A computer simulation program (Forensic X-ray Simulation and Identification System, FoXSIS) is presented. FoXSIS calculates conventional X-ray summation images using any scanning parameters from three-dimensional CT d...
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A computer simulation program (Forensic X-ray Simulation and Identification System, FoXSIS) is presented. FoXSIS calculates conventional X-ray summation images using any scanning parameters from three-dimensional CT data records. All those parameters decisive for X-ray morphology are freely selectable for realistic simulations: focus-object distance, object-film distance,centring of the X-ray beam, the location of the object in the path of rays, brightness and contrast, as well as parallel and central projection. In addition, distance and angle measurements, as well as enlargements of details are possible. The program may be expected to help in the identification of unknown corpses now, and even more in the future on account of the increased use of clinical computed tomographies.
HERB, a computer-based expert system for soybean weed management developed at North Carolina State University, was evaluated for managing weeds under Georgia conditions. The project was initiated in two phases: a) tra...
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HERB, a computer-based expert system for soybean weed management developed at North Carolina State University, was evaluated for managing weeds under Georgia conditions. The project was initiated in two phases: a) training Cooperative Extension county agents followed by evaluation in six Georgia counties and b) revision, licensing, and distribution across the state. Field evaluations indicated that HERB was not highly accurate for predicting final yield loss because of weed species senescence and environmental extremes later in the growing season. HERB generally provided a reasonable prediction for a positive economic return due to treatment approximately 60% of the time. Accuracy was directly dependent upon the accuracy of weed-free yield estimates and extremes in growing conditions. HERB should not be the sole source of weed management information but may be useful to producers and county agents where mixed or low populations of weeds exist, The program was distributed statewide in 1993 after revision, duplication, and training was completed.
The least-squares computer program PKPOT has been developed to run on a PC-compatible computer, for the study of ionic equilibria from potentiometric data. It allows for the refinement of equilibrium constants in syst...
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The least-squares computer program PKPOT has been developed to run on a PC-compatible computer, for the study of ionic equilibria from potentiometric data. It allows for the refinement of equilibrium constants in systems described by up 5 components and 20 complex species A(p)B(q)C(r)D(s)H(t). Other parameters (standard potentials of electrode, reactant concentrations, etc.) can also be refined. The program can deal with up to ten titration curves. It provides several statistical tests, as also graphics presentations of data and residuals distribution. The program allows for the determination of stoichiometric formation constants (at fixed ionic strength), or thermodynamic constants;in this case, corrections for changes on the activity coefficients are taken into account. The data analysed can be given as volume/e.m.f. or volume/pH. Several application examples are given, including titrations in aqueous and non-aqueous media.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been the tool of choice for erosion prediction and conservation planning, but is being replaced by a more accurate and flexible USDA-ARS Revised USLE (RUSLE). This technolog...
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The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been the tool of choice for erosion prediction and conservation planning, but is being replaced by a more accurate and flexible USDA-ARS Revised USLE (RUSLE). This technology is available as RUSLE 1.04 software from the Soil and Water Conservation Society. RUSLE 1.04 has weaknesses, primarily related to its USLE-like structure. A new version (RUSLE 2) corrects these and provides a friendlier state-of-the-art interface. This allows better erosion science, permits faster calculations, and lets users with different languages and measurement units share hillslope descriptions. A first release is planned for mid-1996.
The comparative plasma disposition kinetics of albendazole (ABZ), fenbendazole (FBZ) and oxfendazole (OFZ) following their oral administration (5 mg/kg) to adult sheep was characterized. Jugular blood samples were tak...
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The comparative plasma disposition kinetics of albendazole (ABZ), fenbendazole (FBZ) and oxfendazole (OFZ) following their oral administration (5 mg/kg) to adult sheep was characterized. Jugular blood samples were taken serially over a 144 h period and plasma was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for ABZ, ABZ sulphoxide (ABZSO) and ABZ sulphone (ABZSO(2)) (ABZ treatment), and for FBZ, OFZ and FBZ sulphone (FBZSO(2)) (FBZ and OFZ treatments). While the ABZ parent drug was not detected at any time post-treatment, ABZSO and ABZSO(2) were the analytes recovered in plasma after oral administration of ABZ to sheep. The active ABZSO metabolite was the main analyte recovered in plasma (between 0.25 and 60 h post-treatment), accounting for 71% of the total AUC. FBZ, OFZ and FBZSO(2) were the analytes detected in plasma following the oral administration of both FBZ and OFZ to sheep. Low concentrations of FBZ were found in plasma between 4 (FBZ treatment) or 8 h (OFZ treatment) and 72 h post-treatment. The plasma profile of each analyte followed a similar pattern after both treatments;OFZ being the main component detected in plasma. The plasma disposition of ABZ metabolites was markedly different to that of FBZ derivatives. ABZSO exhibited faster absorption and a higher C-max than OFZ (both treatments). Furthermore, while ABZSO declined relatively rapidly in plasma reaching non-detectable concentrations at 60 h post-ABZ administration, OFZ was found in plasma for up to 120 (FBZ treatment) and 144 h (OFZ treatment). The extended detection of OFZ in plasma in both treatments correlated with the prolonged t(1/2 beta) (18 h) and mean residence time (MRT) (30-33 h) obtained for this metabolite compared to those of ABZSO (t(1/2 beta) = (7.0 h);MRT = 12.5 h). These differences between the disposition of ABZ and FBZ metabolites may account for differences in their patterns of efficacy and tissue residues.
