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complementary coded Identical code Cyclic Shift Multiple Access Under Asynchronous Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2023年第10期72卷 13269-13280页

作者： Wang, Zhifeng Liu, Xiqing Yang, Yiran Peng, Mugen Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun State Key Lab Networking & Switching Technol Beijing 100876 Peoples R China

A complementary coded code-division multiple-access (CC-CDMA) system is built on the direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum technique, which can suppress multipath interferences and multiple-access interferences due to the ideal correlation property of complementary codes (CCs). However, the DS spread spectrum technique will cause poor bandwidth efficiency;the CC-CDMA system suffers from serious interferences due to the ideal correlation of CCs may not be reconstructed at the receiver after passing through asynchronous frequency selective fading channels. In this article, we propose a complementary coded identical code cyclic shift multiple access (CC-ICCSMA) system under asynchronous frequency selective fading channels, which allows multiple data streams to transmit in parallel by sharing one spreading code for improving the bandwidth efficiency. Considering the impact of interferences, we propose an ICCS matched filterbank to tackle the interferences, which can decode the data under all paths and achieve a high multipath diversity gain. Simulation results show that the proposed CC-ICCSMA system can achieve higher bandwidth efficiency than that of traditional CC-CDMA and can outperform the traditional DS-CDMA schemes in terms of bit-error rates and transmission rates.

关键词： Identical code cyclic shift code complementary code interferences asynchronous frequency selective fading channels

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On Optimal code Hopping Pattern Design for complementary coded CHMA Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第12期73卷 18988-19004页

作者： Liu, Xiqing Yang, Yiran Lai, Guan-Lun Chen, Hsiao-Hwa Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun State Key Lab Networking & Switching Technol Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Engn Sci Tainan 70101 Taiwan

code hopping multiple access (CHMA) is an emerging technology to implement code domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In CHMA, multiple access interference and multipath interference can be mitigated with the help of complementary codes, namely complementary coded CHMA (CC-CHMA). However, traditional CC-CHMA works on random code hopping (CH) patterns, which leads to an irreducibly high bit error floor. To address this issue, this work proposes an optimal CH pattern design to minimize the bit error floor. In addition, code collision probability and bit error rate (BER) with binary phase shift keying modulation are derived explicitly. The results verify that CC-CHMA with the proposed optimal CH pattern exhibits a much better BER performance than traditional CC-CHMA, which at the same time also offers a higher overload rate than traditional NOMA in uplink multipath channels, paving a way for its possible applications in beyond 5G mobile communications.

关键词： codes Symbols Downlink Multiaccess communication NOMA Interference Generators code hopping multiple access non-orthogonal multiple access complementary code code collision code hopping pattern

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code-Hopping Multiple Access Based on Orthogonal complementary codes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2012年第3期61卷 1074-1083页

作者： Chen, Hsiao-Hwa Zhang, Hong-Mei Huang, Zhi-Kai Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Engn Sci Tainan 701 Taiwan Guilin Univ Elect & Technol Key Lab Cognit Radio & Informat Proc Minist Educ Guilin 541004 Peoples R China

code-hopping multiple access (CHMA) is a newly emerging multiple-access technique with the potential to offer high capacity. Unfortunately, orthogonality among user signals in existing CHMA schemes can be preserved only in synchronous channels under an assumption that neither multipath interference (MI) nor multiple-access interference (MAI) exists. Exploiting their ideal orthogonality, we apply orthogonal complementary codes to CHMA systems to overcome problems with existing CHMA schemes. In particular, we will show that the application of orthogonal complementary codes can significantly improve the performance of a CHMA system due to its unique collision-resistant capability. To deal with destructive collisions among spreading codes in CHMA systems, convolutional coding is employed in complementary-coded CHMA systems. The properties and bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed system are analyzed for both uplink and downlink applications, where the system may simultaneously suffer MI and MAI. Simulation results show that the complementary-coded CHMA with channel coding can provide much higher capacity than complementary-coded code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems in varying operational scenarios.

