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Designing landscapes for sustainable outcomes - The case of advanced biofuels

LAND USE POLICY 2018年 73卷 434-446页

作者： Di Lucia, Lorenzo Usai, Domenico Woods, Jeremy Imperial Coll London Ctr Environm Policy London England LAORE Agr Agcy Sardinio Cagliari Italy

The design of socio-ecological landscapes to provide simultaneously multiple benefits has become a key concept in current sustainable development thinking and an attractive goal for policy makers. However, its application in the practice of landscape management has proved difficult. In this study, we develop an approach for practical application of landscape design to advance multifunctionality and sustainable outcomes. We combine ideas of landscape ecology with methods for collaborative decision-making to deal with the practice of designing landscapes. Our approach consists of six components including (a) definition of boundaries and scales, (b) assessment of local values and concerns, (c) knowledge development, (d) stakeholders participation, (e) collaborative decision-making and (d) monitoring. We test the approach on the case of advanced transport biofuels. These technologies have attracted attention in recent years as a means to achieve climate, energy and development goals avoiding the environmental and socio-economic risks of conventional biofuel technologies. The findings suggest that the landscape design approach has the potential to guide the planning of complex biofuel projects for sustainable outcomes improving local acceptability of potentially controversial projects.

关键词： Ecosystem services Biodiversity Participation Decision-making Multifunctionality computer models Cellulosic ethanol Sardinia

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Meeting Computational Challenges Presented by Transitioning Flow Patterns at Pipe Junctions

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JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 2018年第3期144卷

作者： Nikfetrat, Koorosh British Columbia Inst Technol Dept Mech Engn 3700 Willingdon Ave Burnaby BC V5G 3H2 Canada

This article addresses the issues, related to transitioning junction flow patterns, that afflict the hydraulic simulation of pipe network. At transition points, the values of head change caused by a junction are not unique, and thus the head change versus flow rate function is not differentiable. Nonlinear solution algorithms including Newton's method are likely to fail when faced with such discontinuities, or at best produce solutions that depend on the initial guess for starting the solution. The difficulties can be removed by replacing dual junction head changes with unique values that can be determined based on the transitioning flow patterns and then incorporating the unique values into smooth interpolating functions that replace the step functions. Splines in tension serve as the interpolation functions. Existing flow solvers can be retrofitted with the proposed procedure. Implementation of this procedure is demonstrated for T junctions by solving several steady-state and time-accurate network flows. In all cases the strong convergence property of Newton's method is restored. (c) 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.

关键词： Junction resistance Zero flow Newton's method Water distribution systems computer models Hydraulic networks Transient solution

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Baseline study and risk analysis of landfill leachate - Current state-of-the-science of computer aided approaches

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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017年 580卷 130-135页

作者： Butt, T. E. Alam, A. Gouda, H. M. Paul, P. Mair, N. Univ Exeter CEMPS CWS Harrison BldgNorth Pk Rd Exeter EX4 4QF Devon England Univ West England Dept Geog & Environm Management Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY Avon England Univ Punjab Coll Earth & Environm Sci Lahore Pakistan Univ Kingston Fac Sci Engn & Comp Penrhyn Rd Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE Surrey England Environm Leadership Ltd 440 St Helens Rd Bolton BL3 3RS England UWTSD FACE SABNE Mt Pleasant Campus Swansea SA1 6ED W Glam Wales

For the successful completion of a risk analysis process, its foundation (i.e. a baseline study) has to be well established. For this purpose, a baseline study needs to be more integrated than ever, particularly when environmental legislation is increasingly becoming stringent and integrated. This research investigates and concludes that no clear evidence of computer models for baseline study has been found in a whole-system and integrated format, which risk assessors could readily and effectively use to underpin risk analyses holistically and yet specifically for landfill leachate. This is established on the basis of investigation of software packages that are particularly closely related to landfills. Holistic baseline study is also defined along with its implications and in the context of risk assessment of landfill leachate. The study also indicates a number of factors and features that need to be added to baseline study in order to render it more integrated thereby enhancing risk analyses for landfill leachate. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Risk assessment Risk analysis Baseline study Waste disposal sites Landfill leachate Literature review computer models

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Thermodynamic Model for Gas Explosions in Vented and Non-Vented Enclosures

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COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017年第2期189卷 366-394页

