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JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2016年第5期49卷 1786-1802页

作者： Nolze, G. Hielscher, R. BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing Unter Eichen 87 D-12205 Berlin Germany Tech Univ Chemnitz Reichenhainer Str 39 D-09126 Chemnitz Germany

The inverse pole figure (IPF) coloring for a suitable evaluation of crystal orientation data is discussed. The major goal is a high correlation between encoding color and crystal orientation. Revised color distributions of the fundamental sectors are introduced which have the advantages of (1) being applicable for all point groups, (2) not causing color discontinuities within grains, (3) featuring carefully balanced regions for red, cyan, blue, magenta, green and yellow, and (4) an enlarged gray center in opposition to a tiny white center. A new set of IPF color keys is proposed which is the result of a thorough analysis of the colorization problem. The discussion considers several topics: (a) the majority of presently applied IPF color keys generate color discontinuities for specifically oriented grains;(b) if a unique correlation between crystal direction and color is requested, discontinuity-preventing keys are possible for all point groups, except for 4, 3 and 1;(c) for a specific symmetry group several IPF color keys are available, visualizing different features of a microstructure;and (d) for higher symmetries a simultaneous IPF mapping of two or three standard reference directions is insufficient for an unequivocal orientation assignment. All color keys are available in MTEX, a freely available MATLAB toolbox.

关键词： electron backscatter diffraction color coding symmetry groups orientation description

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COMPUTER-GENERATION OF HARMONIC EQUIHUE color SCALES

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VISUAL COMPUTER 1995年第4期11卷 218-226页

作者： FOLDVARI, M Computer and Automation Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary

Equihue color scales are among the simplest types of color harmonies. They are particularly suited to teach and study theories of harmony. Ordered color scales allow color coding and scientific visualization. Here we describe a teaching program that supports the study of equihue harmony. Methods for the generation of harmonies are presented, and the resulting aesthetic impressions are discussed.

关键词： color SCALES color HARMONY color MODELS color SELECTION color EDUCATION color coding

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Randomized and Optimal Algorithms for k-Lifetime Dominating Set in Wireless Sensor Networks

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 23774-23784页

作者： Luo, Weizhong Liang, Junbin Wang, Tianshu Huizhou Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Huizhou 516007 Guangdong Peoples R China Guangxi Univ Sch Comp & Elect Informat Guangxi Key Lab Multimedia Commun & Network Techn Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Neusoft Grp Co Ltd Nanning 530004 Peoples R China

In wireless sensor networks, rotating dominating set is an efficient method for balancing the energy consumption of nodes, and thereby extending the network operational time. This method can be abstracted as k-Lifetime Dominating Set in bipartite graph, that partitions the set of graph vertices representing sensors into k disjoint dominating sets. However, the considered problem has been proven to be NP-hard, and there is no hope of solving it in polynomial time unless P = NP. Existing studies mainly focus on developing approximation or heuristic algorithms, which usually cannot guarantee a solution for a given problem yes instance. In this study, we first propose a randomized algorithm that can generate a solution with guaranteed probability 1-epsilon (0 < epsilon < 1). Using the color coding method, we show that the randomized algorithm can be improved to guarantee the generation of a solution for a given problem yes instance in exponential time. Based on the idea of randomized partition, we further present a more practical centralized greedy algorithm, and then a distributed implementation. Simulation results indicate that the centralized algorithm can efficiently generate optimal solutions for almost all the given problem instances if the partition redundancy is above a certain limit. Compared with existing algorithm, the centralized algorithm increases the number of dominating sets by factors between 0% and 21%.

关键词： Dominating set NP-hard color coding random partition optimal algorithms

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User perception and interpretation of tornado probabilistic hazard information: Comparison of four graphical designs

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APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2017年 65卷 277-285页

作者： Miran, Seyed M. Ling, Chen James, Joseph J. Gerard, Alan Rothfusz, Lans Univ Akron Dept Mech Engn Akron OH 44325 USA NOAA Natl Severe Storms Lab Norman OK USA

