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Optimal Organizations Across Many Faces of Complexity: Synchronized Networks With Load-Balance and Minimum Complexity

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IEEE systems JOURNAL 2023年第4期17卷 5393-5404页

作者： Burachik, Regina S. Efatmaneshnik, Mahmoud Kalloniatis, Alexander C. Kaya, C. Yalcin Univ South Australia UniSA STEM Mawson Lakes SA 5095 Australia Def Sci & Technol Grp Human & Decis Sci Div Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

We present a framework for the optimization of networks across three perspectives of complexity. Two of these refer to structural properties of a system, termed objective and subjective complexity: the former sees an advantage in connectivity;the latter views complexity as creating opaqueness from within a subjective perspective. Here, the distance from a reference for simplicity network-, a tree, the quintessential management structure-models subjective complexity. The third property relates to the dynamics of a network for which we utilize the proxy of Kuramoto synchronization. Within this we propose a two-stage optimization process for effective synchronization within a constraint of load balance and minimum subjective and objective complexities. Separate objective functions for each of these views of complexity are presented. This builds on previous work on the optimization of Kuramoto synchronization. We demonstrate the computational approach within an illustrative framework for stakeholder engagement in the management of complexity in organizational decision making. We show how the different perspectives may be balanced to arrive at choices of an optimal network design.

关键词： command and control systems complexity theory network complexity network optimization organization theory

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Guest Editorial: Cyber-Physical-Social Intelligence: Toward Metaverse-Based Smart Societies of 6I and 6S

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON systems MAN CYBERNETICS-systems 2023年第4期53卷 2018-2024页

作者： Wang, Fei-Yue Tang, Ying Werbos, Paul J. Chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Management & Control Complex Syst Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Rowan Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Glassboro NJ 08028 USA Missouri Univ Sci & Technol Rolla MO 65409 USA

Transformational development in science and engineering rapidly integrates machine intelligence and human intelligence to form cyber-physical-social intelligence (CPSI), underpinning the growing interactions of cyberspace, physical space, and social space. A multidimensional reality is emerging and evolving with these interactions, leading to the creation of many new concepts and frameworks, such as parallel intelligence, digital twin, and metaverse. Meanwhile, new challenges continue to arise when we seek to reveal the fundamental principles for command and control of the new and extended reality by identifying and characterizing the relations of machines, humans, and nature. To meet these challenges, it is important for us to understand and explore algorithmic theories and processes that constitute CPSI, and to build cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS) [1] with the features of agility, focus, and convergence that are vital to ensure an inclusive, sustainable, equitable, and resilient future for people and our planet.

关键词： Special issues and sections Cyber-physical systems Metaverse Machine intelligence Human intelligence Extended reality Digital twins Cyberspace command and control systems

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Modbus Covert Channels within Industrial Automation and control systems

Modbus Covert Channels within Industrial Automation and Cont...

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Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics Society

作者： Erkin Kirdan Karl Waedt Framatome

ISBN: (数字)9781665464543

ISBN: (纸本)9781665464550

This paper investigates the potential for covert channels within Industrial Automation and control systems utilizing the Modbus protocol, a fundamental communication standard in industrial environments. Modbus is widely used due to its simplicity and effectiveness in enabling communication between various devices. However, this ubiquity also makes it a prime target for cybersecurity threats. Covert channels, which are hidden pathways for information transfer that bypass conventional security mechanisms, present a significant risk by enabling unauthorized data transmission and potentially malicious activities. Our research focuses on identifying specific features of the Modbus protocol that can be exploited to create covert timing and storage channels. These channels can facilitate covert communication between clients and servers, posing a severe threat to the integrity and security of industrial operations. To illustrate the practical implications, we implement a client-to-server covert storage channel, showcasing its potential use in command and control scenarios by malicious actors. Additionally, we develop a server-to-client covert timing channel, demonstrating its effectiveness in data exfiltration. This work is motivated by the critical need to safeguard industrial infrastructure, which is increasingly becoming a target for sophisticated cyberattacks. The findings highlight the susceptibilities within Modbus communication and the importance of deploying holistic security measures to mitigate these covert threats.

关键词： command and control systems Protocols Automation Traffic control Software Timing Security Data communication Servers Monitoring

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The Computer in the Garbage Can: Air-Defense systems in the Organization of US Nuclear command and control, 1940-1960

The Computer in the Garbage Can: Air-Defense Systems in the ...