A parameter set has been compiled for predicting the H-1 NMR chemical shifts of protons attached to carbon atoms. It is based on simple additivity rules and currently comprises 728 base values and about 2000 increment...
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A parameter set has been compiled for predicting the H-1 NMR chemical shifts of protons attached to carbon atoms. It is based on simple additivity rules and currently comprises 728 base values and about 2000 increments. For methyl groups, increments for alpha- and beta-substituents have been developed and parameter sets previously reported for methylene and methine groups have been amended. New rules have been added for allenes and acetylenes. The parameter set is part of a recently published computer program for estimating proton chemical shifts [1] that automatically searches for appropriate substructures and applies various strategies to find suitable parameters for lacking substituents.
In this paper, we present an alternative procedure to derive the residence times of enzyme and compartment systems. This procedure allows to express the residence time by a general, symbolic and simplified formula rel...
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In this paper, we present an alternative procedure to derive the residence times of enzyme and compartment systems. This procedure allows to express the residence time by a general, symbolic and simplified formula relating it directly with the rate constants. It is applicable to any enzyme reaction scheme which can be formulated as a set of first-order or pseudo-first order interconversions, without any other restriction. A computer program has been developed that greatly facilitates the task of the residence time derivations. The above analysis was extrapolated to any linear compartment model.
To use herbicides efficiently, decision makers must estimate when weed populations exceed economic treatment thresholds. An interactive microcomputer program named SEMAGI has been developed for sunflower (Helianthus a...
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To use herbicides efficiently, decision makers must estimate when weed populations exceed economic treatment thresholds. An interactive microcomputer program named SEMAGI has been developed for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to evaluate the potential yield reduction from multi-species weed infestations and from the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche cernua/O. cumana), and to determine the appropriate selection of herbicides. It combines relational databases on herbicides, weeds and their interaction. Originally, 34 weed species and twenty-six herbicides were introduced specifying each weed/herbicide efficacy combination. For other agricultural situations, SEMAGI permits the introduction of new weeds (up to 80), new herbicides (up to 40) and each herbicide-weed efficacy combination. The expert system processes and selects the herbicide(s) under the constraints of herbicide efficacy data and of a weed-crop competition model. This relates weed-infested crop yield (SYI), potential weed-free yield (SYF), weed density (RD) and weed biomass (RBio). The user evaluates the weed infestation by field survey or density counting and the program converts it into equivalent weed biomass. Weed species are classified in three groups according to their final size. A relationship between weed density, weed size and equivalent biomass is established for any weed group. In addition, SEMAGI provides an economic study of any herbicide treatment selected or introduced by the user, based on herbicide treatment cost, expected yield increase from the weed control treatment and sunflower selling price. A computer capable of running MS-DOS or PC-DOS version 2.0 or greater with a minimum of 2 M bytes of RAM is required. This approach should be applicable to other crops.
The final equations obtained in the first article of this series describing the concentrations of substances in any of the compartments of a model are here cast in an easily programable form. A computer program with a...
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The final equations obtained in the first article of this series describing the concentrations of substances in any of the compartments of a model are here cast in an easily programable form. A computer program with an easy input method and the ability to expand all of the coefficients in the kinetic equations in terms of the model parameters has been developed. The program has been written in the BASIC language.
A BASIC language computer program (DRIFTSIM) was developed to rapidly estimate the mean drift distances of discrete sizes of water droplets discharged from atomizers on field sprayers. This program interpolates values...
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A BASIC language computer program (DRIFTSIM) was developed to rapidly estimate the mean drift distances of discrete sizes of water droplets discharged from atomizers on field sprayers. This program interpolates values from a large database of drift distances originally calculated with a flow simulation program (FLUENT). The simulations of drift distances up to 200 m (656 ft) included temperatures (10 to 30 C; 50 to 86 F), discharge heights (0 to 2.0 m; 0 to 6.56 ft), initial downward droplet velocities (0 to 50 m/s; 0 to 164 ft/s), relative humidities (10 to 100%), wind velocities (0 to 10.0 m/s; 0 to 32.8 ft/s), droplet sizes (10 to 2000 mm), and 20% turbulence intensity. The program requires about 15.5 Mb of disk space. Variables can be either in metric or English units and input can be either individual droplet sizes or size classes with portion of volume in each class.
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