Effective design for presenting severe weather information is important to reduce devastating consequences of severe weather. The Probabilistic Hazard Information (PHI) system for severe weather is being developed by NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) to communicate probabilistic hazardous weather information. This study investigates the effects of four PHI graphical designs for tornado threat, namely, "four-color","red-scale", "grayscale" and "contour", on users' perception, interpretation, and reaction to threat information. PHI is presented on either a map background or a radar background. Analysis showed that the accuracy was significantly higher and response time faster when PHI was displayed on map background as compared to radar background due to better contrast. When displayed on a radar background, "grayscale" design resulted in a higher accuracy of responses. Possibly due to familiarity, participants reported four-color design as their favorite design, which also resulted in the fastest recognition of probability levels on both backgrounds. Our study shows the importance of using intuitive color-coding and sufficient contrast in conveying probabilistic threat information via graphical design. We also found that users follows a rational perceiving-judging-feeling-and acting approach in processing probabilistic hazard information for tornado. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Natural hazard Decision-making Probabilistic information color coding Contrast

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The color-vision approach to emotional space:: Cortical evoked potential data

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INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2001年第2期36卷 137-153页

作者： Boucsein, W Schaefer, F Sokolov, EN Schröder, C Furedy, JJ Univ Wuppertal D-42119 Wuppertal Germany Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ Moscow 117234 Russia Univ Toronto Dept Psychol Toronto ON M5S 1A1 Canada Ege Univ Ctr Brain Res Ege Turkey

A framework for accounting for emotional phenomena proposed by Sokolov and Boucsein (2000) employs conceptual dimensions that parallel those of hue, brightness, and saturation in color vision. The approach that employs the concepts of emotional quality, intensity, and saturation has been supported by psychophysical emotional scaling data gathered from a few trained observers. We report cortical evoked potential data obtained during the change between different emotions expressed in schematic faces. Twenty-five subjects (13 male, 12 female) were presented with a positive, a negative, and a neutral computer-generated face with random interstimulus intervals in a within-subjects design, together with four meaningful and four meaningless control stimuli made up from the same elements. Frontal, central, parietal, and temporal ERPs were recorded from each hemisphere. Statistically significant outcomes in the P300 and N200 range support the potential fruitfulness of the proposed color-vision-model-based approach to human emotional space.

关键词： facial stimuli emotions evoked potentials color coding emotional space

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EYE-MOVEMENT AND PUPILLARY RESPONSE INDEXES OF MENTAL WORKLOAD DURING VISUAL-SEARCH OF SYMBOLIC DISPLAYS

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APPLIED ERGONOMICS 1992年第4期23卷 243-254页

作者： BACKS, RW WALRATH, LC MCDONNELL DOUGLAS CORP HUMAN PERFORMANCE LABST LOUISMO 63166

Eye movement and pupillary response measures (in addition to search time and accuracy) were collected as indices of visual workload during, two experiments designed to evaluate the addition of colour coding to a symbolic tactical display. Displays also varied with regard to symbol density and the type of information participants were required to abstract from the display. These variables were factorially manipulated to examine the effects of colour coding in conditions of varying difficulty. In Experiment 1 (n = 8), search time and the number of eye fixations were affected by all variables and in a similar manner;fixation dwell time and the pupillary. response dissociated from the other measures. Compared to monochrome displays, colour coding facilitated search (reduced search time, but not accuracy) during exhaustive search, but had no effect during self-terminating search. Experiment 2 (n = 8) was a replication of Experiment 1 with a pseudo-search control condition added to examine further the pupillary response measures: in particular, to assess the effects of the physical parameters of the displays, and to verify the findings of Experiment 1. Pupillary response measures were sensitive to the information processing demands of the search task, not merely to the physical parameters of the display. Further, the search time, accuracy, and eye movement results from the active search condition generally replicated Experiment 1, but the fixation dwell time data did not. These between-study differences were interpreted as indicating the importance of participant search strategy.

关键词： VISUAL SEARCH color coding EYE MOVEMENTS PUPILLARY RESPONSE MENTAL WORKLOAD

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color encoding in biologically-inspired convolutional neural networks

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VISION RESEARCH 2018年 151卷 7-17页

作者： Rafegas, Ivet Vanrell, Maria Univ Autonoma Barcelona Comp Vis Ctr Edif OCampus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona Spain