关键词： Channel coding code-division multiple access (CDMA) code-hopping multiple access (CHMA) complementary code

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Engineering Autonomous Mobility: Wired and Wireless CAN Bus Design Principles

SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRIFIED VEHICLES

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SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRIFIED VEHICLES 2025年第1期14卷 15-28页

作者： Ali, Zeina Ibrahim, Qutaiba Ninevah Univ Elect Engn Coll Ninevah Iraq Univ Mosul Engn Coll Mosul Iraq

The controller area network (CAN) bus, the prevailing standard for in-vehicle networking (IVN), has been used for more than four decades, despite its simple architecture, to establish communications between electronic control units (ECUs). Weight, maintenance overheads, improved flexibility, and wiring complexity escalate as the quantity of ECUs rises, especially for high-demand autonomous vehicles (AVs). The primary objective of this study is to examine and discuss the significant challenges that arise during the migration from a wired CAN to a wireless CAN (WCAN). Suggested remedies include changing the configuration of the conventional ECU, creating a hidden wireless communication domain for each AV, and developing a plan to counteract the jamming signals. The simulation of the proposed WCAN was done using MATLAB and validated using OPNET analysis. The results showed that the packet loss of the eavesdropping electronic control unit ranged from 63% to 100%. Anti-jamming results show that when packet loss reaches 2% for a continuous period of time of 0.01 sec, the passive channel is automatically activated, ensuring secure data transmission.

关键词： Controller Area Network Autonomous Vehicle Wireless CAN 802.11b complementary code Keying OPNET MATLAB

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complementary coded Scrambling RadCom System-An Integrated Radar and Communication Design in Multi-User-Multi-Target Scenarios

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第1期73卷 544-558页

作者： Liu, Xiqing Zhao, Linglan Liu, Wenjing Guo, Jichong Yang, Yiran Liu, Yujun Peng, Mugen Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun State Key Lab Networking & Switching Technol Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Nanjing Normal Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 210097 Peoples R China Suzhou Univ Sci & Technol Suzhou 215009 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Informat & Commun Engn Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Army Acad Armored Forces Informat Dept Beijing 100072 Peoples R China

Radar, serving as a sensing technology, is anticipated to be integrated into the sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication system to facilitate high-precision sensing functions, potentially inciting spectrum competition between radar and wireless communication systems. To address this challenge, this study explores a code domain method for mitigating mutual interference caused by spectrum sharing between communication and radar systems. Particularly, this work designs a three-dimensional complementary scrambling code together with the transceiver structure that can simultaneously support communication and radar in a multi-user-multi-target scenario. The complementary scrambling code exhibits ideal correlation properties in both synchronous and asynchronous channels, seamlessly incorporating the time-frequency-space domain. The proposed scheme, referred to as the complementary coded scrambling radar and communication (CCS-RadCom) system, exhibits considerably higher spectral efficiency than that of the spread spectrum-based system due to the fact that it employs scrambling modulation to achieve processing gain. Additionally, this study conducts a joint evaluation of data rates and radar estimate rates. Simulation results indicate that the proposed system successfully achieves improved performance in terms of radar estimation rate and data rate.

关键词： Scrambling complementary code radar estimation rate data rate

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Multiuser-Interference-Free Space-Time Spreading MIMO Systems Based on Three-Dimensional complementary codes

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IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2015年第1期9卷 45-57页

作者： Sun, Siyue Chen, Chih-Wei Chu, Shin-Wei Chen, Hsiao-Hwa Meng, Weixiao Harbin Inst Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Engn Sci Tainan 701 Taiwan

This paper proposes a new type of complementary code, i.e., 3-D complementary code (3DCC), which integrates space-time coding and code division multiple access under a unified framework for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system implementation. Owing to its ideal correlation properties, the 3DCC ensures orthogonal transmissions among users and antennas. Analytical studies given in this paper will show that the proposed 3DCC-MIMO system is able to support both transmit diversity and multiplex at the same time, with its unique agility to switch between them according to different channel environments and system configurations. Additionally, multiuser interference (MUI) is eliminated in a 3DCC-MIMO system for both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions over a flat-fading channel with a relatively low complexity. Simulation results are also provided to verify the correctness of analysis and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed MIMO system in terms of its MUI-free performance.

