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Improvement of tactical situation awareness with colour-coded horizontal-situation displays in combat aircraft

DISPLAYS 1999年第4期20卷 171-184页

作者： Derefeldt, G Skinnars, Ö Alfredson, J Eriksson, L Andersson, P Westlund, J Berggrund, U Holmberg, J Santesson, R Natl Def Res Estab Div Human Sci S-58111 Linkoping Sweden Saab Aerosp Linkoping Sweden

In the multi-role combat aircraft Gripen, the monochrome head-down displays in the cockpit are to be upgraded in colour. In the present study, the effects of colour-coded displays on visual search and situation awareness (SA) were studied in a real-time simulation of an air-to-air mission with test pilots as subjects. Gripen's monochrome colour scheme was compared to two chromatic (dichrome, polychrome) colour schemes. A 3x2x2 factorial within subjects design was used;the three colour schemes each with two different background conditions (simple and complex) and two different symbol configurations. The pilot had two tasks during the simulation: (1) to track a manoeuvring aircraft within specified limits by using the head-up display (HUD), and (2) to detect the appearance of a priority target on the head-down horizontal-situation display (HSD). Deviations in flight path angle and reaction times for target detection were recorded. After the test runs, the pilot answered questions and ranked the colour schemes in different respects. The pilot also rated them for SA using a subjective rating technique on cognitive compatibility (CC-SART). The results show that colour is advantageous in comparison to the monochrome display: The ranks on situation awareness and preference ratings were higher for the chromatic schemes, and with the complex background, the reaction times were significantly lower for the polychrome colour code. In summary, the results indicate that colour can improve tactical SA in combat aircraft. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： human factors aviation moving map cockpit displays horizontal-situation displays electronic maps colour coding

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UV-sensitive input to horizontal cells in the turtle retina

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 1998年第5期10卷 1544-1552页

作者： Ammermüller, J Itzhaki, A Weiler, R Perlman, I Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg Dept Biol D-26111 Oldenburg Germany Technion Israel Inst Technol Bruce Rappaport Fac Med IL-31096 Haifa Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Rappaport Family Inst Res Med Sci IL-31096 Haifa Israel

Microspectrophotometry, electroretinography and behavioural studies have indicated that ultraviolet (UV) light contributes to functional vision in various vertebrate species. Based on behavioural evidence, this was also suggested for turtle vision. In order to reveal the interactions underlying detection of UV light in the distal retina, we recorded intracellularly the photoresponses of cones and horizontal cells in retinas of Pseudemys scripta elegans and Mauremys caspica and calculated the action spectra of these cells under different conditions of adaptation. In the dark-adapted retina, all three types of horizontal cells;luminosity-type, red/green chromaticity-type and yellow/blue chromaticity-type exhibited increased sensitivity in the UV region of the spectrum, However, chromatic adaptation indicated that only the yellow/blue chromaticity-type horizontal cells received excitatory input from UV-sensitive cones with peak sensitivity approximate to 360 nm. The enhanced UV sensitivity of luminosity-type horizontal cells probably reflected the beta-band of the long-wavelength sensitive visual pigment as indicated by the action spectra of dark-adapted L-cones. It is suggested that the enhanced UV sensitivity of red/green chromaticity-type horizontal cells reflects the beta-band of the medium-wavelength sensitive visual pigment. Transmission measurements of the optical media (cornea, lens and vitreous) indicated that UV vision can be functional under normal circumstances.

关键词： action spectrum colour coding cone photoreceptors Mauremys caspica Pseudemys scripta

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colour primer for Vauxhall's Astra line

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Pigment & Resin Technology 1998年第5期27.0卷 457-468页

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colour coding of en route flying charts

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Displays 1990年第2期11卷 73-78页

作者： de Ree, Hans KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Dept SPL/AY (Ergonomics) PO Box 7700 1117 ZL Schiphol Netherlands

Arising from complaints from KLM pilots about poor legibility of en route navigation charts, a study was carried out to assess the importance of the various information categories on the charts. Using the results, a different colour coding was devised and a test chart was printed using this new colour coding. The test chart was distributed en route and was judged better than the current chart by a vast majority of the pilots. © 1990.

