contexts. Future studies might examine the effect of colored routes alone. They might illuminate relations between structure, process, and outcomes as they relate to the assessment of wayfinding. They might also expand wayfinding quality criteria. Ultimately, such studies should improve not only the productivity but also the accessibility and user experience of the ED.

关键词： wayfinding Emergency Department quality improvement color coding surveys staff visitors

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Faster Motif Counting via Succinct color coding and Adaptive Sampling

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FROM DATA 2021年第6期15卷 96-96页

作者： Bressan, Marco Leucci, Stefano Panconesi, Alessandro Univ Milan Dipartimento Informat Via Celoria 18 Milan Italy Univ Aquila Dipartimento Ingn & Sci Informaz & Matemat Via Vetoio I-67100 Laquila Italy Sapienza Univ Roma Dipartimento Informat Via Salaria 113 I-00198 Rome Italy

We address the problem of computing the distribution of induced connected subgraphs, aka graphlets or motifs, in large graphs. The current state-of-the-art algorithms estimate the motif counts via uniform sampling by leveraging the color coding technique by Alon, Yuster, and Zwick. In this work, we extend the applicability of this approach by introducing a set of algorithmic optimizations and techniques that reduce the running time and space usage of color coding and improve the accuracy of the counts. To this end, we first show how to optimize color coding to efficiently build a compact table of a representative subsample of all graphlets in the input graph. For 8-node motifs, we can build such a table in one hour for a graph with 65M nodes and 1.8B edges, which is 2,000 times larger than the state of the art. We then introduce a novel adaptive sampling scheme that breaks the "additive error barrier" of uniform sampling, guaranteeing multiplicative approximations instead of just additive ones. This allows us to count not only the most frequent motifs, but also extremely rare ones. For instance, on one graph we accurately count nearly 10.000 distinct 8-node motifs whose relative frequency is so small that uniform sampling would literally take centuries to find them. Our results show that color coding is still the most promising approach to scalable motif counting.

关键词： Graphlets motifs color coding subgraph counting graph mining

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On the Descriptive Complexity of color coding

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ALGORITHMS 2021年第3期14卷 96页

作者： Bannach, Max Tantau, Till Univ Lubeck Inst Theoret Comp Sci D-23562 Lubeck Germany

color coding is an algorithmic technique used in parameterized complexity theory to detect "small" structures inside graphs. The idea is to derandomize algorithms that first randomly color a graph and then search for an easily-detectable, small color pattern. We transfer color coding to the world of descriptive complexity theory by characterizing-purely in terms of the syntactic structure of describing formulas-when the powerful second-order quantifiers representing a random coloring can be replaced by equivalent, simple first-order formulas. Building on this result, we identify syntactic properties of first-order quantifiers that can be eliminated from formulas describing parameterized problems. The result applies to many packing and embedding problems, but also to the long path problem. Together with a new result on the parameterized complexity of formula families involving only a fixed number of variables, we get that many problems lie in FPT just because of the way they are commonly described using logical formulas.

关键词： color coding descriptive complexity fixed-parameter tractability quantifier elimination para-AC(0)

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On the Descriptive Complexity of color coding 36

On the Descriptive Complexity of Color Coding

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36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS)

作者： Bannach, Max Tantau, Till Univ Lubeck Inst Theoret Comp Sci Lubeck Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783959771009

color coding is an algorithmic technique used in parameterized complexity theory to detect "small" structures inside graphs. The idea is to derandomize algorithms that first randomly color a graph and then search for an easily-detectable, small color pattern. We transfer color coding to the world of descriptive complexity theory by characterizing - purely in terms of the syntactic structure of describing formulas - when the powerful second-order quantifiers representing a random coloring can be replaced by equivalent, simple first-order formulas. Building on this result, we identify syntactic properties of first-order quantifiers that can be eliminated from formulas describing parameterized problems. The result applies to many packing and embedding problems, but also to the long path problem. Together with a new result on the parameterized complexity of formula families involving only a fixed number of variables, we get that many problems lie in fpt just because of the way they are commonly described using logical formulas.