Convolutional Neural Networks have been proposed as suitable frameworks to model biological vision. Some of these artificial networks showed representational properties that rival primate performances in object recognition. In this paper we explore how color is encoded in a trained artificial network. It is performed by estimating a color selectivity index for each neuron, which allows us to describe the neuron activity to a color input stimuli. The index allows us to classify whether they are color selective or not and if they are of a single or double color. We have determined that all five convolutional layers of the network have a large number of color selective neurons. color opponency clearly emerges in the first layer, presenting 4 main axes (Black-White, Red Cyan, Blue-Yellow and Magenta-Green), but this is reduced and rotated as we go deeper into the network. In layer 2 we find a denser hue sampling of color neurons and opponency is reduced almost to one new main axis, the Bluish-Orangish coinciding with the dataset bias. In layers 3, 4 and 5 color neurons are similar amongst themselves, presenting different type of neurons that detect specific colored objects (e.g., orangish faces), specific surrounds (e.g., blue sky) or specific colored or contrasted object-surround configurations (e.g. blue blob in a green surround). Overall, our work concludes that color and shape representation are successively entangled through all the layers of the studied network, revealing certain parallelisms with the reported evidences in primate brains that can provide useful insight into intermediate hierarchical spatio-chromatic representations.

关键词： color coding Computer vision Deep learning Convolutional neural networks

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A system for the automatic selection of conspicuous color sets for qualitative data display

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING 2001年第10期39卷 2283-2286页

作者： Campadelli, P Schettini, R Zuffi, S Univ Milan Dipartimento Sci Informaz I-20122 Milan Italy CNR Ist Tecnol Informat Multimediali I-20131 Milan Italy

We describe the main features of a system supporting the selection of color palettes for qualitative data representation, such as in supervised or unsupervised image classification. Based on visual interaction, the system provides effective tools for browsing the Munsell color space and setting perceptual constraints on the colors, which it then selects automatically. The system is now available for academic and nonprofit purposes.

关键词： color coding color selection qualitative data display visualization

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SPECTRAL INFORMATION coding BY INFRARED PHOTORECEPTORS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES 1986年第10期7卷 1571-1583页

作者： COON, DD PERERA, AGU 1. Applied Technology Laboratory Department of Physics University of Pittsburgh 15260 Pittsburgh PA

Spontaneous pulsing has been observed in circuits containing cryogenically cooled silicon p-i-n (p+-n-n+) diodes under dc forward bias. The intensity of infrared radiation incident on the diodes controls the pulse rat... 详细信息

Spontaneous pulsing has been observed in circuits containing cryogenically cooled silicon p-i-n (p⁺-n-n⁺) diodes under dc forward bias. The intensity of infrared radiation incident on the diodes controls the pulse rate with no appreciable effect on the shape or size of the pulses. A strong similarity is noted between these properties and the nearly universal means of coding of visual information by animal photoreceptors and neural networks. It is proposed that exploitation of this remarkable analogy could lead to radically new approaches to acquisition and processing of infrared optical information. Infrared analogs of neural color coding and color vision are proposed based on analysis of p-i-n spectral response measurements.

关键词： Infrared detectors neural networks p-i-n diodes color coding

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A Volumetric Approach to Point Cloud Compression-Part I: Attribute Compression

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年 29卷 2203-2216页

作者： Chou, Philip A. Koroteev, Maxim Krivokuca, Maja Google Inc Seattle WA 98103 USA Imatrex Inc Moscow 121205 Russia INRIA Ctr Rech Rennes Bretagne Atlantique F-35042 Rennes France

Compression of point clouds has so far been confined to coding the positions of a discrete set of points in space and the attributes of those discrete points. We introduce an alternative approach based on volumetric functions that are functions defined not just on a finite set of points but throughout space. As in regression analysis, volumetric functions are continuous functions that are able to interpolate values on a finite set of points as linear combinations of continuous basis functions. Using a B-spline wavelet basis, we are able to code volumetric functions representing both geometry and attributes. Geometry compression is addressed in Part II of this paper, while attribute compression is addressed in Part I. Attributes are represented by a volumetric function whose coefficients can be regarded as a critically sampled orthonormal transform that generalizes the recent successful Region-Adaptive Hierarchical (or Haar) Transform to higher orders. Experimental results show that attribute compression using higher order volumetric functions is an improvement over the first-order functions used in the emerging MPEG point cloud compression standard.

关键词： Three-dimensional displays Image coding Geometry Transforms Octrees Splines (mathematics) Hilbert space Bezier volumes B-splines wavelets point cloud compression color coding attribute coding multiresolution representations graph signal processing counting measure

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