common coding proposes a shared representation in the brain between perception, execution, and imagination of movement. this neural-level representation is considered to support a "direct activation" of acti...
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common coding proposes a shared representation in the brain between perception, execution, and imagination of movement. this neural-level representation is considered to support a "direct activation" of action by perception/imagination of movement at the behavioral level. We examine how this two-tier model, where a representation at the neural level supports "direct activation" at the behavioral level, relates to the notion of situatedness-the real-time access and use of environment structure for cognition. reviewing four leading environment-oriented approaches to cognition (ecological psychology, situated action, distributed cognition, and ecological rationality), we show that the access and use of the environment structures proposed by three of these approaches require a mechanism that supports both representations and direct access. We argue that the two-tier common coding model provides such an integrated mechanism, and, further, it extends and refines the notion of direct perception.
We have developed an embodied puppet interface that translates a player's body movements to a virtual character, thus enabling the player to have a fine grained and personalized control of the avatar. To test the ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781450304788
We have developed an embodied puppet interface that translates a player's body movements to a virtual character, thus enabling the player to have a fine grained and personalized control of the avatar. To test the efficacy and short-term effects of this control interface, we developed a two-part experiment, where the performance of users controlling an avatar using the puppet interface was compared with users controlling the avatar using two other interfaces (Xbox controller, keyboard). Part 1 examined aiming movement accuracy in a virtual contact game. Part 2 examined changes of mental rotation abilities in users after playing the virtual contact game. Results from Part 1 revealed that the puppet interface group performed significantly better in aiming accuracy and response time, compared to the Xbox and keyboard groups. Data from Part 2 revealed that the puppet group tended to have greater improvement in mental rotation accuracy as well. Overall, these results suggest that the embodied mapping between a player and avatar, provided by the puppet interface, leads to important performance advantages.
How does a pigeon see the world? Although pigeons are known to be adept at learning large numbers of figures, colors, and natural images, various experiments show that their visual cognitive specialization is more gea...
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How does a pigeon see the world? Although pigeons are known to be adept at learning large numbers of figures, colors, and natural images, various experiments show that their visual cognitive specialization is more geared towards seeing colors and textures instead of shapes. They also excel in the analysis of local features instead of shapes that can only be differentiated by their outline. We therefore embarked into a detailed analysis of the relative weight of colors versus shapes in an object grouping task. At the same time we used a design that gave us information on the question of the relative importance of the S+ and S- in cognitive tests. Our strategy was to use the classic matching to sample task in which pigeons have to associate a sample with another stimulus (S+), which belongs to the same arbitrary group while at the same time avoiding choosing another stimulus (S-), which is part of another arbitrary group. Our results clearly reveal that color is, relative to shape, the primary cue that pigeons use to guide their decisions. Although they are in principle able to use shape information, they utilize shape as the last cognitive resort. Our data further reveal that pigeons guide their decisions in a matching to sample task primarily by focusing on the S+, although they also utilize information from the S-, albeit to a smaller extent. They are flexibly able to use cognitive match- or nonmatch-strategies depending on the presence or absence of color- or shape-cues. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The fields of motor control and social psychology have recently merged, giving rise to studies of mirror neurons, observational facilitation, joint action, and a variety of other topics. Within this spectrum of studie...
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The fields of motor control and social psychology have recently merged, giving rise to studies of mirror neurons, observational facilitation, joint action, and a variety of other topics. Within this spectrum of studies, however, there is a gap at the level of observation-action coupling and joint action. The current study was designed to fill this gap. It did so by making use of a finding in motor control, the grasp height effect (GHE), wherein people take hold of a vertically oriented cylinder high when they plan to bring the cylinder to a low position and low when they plan to bring the cylinder to a high position (Cohen & Rosenbaum, 2004). The experiments make use of a variation of the original GHE study, adding an explicit cue about target location with an implicit cue of grasp height embedded in that explicit cue. The explicit cue related to target height, while the implicit cue was a modeled grasp height that was not related to satisfying the demands of the task but that was related to satisfying the demands of the GHE. Experiment 1 established that the mere cuing of a location on a plunger did not significantly influence the GHE. Experiments 2-4 showed that increasing amounts of observational information significantly affected the GHE, resulting in an attenuation of that effect that increased with the amount of observational information available. Experiment 5 used a simpler version of the experiment that could later be used to assess other potential variables of interest, with the result that individuals were sensitive to modeled grasp-heights. Experiment 5 has promising extensions both in the fields of motor control and social psychology. Briefly discussed are the possibilities for investigating actor-observer differences, such as the role of prejudice and empathy in the action-observation system.
Based on Pacherie's dynamic theory of intentions, this study investigated how the way an intention is formed and sustained affects action performance and the experience of control during acting. In Experiment 1, t...
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Based on Pacherie's dynamic theory of intentions, this study investigated how the way an intention is formed and sustained affects action performance and the experience of control during acting. In Experiment 1, task-irrelevant verbal commands were given while participants responded to stimuli in a two-choice reaction time (RT) task. The commands referred to an action goal congruent or incongruent with the actor's current intention, or ordered the initiation or abortion of the action. In Experiment 2, the same commands were given as participants freely chose between two actions. The distractors affected performance in the reactive task only. In both experiments, feelings of control were based on movement parameters as well as perceived (mis)matches between distractors and intended actions. These findings suggest that the way an intention is implemented affects how well it can be shielded against external perturbations and how much one feels in control. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
In the current investigation the assumption that intentions and actions are represented in the same medium or code (common coring hypothesis of intention and action) was tested and confirmed [Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 52 (1...
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In the current investigation the assumption that intentions and actions are represented in the same medium or code (common coring hypothesis of intention and action) was tested and confirmed [Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 52 (1999) 1;Eur. J. Cognit. Psychol. 9 (1997) 129]. In two experiments it is shown that the intention to produce a spatial consequence in the environment to an otherwise spatially neutral stimulus leads to a shorter response, if the responses and the intended consequences share relative positions compared to a situation where this is not the case. In two control experiments it is ruled out that this spatial intention-response compatibility effect is due to an intention-independent expectancy of the consequences of the correct responses. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Traditional approaches to human information processing tend to deal with perception and action planning in isolation, so that an adequate account of the perception-action interface is still missing. On the perceptual ...
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Traditional approaches to human information processing tend to deal with perception and action planning in isolation, so that an adequate account of the perception-action interface is still missing. On the perceptual side, the dominant cognitive view largely underestimates, and thus fails to account for, the impact of action-related processes on both the processing of perceptual information and on perceptual learning. On the action side most approaches conceive of action planning as a mere continuation of stimulus processing, thus failing to account for the goal-directedness of even the simplest reaction in an experimental task. We propose a new framework for a more adequate theoretical treatment of perception and action planning, in which perceptual contents and action plans are coded in a common representational medium by feature codes with distal reference. Perceived events (perceptions) and to-be-produced events (actions) are equally represented by integrated, task-tuned networks of feature codes - cognitive structures we call event codes. We give an overview of evidence from a wide variety of empirical domains, such as spatial stimulus-response compatibility, sensorimotor synchronization, and ideomotor action, showing that our main assumptions are well supported by the data.
In experiment 1, pigeons were trained to match temporal (2, 8, and 10 s of houselight) and location (feeder light, left key, center key illumination) samples to color comparison stimuli. Red choices were correct follo...
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