作者： Walsh, Bryan P. Snodgrass, Robert E. Black, W. Z. Naval Surface Warfare Ctr Dahlgren Div Dahlgren VA USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Mech Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

A computer model capable of predicting the thermodynamic properties that occur inside a rigid container during both a non-vented or vented gas explosion is described. The model applies the conservation of mass, energy, and momentum of the combustion gases and the motion of a rigid mass that covers an opening to the enclosure. The computer model differs from others examining similar problems by using a complete energy equation applied to the combustion gases and it includes temperature and pressure varying properties and heat transfer from combustion zone to the enclosure. The fundamental equations are non-dimensionalized resulting in two dimensionless groups that can be used to design an enclosure that will control or mitigate the effects of an explosion. Model results are compared with available experimental measurements of enclosure pressures for vented and non-vented explosions. The model closely predicts the transient pressure rise for explosions of hydrogen, methane, and mixtures of those two gases in a wide range of gas concentrations and for a variety of vessel and vent geometries.

关键词： computer models Deflagrations Gas explosions Vented deflagrations Vented explosions

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Assessment of Anthropogenic Impact on River Basins in Southern Kuzbass Mining Areas

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WATER RESOURCES 2017年第7期44卷 924-930页

作者： Schastlivtsev, E. L. Bykov, A. A. Yukina, N. I. Pushkin, S. G. Russian Acad Sci Inst Computat Technol Siberian Branch Kemerovo 650025 Russia

The total pollution caused by spreading and fallout of atmospheric aerosols in river catchment areas of a coal-mining region is estimated. The contribution of the emission produced by a coal mine to the total fallout in the territory is assessed. Different types of water pollution in the coal-mining region are analyzed, the principal pollutants are identified, and their contribution to river water quality is assessed.

关键词： anthropogenic load river basins computer models deposition of pollutants water quality assessment

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Update on the mechanisms and roles of high-frequency oscillations in seizures and epileptic disorders

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EPILEPSIA 2017年第8期58卷 1330-1339页

作者： Jiruska, Premysl Alvarado-Rojas, Catalina Schevon, Catherine A. Staba, Richard Stacey, William Wendling, Fabrice Avoli, Massimo Czech Acad Sci Inst Physiol Dept Dev Epileptol Prague Czech Republic Pontifical Javeriana Univ Bogota Colombia Columbia Univ Dept Neurol New York NY USA Univ Calif Los Angeles David Geffen Sch Med Dept Neurol Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Univ Michigan Dept Neurol Dept Biomed Engn Ann Arbor MI USA INSERM U1099 Lab Signal & Image Proc Rennes France Univ Rennes 1 Lab Traitement Signal & Image Rennes France McGill Univ Montreal Neurol Inst Montreal PQ Canada McGill Univ Dept Neurol & Neurosurg Montreal PQ Canada McGill Univ Dept Physiol Montreal PQ Canada Sapienza Univ Rome Dept Expt Med Rome Italy

High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a type of brain activity that is recorded from brain regions capable of generating seizures. Because of the close association of HFOs with epileptogenic tissue and ictogenesis, understanding their cellular and network mechanisms could provide valuable information about the organization of epileptogenic networks and how seizures emerge from the abnormal activity of these networks. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the field of HFOs and provide a critical evaluation of new observations within the context of already established knowledge. Recent improvements in recording technology and the introduction of optogenetics into epilepsy research have intensified experimental work on HFOs. Using advanced computer models, new cellular substrates of epileptic HFOs were identified and the role of specific neuronal subtypes in HFO genesis was determined. Traditionally, the pathogenesis of HFOs was explored mainly in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models mimicking this condition. HFOs have also been reported to occur in other epileptic disorders and models such as neocortical epilepsy, genetically determined epilepsies, and infantile spasms, which further support the significance of HFOs in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. It is increasingly recognized that HFOs are generated by multiple mechanisms at both the cellular and network levels. Future studies on HFOs combining novel high-resolution in vivo imaging techniques and precise control of neuronal behavior using optogenetics or chemogenetics will provide evidence about the causal role of HFOs in seizures and epileptogenesis. Detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of HFOs will propel better HFO classification and increase their information yield for clinical and diagnostic purposes.