关键词： colour coding navigation charts test chart

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Electronic Flight Information System displays and colour defective observers

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Clinical and Experimental Optometry 1991年第6期74卷 196-203页

作者： Mahon, Luke E Jacobs, Robert J Department of Optometry University of Auckland New Zealand

The use of colour in the Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS) displays of modern commercial airliners has created an environment for pilots in which colour coding is used more extensively than previously. Therefore, more thorough diagnostic analysis of pilots' colour vision, before a full commercial licence is granted, has been proposed. The aim of the experiments reported here is to determine whether a reliable battery of diagnostic colour vision tests is able to predict the colour naming perforniarice of colour defective subjects when using Boeing 747–400 EFIS displays. Results show that observers with normal colour vision and those identified as hiing. mild deuteranomaly made significantly fewer errors than those with other types of defective colour vision. As protanomals, protanopes and more severe deitteranomals can only be identified reliably with a battery of colour vision tests, we propose that the lantern test be supplemented by other tests for aircrew colour vision testing. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词： aviation colour coding colour vision defects colour vision standards glass cockpit video displays vision visual displays

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THE EFFECTS OF AMBIENT ILLUMINATION AND TARGET LUMINANCE ON COLOR coding IN A CRT DISPLAY

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ERGONOMICS 1990年第7期33卷 933-944页

作者： XU, W ZHU, ZX HANGZHOU UNIV DEPT PSYCHOL HANGZHOU 310028 PEOPLES R CHINA

In this paper, the effects of absolute colour-identification on a CRT display are compared under different experimental conditions, i.e., ambient illuminant intensity, colour temperature and target luminance. The results indicate that performance of colour identification deteriorated as ambient illuminant intensity was increased. colour identification under the 2800 K colour temperature was better than that under the 1800 K and 5800 K. Performance at high luminance was superior to that at low luminance. colours were chosen to make up the colour coding system on the CRT display under various ambient illuminant conditions. The number and range of the colours selected for the colour coding could be expanded by increasing the target luminance on the CRT display.

关键词： CRT display colour coding colour identification.

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EVALUATING THE ROLE OF COLOR IN A FLIGHT INFORMATION COCKPIT DISPLAY

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ERGONOMICS 1988年第1期31卷 13-37页

作者： MACDONALD, WA COLE, BL Department of Optometry University of Melbourne Australia

The role of colour coding in the display of aircraft electronic flight information was evaluated by comparing performance with colour and monochrome forms of display for each of seven different information-processing tasks. Tasks required subjects to classify statements about the displayed information as either true or false. Processes of information search or identification or both were involved, to a degree dependent on the type of statement. Each task was characterized by a particular type of statement. Tasks also differed in the degree to which colour was relevant, and the degree of position uncertainty of relevant information. colour was always redundant, and colours irrelevant to the task were present. Display complexity was varied systematically. Results showed that the value of colour was not simply dependent on whether the task was search or identification in nature. colour resulted in faster responses in those tasks for which relevant information was uniquely colour coded, and in fewer errors on almost all tasks. Its effect was also related to display complexity, task difficulty, and the presence of other forms of information coding. It was evident that the design or evaluation of an information display requires detailed data on the ways in which the displayed information is to be used, since this determines the nature of tasks which users will perform and defines the optimum role of colour.