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作者： Volmar, Daniel Harvard University

学位级别：Ph.D.

During the late 1950s, the United States Air Force initiated development on nearly two-dozen military “command and control systems.” What they shared in common was a novel application of digital electronics to the problem of nuclear warfare. Most of these systems descended, in some fashion, from a program called “SAGE,” the Semiautomatic Ground Environment, which gathered data from a network of radar stations for processing at large Air Defense Direction Centers, where digital computers assisted human operators in tracking, identifying, and, potentially, intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft. Although histories of SAGE have been written before, they have tended to stress digital computing as a rationalist response to the threat of mass raids by nuclear-armed Soviet bombers. Nevertheless, organizational sociology suggests that large bureaucratic organizations, such as the United States Air Force, often defy our intuition that decisions, technological or otherwise, must follow a perceived problem to its potential solution. According to the so-called “garbage-can model of organizational choice,” problems and solutions may, in certain circumstances, arise independently and join together unpredictably, because the basic social phenomena do not conform to bureaucratic ideals. This dissertation argues that SAGE, and indeed, the entire Cold War project of nuclear-and-command, can be understood as a sequence of “garbage-can-like” decisions, resulting in a conglomeration of independent systems whose behavior appeared reasonable from the perspective of the using organization, but which nonetheless failed to cohere against the far greater danger of a global thermonuclear exchange. They did, however, succeed at satisfying the government’s need to act by projecting uncomfortable questions of political organization onto popular technology programs.

关键词： history of air defense history of radar history of nuclear weapons history of technology history of computing Cold War history nuclear command and control command and control systems continental defense Semiautomatic Ground Environment Massachusetts Institute of Technology Project Whirlwind AN/FSQ-7 MIT Lincoln Laboratory MIT Radiation Laboratory MITRE Corporation RAND Corporation System Development Corporation United States Air Force Air Defense command Air Force Cambridge Research Center Rome Air Development Center systems management garbage-can model of organizational choice bureaucracy

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A Generalized Net Model of Integration of Electronic-Communication Networks to Support the command and control Process 12

A Generalized Net Model of Integration of Electronic-Communi...

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12th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent systems, IS 2024

作者： Tsonev, Dimitar Kochankov, Miroslav Iliev, Rosen Communication and information systems Bulgarian defence headquarters Sofia Bulgaria Bulgarian Ground forces command Sofia Bulgaria Bulgarian Defence Institute Sofia Bulgaria

ISBN: (纸本)9798350350982

The paper presents an original Generalized Net model (GN-model) of integration of Electronic-communication networks (ECNs) to support the command and control process for the needs of the armed forces. It includes the following main components: personnel (military personnel, civilian personnel), infrastructure (ECN, equipment, resources, etc.) and procedures (sequence of actions, communication and information services, documents, etc.). A simulation of the GN-model was carried out in the GN IDE simulation environment and some of the obtained results are presented. Some possible applications of the model for analysis and improvement of the information and communication environment for the work of the personnel of the armed forces are described. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： armed forces command and control systems Electronic-communication network Generalized net modeling

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A Generalized Net Model of command and control System 15

A Generalized Net Model of Command and Control System

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15th International Scientific and Practical Conference on Environment. Technology. Resources, ETR 2024

作者： Iliev, Rosen Kochankov, Miroslav Bulgarian Defense Institute „Professor Tsvetan Lazarov" Sofia Bulgaria

ISBN: (纸本)9781713899570

The relevance of the topic is related to the search for ways to support management in the military field by improving the command and control system (C2-system) of the armed forces. The purpose of the paper is to present an original generalized net model (GN-model) of a command and control system for the needs of the armed forces, including three main elements - personnel, structure and equipment, procedures. Through the integration of these three elements in the created GN-model to provide an opportunity for more detailed testing of different implementation options of the C2-system, even before its implementation in the process of managing the armed forces. To verify the GN-model, a simulation was performed in the GN IDE simulation environment and some results are presented. Some possible applications of the GN-model for the analysis and improvement of the C2-system of the armed forces are described. © 2024 Rosen Iliev, Miroslav Kochankov.