关键词： High-frequency oscillations Epilepsy Ripples Fast ripples Ictogenesis Epileptogenesis Seizures Interneurons computer models

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The assessment of data sources for influenza virologic surveillance in New York State

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INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES 2017年第2期11卷 138-147页

作者： Escuyer, Kay L. Waters, Christine L. Gowie, Donna L. Maxted, Angie M. Farrell, Gregory M. Fuschino, Meghan E. St George, Kirsten New York State Dept Hlth Viral Dis Lab Wadsworth Ctr Albany NY 12237 USA New York State Dept Hlth Bur Communicable Dis Control Albany NY USA

Background: Following the 2013 USA release of the Influenza Virologic Surveillance Right Size Roadmap, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) embarked on an evaluation of data sources for influenza virologic surveillance. Objective: To assess NYS data sources, additional to data generated by the state public health laboratory (PHL), which could enhance influenza surveillance at the state and national level. Methods: Potential sources of laboratory test data for influenza were analyzed for quantity and quality. computer models, designed to assess sample sizes and the confidence of data for statistical representation of influenza activity, were used to compare PHL test data to results from clinical and commercial laboratories, reported between June 8, 2013 and May 31, 2014. Results: Sample sizes tested for influenza at the state PHL were sufficient for situational awareness surveillance with optimal confidence levels, only during peak weeks of the influenza season. Influenza data pooled from NYS PHLs and clinical laboratories generated optimal confidence levels for situational awareness throughout the influenza season. For novel influenza virus detection in NYS, combined real-time (rt) RT-PCR data from state and regional PHLs achieved >= 85% confidence during peak influenza activity, and >95% confidence for most of low season and all of off-season. Conclusions: In NYS, combined data from clinical, commercial, and public health laboratories generated optimal influenza surveillance for situational awareness throughout the season. Statistical confidence for novel virus detection, which is reliant on only PHL data, was achieved for most of the year.

关键词： computer models data sources influenza surveillance

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A left bundle branch block activation sequence and ventricular pacing influence voltage amplitudes: an in vivo and in silico study

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EUROPACE 2018年第Sup3期20卷 77-86页

作者： Uyen Chau Nguyen Potse, Mark Vernooy, Kevin Mafi-Rad, Masih Heijman, Jordi Caputo, Maria Luce Conte, Giulio Regoli, Francois Krause, Rolf Moccetti, Tiziano Auricchio, Angelo Prinzen, Frits W. Maffessanti, Francesco Maastricht Univ Med Ctr Cardiovasc Res Inst Maastricht CARIM Dept Physiol POB 616 NL-6200 MD Maastricht Netherlands MUMC Dept Cardiol CARIM Maastricht Netherlands Inria Bordeaux Sud Ouest CARMEN Res Team F-33400 Talence France Univ Bordeaux IMB UMR 5251 F-33400 Talence France Fdn Bordeaux Univ IHU Liryc Electrophysiol & Heart Modeling Inst F-33600 Bordeaux France Radboud Univ Nijmegen Dept Cardiol Med Ctr Nijmegen Netherlands Fdn Cardioctr Ticino Dept Cardiol Lugano Switzerland Univ Svizzera Italiana CCMC Inst Computat Sci Lugano Switzerland

Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the activation sequence on voltage amplitudes by evaluating regional voltage differences during a left bundle branch block (LBBB) activation sequence vs. a normal synchronous activation sequence and by evaluating pacing-induced voltage differences. Methods and results Twenty-one patients and three computer models without scar were studied. Regional voltage amplitudes were evaluated in nine LBBB patients who underwent endocardial electro-anatomic mapping (EAM). Pacing-induced voltage differences were evaluated in 12 patients who underwent epicardial EAM during intrinsic rhythm and right ventricular (RV) pacing. Three computer models customized for LBBB patients were created. Changes in voltage amplitudes after an LBBB (intrinsic), a normal synchronous, an RV pacing, and a left ventricular pacing activation sequence were assessed in the computer models. Unipolar voltage amplitudes in patients were approximately 4.5mV (4.4-4.7 mV, similar to 33%) lower in the septum when compared with other segments. A normal synchronous activation sequence in the computer models normalized voltage amplitudes in the septum. Pacing-induced differences were larger in electrograms with higher voltage amplitudes during intrinsic rhythm and furthermore larger and more variable at the epicardium [mean absolute difference: 3.6-6.2 mV, 40-53% of intrinsic value;interquartile range (IQR) differences: 53-63% of intrinsic value] compared to the endocardium (mean absolute difference: 3.3-3.8 mV, 28-30% of intrinsic value;IQR differences: 37-40% of intrinsic value). Conclusion In patients and computer models without scar, lower septal unipolar voltage amplitudes are exclusively associated with an LBBB activation sequence. Pacing substantially affects voltage amplitudes, particularly at the epicardium.