关键词： colour coding Video displays Vision Aviation

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EFFECTIVENESS OF COLOR IN DISPLAYING RADIONUCLIDE IMAGES

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MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING 1988年第1期26卷 57-61页

作者： CROWE, EJ SHARP, PF UNDRILL, PE ROSS, PGB 1.Deparment of Biomedical Physics & Bioengineering University of Aberdeen AB9 2ZD Foresterhill Aberdeen UK

The use of digital technology in medical imaging gives the potential for improving the way in which images are displayed. One possibility is to represent intensity information by ''false colours'' rather than the conventional grey shades. Although this has several potential advantages, it has not been widely accepted. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of grey scale coding with three colour scales: the hot-body scale, a blue-green-red scale derived from the Uniform Chromaticity Scale, and a contrasting-colour scale. Two perceptual tasks were studied using computer-simulated images of the type produced in nuclear medicine. The first was to test the ability to perceive changes in image sharpness. The grey scale, hot-body scale and blue-green-red scale performed equally well but the contrasting-colour scale was significantly worse than others. The second pattern measured the ability to detect small changes in image intensity. The contrasting colour scale was best for this task and the grey scale worst. While the best colour scale depends on the information which is to be extracted from the image, both the hot-body scale and the blue-green-red scale appeared to offer a satisfactory compromise.

关键词： colour coding Image display Radionuclide imaging Uniform chromaticity scale

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COLOR DISPLAY OF VIDEO INFORMATION IN SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY - PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS, GEOLOGY, SOIL SCIENCE, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE

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SCANNING 1988年第3期10卷 87-106页

作者： SAPARIN, GV OBYDEN, SK Physical Faculty of the Moscow State University Moscow Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

From a colourimetric point of view, colour has two independent aspects: brightness and chromaticity. In black and white images, all elements are of the same chromaticity and can be distinguished only by brightness contrast. In the colour image, elements of the same brightness can be discriminated by chromaticity (colour) contrast. Generally, colour image elements can be discriminated both by brightness and by chromaticity. As the human eye can distinguish a number of hues two orders of magnitude larger than the number of grey levels, it is safe to say that the colour image is much more informative than the black and white image. There are some peculiarities of the colour image and methods of its formation in SEM. Two principles of image formation are used. The first consists of the formation of a real colour image in the cathodoluminescence mode. In this case the colour of an image element is determined by the spectrum of the luminescence emission excited in the corresponding point of an object by the electron beam. The second principle is that of colour coding (quasicolour, pseudocolour), when a video signal in colour (either digital or analog) corresponds to a video signal (amplitude, frequency, phase, etc.) produced by any mode in the scanning electron microscope. We present a review of the methods of colour display of video information in scanning electron microscopy and their applications to physics, geology, soil science, biology, and medicine.

关键词： colour image colour contrast colour coding scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence

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SIMULATION OF RESPONSES OF SPECTRALLY-OPPONENT NEURONS IN THE MACAQUE LATERAL GENICULATE-NUCLEUS TO CHROMATIC AND ACHROMATIC LIGHT STIMULI

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VISION RESEARCH 1987年第6期27卷 867-882页

作者： VALBERG, A LEE, BB TRYTI, J Department of Biophysics University of Oslo Norway.

The responses of spectrally opponent, parvocellular-layer cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque vary with stimulation along all three dimensions of colour space (luminance, dominant wavelength and purity). Here, the responses of different cell types to light stimuli successively replacing a white adaptation field are simulated mathematically by a simple model using known cone spectral sensitivities. Hyperbolic response functions with two adjustable parameters relate cone excitation with the output signals of each cone mechanism. For the majority of cells, differences of outputs of two cone mechanisms, receiving inputs from L- and M-cones, describe responses to chromatic and achromatic stimuli. For each opponent combination of cone inputs, either L-M or M-L, two cell types were found. Off-centre cells had lower maximum firing rates of their on-component, but were the more sensitive of the two groups, preferring dark colours, whereas on-centre cells showed better responsiveness to brighter stimuli. For all four cell types, the predictions of the equations replicated well the responses measured to stimuli varying along all three dimensions of colour space. The quantification of cell responses presented here provides possibilities for studying suprathreshold coding of colour and lightness, and the model can help to link physiology with the psychophysics of colour vision.

关键词： Macaque L.g.n. colour coding Opponent cells

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