关键词： color coding descriptive complexity fixed-parameter tractability quantifier elimination para-AC(0)

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Efficient Implementation of color coding Algorithm for Subgraph Isomorphism Problem 1

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Conference on Analysis of Experimental Algorithms (SEA2)

作者： Malik, Josef Suchy, Ondrej Valla, Tomas Czech Tech Univ Fac Informat Technol Dept Theoret Comp Sci Prague Czech Republic

ISBN: (数字)9783030340292

ISBN: (纸本)9783030340292;9783030340285

We consider the subgraph isomorphism problem where, given two graphs G (source graph) and F (pattern graph), one is to decide whether there is a (not necessarily induced) subgraph of G isomorphic to F. While many practical heuristic algorithms have been developed for the problem, as pointed out by McCreesh et al. [JAIR 2018], for each of them there are rather small instances which they cannot cope. Therefore, developing an alternative approach that could possibly cope with these hard instances would be of interest. A seminal paper by Alon, Yuster and Zwick [J. ACM 1995] introduced the color coding approach to solve the problem, where the main part is a dynamic programming over color subsets and partial mappings. As with many exponential-time dynamic programming algorithms, the memory requirements constitute the main limiting factor for its usage. Because these requirements grow exponentially with the treewidth of the pattern graph, all existing implementations based on the color coding principle restrict themselves to specific pattern graphs, e.g., paths or trees. In contrast, we provide an efficient implementation of the algorithm significantly reducing its memory requirements so that it can be used for pattern graphs of larger treewidth. Moreover, our implementation not only decides the existence of an isomorphic subgraph, but it also enumerates all such subgraphs (or given number of them). We provide an extensive experimental comparison of our implementation to other available solvers for the problem.

关键词： Subgraph isomorphism Subgraph enumeration color coding Tree decomposition Treewidth

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Effect of Level Overlap and color coding on Attribute Non-Attendance in Discrete Choice Experiments

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VALUE IN HEALTH 2018年第7期21卷 767-771页

作者： Jonker, Marcel F. Donkers, Bas de Bekker-Grob, Esther W. Stolk, Elly A. Erasmus Univ Erasmus Choice Modelling Ctr Rotterdam Netherlands Erasmus Univ Erasmus Sch Hlth Policy & Management POB 1738 NL-3000 DR Rotterdam Netherlands Erasmus Univ Erasmus Sch Econ Rotterdam Netherlands Erasmus Univ Dept Publ Hlth Med Ctr Rotterdam Netherlands EuroQol Res Fdn Rotterdam Netherlands

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that level overlap and color coding can mitigate or even preclude the occurrence of attribute nonattendance in discrete choice experiments. Methods: A randomized controlled experiment with five experimental study arms was designed to investigate the independent and combined impact of level overlap and color coding on respondents' attribute nonattendance. The systematic differences between the study arms allowed for a direct comparison of observed dropout rates and estimates of the average number of attributes attended to by respondents, which were obtained by using augmented mixed logit models that explicitly incorporated attribute non-attendance. Results: In the base-case study arm without level overlap or color coding, the observed dropout rate was 14%, and respondents attended, on average, only two out of five attributes. The independent introduction of both level overlap and color coding reduced the dropout rate to 10% and increased attribute attendance to three attributes. The combination of level overlap and color coding, however, was most effective: it reduced the dropout rate to 8% and improved attribute attendance to four out of five attributes. The latter essentially removes the need to explicitly accommodate for attribute non-attendance when analyzing the choice data. Conclusions: On the basis of the presented results, the use of level overlap and color coding are recommendable strategies to reduce the dropout rate and improve attribute attendance in discrete choice experiments.

关键词： discrete choice experiment attribute non-attendance level overlap color coding

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