关键词： Voltage amplitude Intra-cardiac electrogram Heart failure Left bundle branch block Activation sequence computer models Anisotropy

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Hypothermic Suppression of Epileptiform Bursting Activity of a Hyppocampal Granule Neuron Possessing Thermosensitive TRP Channels (a Model Study: Biophysical and Clinical Aspects)

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NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2017年第1期49卷 8-18页

作者： Demianenko, L. E. Poddubnaya, E. P. Makedonsky, I. A. Kulagina, I. B. Korogod, S. M. Dnipropetrovsk Med Acad Minist Publ Hlth Ukraine Dnipro Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk Reg Council Rudnev Dnipropetrovsk Specialized Clin Med Ctr Mo Dnipro Ukraine Natl Acad Sci Ukraine Bogomolets Inst Physiol Kiev Ukraine

Synchronous burst discharges of action potentials (APs) of neurons are typical manifestations of cerebral epileptiform activity;such discharges are reflected in EEG as burst-suppression episodes. For elimination of drug-resistant epileptogenic foci, therapeutic hypothermia (controlled decrease in the body temperature) is increasingly used;at the same time, the mechanisms of its therapeutic effect remain largely unknown. We investigated one of the respective possible mechanisms on a model of the granule neuron (GN) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. These cells are the first links in three-synaptic neuronal chains of the hippocampus;the latter is the brain region where sources of epileptiform activity are often localized. In the somatodendritic membrane of the GN model, thermosensitive channels of the TRP family, which conduct a depolarizing current, were included along with other ion channels inherent in these neurons. It has been found that such channels are indeed expressed in GNs. In response to tonic synaptic excitation uniformly distributed over the dendrites, the GN at 37 degrees C (normothermia) generated periodic multipulse burst discharges. Lowering the temperature to 36, 34, 32, and 30 degrees C (borders of weak, moderate, moderately deep, and deep therapeutic hypothermia, respectively) led to degradation of the bursting patterns and their transformation into low-frequency trains of separate APs. Precisely at these temperatures, is the depolarizing current through TRP channels deactivated. The phenomenon of degradation of bursting activity generated by the model GN corresponded to a multifold decrease in the amplitude, duration, and repetition frequency of the burst-suppression episodes in EEGs of newborn infants suffering from hypoxic-ischemic CNS injury, which we observed in clinics under conditions of moderate hypothermia (34 degrees C) used for treatment of such patients. These observations allow us to suggest that hypothermic suppression of bursting di

关键词： granule neuron (GN) dentate gyrus hippocampus TRP channels temperature sensitivity excitability epileptiform EEG therapeutic hypothermia computer models

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computer models as social learning tools in participatory integrated assessment

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY 2011年第2期9卷 297-309页

作者： de Kraker, Joop Kroeze, Carolien Kirschner, Paul Open Univ Netherlands Sch Sci NL-6401 DL Heerlen Netherlands Open Univ Netherlands Ctr Learning Sci & Technol CELSTEC NL-6401 DL Heerlen Netherlands

Participatory integrated assessment (PIA) is a structured process conducted with stakeholders to assess the environmental, economic and social dimensions of a complex issue and the impacts of policy choices. PIA may result in social learning a convergence in the stakeholders' perspectives on the problem and its solutions which creates a basis for more sustainable, collective action. This paper addresses the role of computer models used in integrated assessment in supporting social learning and discusses a selection of model-based PIA projects. We argue that models may play two important roles. First, with models the consequences of options can be explored turning the PIA process into an experiential learning cycle for the stakeholders. Second, models provide a platform and structure for stakeholders to communicate, negotiate and integrate their perspectives. However, in many PIA projects, computer models fail to play a significant supporting role in social learning. Experiences with other participatory modelling approaches indicate that a higher degree of stakeholder involvement in model development can increase the effectiveness of models as social tools. This, however, is time- and resource-intensive and difficult to scale up but insights from collaborative learning science and technology may help to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of PIA model in supporting social learning.

关键词： computer models participatory integrated assessment participatory modelling social learning

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