关键词： complementary code multiple input multiple output (MIMO) multiuser interference (MUI) space-time (ST) coding ST spreading

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Inter-group complementary codes for interference-resistant CDMA wireless communications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2008年第1期7卷 166-174页

作者： Li, Jing Huang, Aiping Guizani, Mohsen Chen, Hsiao-Hwa Zhejiang Univ Inst Informat & Commun Engn Hangzhou Peoples R China Western Michigan Univ Kalamazoo MI 49008 USA Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ Inst Commun Engn Kaohsiung Taiwan

Spreading code plays an extremely important role on the overall performance of a CDMA system. The correlation properties and available number of spreading codes determine the interference-resist capability as well as system capacity. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics and limitations of traditional and recently reported spreading codes. Based on the analysis, we propose a new code design approach which will be used to generate inter-group complementary (IGC) codes. The correlation functions of the IGC codes possess definite and bi-valued interference-free windows. In addition, a corresponding code assignment algorithm and spreading scheme will be introduced to take advantage of the desirable properties of the IGC codes for their applications in CDMA systems. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that an IGC-CDMA system is interference-resistant and capable to offer a high spectral efficiency if compared with the ones based on other spreading codes.

关键词： CDMA complementary code inter-group complementary code interference-free window

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Multi-User Interference Cancellation in complementary coded CDMA with Diversity Gain

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2013年第3期2卷 303-306页

作者： Meng, Wei-Xiao Sun, Si-Yue Chen, Hsiao-Hwa Li, Jin-Qiang Harbin Inst Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Harbin Peoples R China Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Engn Sci Tainan 701 Taiwan

This letter analyzes the performance of complementary coded code division multiple access (CC-CDMA) systems in frequency selective fading channels. Based on the evaluation of various combining algorithms for the correlation functions of M element sequences of a CC, a per-carrier parallel interference cancellation scheme based on minimum mean square error combining (MMSEC) is proposed for CC-CDMA to achieve a frequency diversity gain and multi-user interference resistance. Both analytical and simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed scheme. It is shown that combining algorithms and correlation properties of element sequences have a significant impact on the performance of CC-CDMA systems in frequency selective fading channels.

关键词： complementary code CDMA diversity gain frequency selective fading multi-user interference

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Design of next-generation CDMA using orthogonal complementary codes and offset stacked spreading

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2007年第3期14卷 61-69页

作者： Chen, Hsiao-Hwa Hank, Daniel Maganaz, Mario E. Guizani, Mohsen Natl Cheng Kung Univ Tainan 70101 Taiwan Univ Appl Sci Offenburg Offenburg Germany Oregon State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Corvallis OR 97331 USA Western Michigan Univ Dept Comp Sci Kalamazoo MI 49008 USA

This article presents an innovative code-division multiple access system architecture that is based on orthogonal complementary spreading codes and time-frequency domain spreading. The architecture has several advantages compared to conventional CDMA systems. Specifically, it offers multiple-access-interference-free operation in AWGN channels, reduces co-channel interference significantly, and has the potential for higher capacity and spectral efficiency than conventional CDMA systems. This is accomplished by using an "offset stacked" spreading modulation technique followed by quadrature amplitude modulation, which optimizes performance in a fading environment. This new spreading modulation scheme also simplifies the rate matching algorithms relevant for multimedia services and IP-based applications.

关键词： AWGN channels code division multiple access complementarity orthogonal codes quadrature amplitude modulation time-frequency analysis IP-based applications co-channel interference code-division multiple access system architecture multimedia services multi server software Multimedia services Cochannel interference orthogonal codes complementary code offsets web applications code division multiple access Quadrature amplitude modulation Time frequency analysis Complementarity AWGN channels CDMA mobile communications

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Private and Blind Digital Fingerprinting Schemes Based upon Complete complementary codes

Private and Blind Digital Fingerprinting Schemes Based upon ...

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International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications (ISITA)

作者： Kojima, Tetsuya Ohtani, Naoki Tokyo Natl Coll Technol Dept Comp Sci Hachioji Tokyo 1930997 Japan NHK Media Technol Inc Tokyo 1500047 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9784885522673

Complete complementary code is a family of the spread spectrum sequences with good correlation properties. In this study, the properties of the private and the blind digital fingerprinting schemes using complete complementary codes were evaluated. It is revealed that the proposed scheme is sufficiently robust against collusion attacks by employing a large embedding coefficient in the private case. In addition, in the blind case where the source image cannot be referred to, it was shown that the robustness against collusion attacks could be improved by applying a method called QIM (quantization index modulation) and employing a set of appropriate parameters.

关键词： complementary code DIGITAL FINGERPRINT source image Blind Scheme

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