关键词： command and control systems

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Microservices Architecture: Application and Outlook 1

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12th China Conference on command and control, C2 2024

作者： Han, Mingchao Zhang, Jie Wang, Yangyang Yan, Rui Wu, Hao System Engineering Research Institute Academy of Military Sciences Beijing100071 China 93118 PLA Troops Beijing100080 China

ISBN: (数字)9789819777747

ISBN: (纸本)9789819777730

As an emerging architectural style, microservices architecture has been successfully applied in many large enterprises and internet companies because of its high scalability, flexibility and loose coupling. In this paper, the microservices architecture is reviewed, its architecture features, key technologies and application scenarios are discussed, and the value and advantages of microservices architecture in different fields and practical applications are studied, it opens the way for the application of microservices architecture in command information system. At the same time, the future development of microservices architecture, including technology trends, challenges and opportunities as well as possible development direction, provides a comprehensive perspective for researchers, help them better understand, apply, and develop microservices architectures. © Chinese Institute of command and control 2024.

关键词： command and control systems

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Research on the Development of Unmanned systems for Joint Operations 11th

Research on the Development of Unmanned Systems for Joint Op...

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11th China Conference on command and control, C2 2023

作者： Zhou, Xin Huang, Liang Xu, Ying Chen, Yichao Bai, Fang Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Engineering Nanjing210007 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789819990207

Recently unmanned systems are making remarkable achievements on the battlefield, with various new types emerging. Their cost-effectiveness, ease of use, high efficiency, and asymmetric combat advantages are increasingly favored by countries around the world, and widely used in Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and Russia-Ukraine conflict. Concurrently, as modern warfare increasingly emphasizes systematic coordination and joint operations, the support of information systems and the integration of unmanned systems into the backbone of combat systems have become ever more crucial. With a focus on the development needs of joint operations, this article analyzes, discusses, and looks forward to the state of arts, existing problems, combat modes, and development approaches and future directions of unmanned combat SoS. © Chinese Institute of command and control 2024.

关键词： command and control systems

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A Human-Computer Interaction Optimization Method for command and control System Based on Gesture Complexity 7

A Human-Computer Interaction Optimization Method for Command...

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7th International Conference on Advanced Algorithms and control Engineering, ICAACE 2024

作者： Li, Jiaying Huo, Jiadao Yao, Quanmao Jiangsu Automation Research Institute Lianyungang China School Of Marine Science And Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350361445

Aiming at the low efficiency of gesture interaction in the command and control system, this paper proposes a gesture interaction optimization method based on gesture complexity. Ten joint points are selected to model gestures, and gesture pairs and complexity are defined. Complexity is used as the basis for gesture optimization. Finally, the commonly used GOMS model in human factors engineering is used to evaluate interaction efficiency. The results show that this method can reduce task completion time and effectively improve interaction efficiency. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： command and control systems

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Smishing Strategy Dynamics and Evolving Botnet Activities in Japan

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 114869-114884页

作者： Saeki, Ryu Kitayama, Leo Koga, Jun Shimizu, Makoto Oida, Kazumasa Fukuoka Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Fukuoka 8110295 Japan Fukuoka Prefectural Police Headquarters Cyber Crime Control Div Community Safety Dept Fukuoka 8128576 Japan Fukuoka Prefectural Police Juvenile Sect Kokurakita Police Stn Fukuoka 8038576 Japan

XLoader and FakeSpy, the two major smishing botnets targeting Japan, change their attack strategies over various timescales. Based on recent observations of the botnets and Twitter data, we present empirical facts about their strategies and activity patterns and applied some of these strategic and activity patterns to malware detection and malicious domain detection. All the proposed methods yielded small false positive and negative rates, and are expected to run on user devices owing to their small computational cost. Recent malware detection methods based on traffic analysis extract TCP/IP traffic features if the upper layers of TCP are encrypted. In this study, Frida's hooking capability was employed to decode the upper layers (WebSocket and JSON-RPC) to create a list of all commands flowing over the botnet channel. The command-level traffic analysis presents decisive attack features because commands are transmitted according to strategies developed by the attackers. The proposed malicious domain detection method, on the other hand, exploited the tendency of the attackers to create domains in batches. Previous researchers focused on how benign and malicious domains were registered and used on the name servers. The proposed method, on the other hand, focuses on the arrival rate of SMS messages with URL links. The error rates become significantly small when users do not receive such messages very often.

关键词： Malware Botnet Chatbots Feature extraction Servers command and control systems Law enforcement Electronic mail Phishing Message services Botnet domain name registry FakeSpy hooking JSON-RPC malware smishing Twitter XLoader

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