To optimize the thermodynamic design of an oil-fired smoke-tube steam boiler, optimized independent variables, relevant variables and objective functions were analyzed and determined on the basis of a thermal equipmen...
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To optimize the thermodynamic design of an oil-fired smoke-tube steam boiler, optimized independent variables, relevant variables and objective functions were analyzed and determined on the basis of a thermal equipment optimization theory. In connection with a thermodynamic design process the intermediate variables in the objective functions were solved. The constraint conditions of optimization were determined and a complete mathematical model of optimization was set up. Furthermore, a computer program was prepared to solve the mathematical model. The results of optimization of a typical oil-fired smoke-tube boiler indicate that the optimization model and the computer program for mathematical solution are effective and practical for Eng. applications.
The application of distributed digital processing techniques to the protection systems of nuclear power plants provides a means to significantly improve the functional capability of the protection system with respect ...
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The application of distributed digital processing techniques to the protection systems of nuclear power plants provides a means to significantly improve the functional capability of the protection system with respect to the operability and availability of the power plant. A major factor in the realization of this improvement is the development and maintenance of essentially error-free software. A joint program for the development of principles for the design, testing and documentation of software to achieve this goal is presented. Results from two separate experiences in the application of these principles in terms of detected software errors are summarized. The low number of errors detected during the verification testing phase demonstrates the effectiveness of the design and documentation principles in the realization of highly reliable software.
In this short review, we give an account of the steps through which the protocols for operation with IPGs were set up in the early '80s. One of the main achievements by our group was the development of a computer ...
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In this short review, we give an account of the steps through which the protocols for operation with IPGs were set up in the early '80s. One of the main achievements by our group was the development of a computer program, pH GRADIENT, for the calculation of pH, buffering power and ionic strength of a mixture of monoprotic buffers titrated within any pH span and for the linearization of the desired pH gradient. Using this program, in 1984 we could devise formulations for IPGs covering up to six pH units, which was the subject of a publication in Electrophoresis (volume 5, pages 88-97). This was the starting point for the use of IPGs for the resolution of protein samples of any composition and for their application as first dimension of 2-DE separations. Currently IPGs are in common use in proteomics investigations, not only along classical protocols but also for sample prefractionation and in shotgun approaches. Much less frequently are they used for 1-DE analytical applications, a field for which in recent years much attention has instead more often focused on capillary electrophoresis/IEF procedures.
Considers the capabilities and limitations of currently available programs for tubing string analysis. These are generally based on the equations and principles of Lubinski, Althouse, and Logan and later extended by H...
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Considers the capabilities and limitations of currently available programs for tubing string analysis. These are generally based on the equations and principles of Lubinski, Althouse, and Logan and later extended by Hammerlindl. Advancing from single-string analysis to multiple strings using the same formulae and applying the principle of superposition can create errors. Buoyancy effects and helical buckling, in particular, are considered. A more advanced program has been developed which can address multiple completions of up to three stacked packers and tapered tubing strings with up to three different tubing and casing sizes per section.
The development of IT technologies substantially influenced also accounting and techniques of bookkeeping even in the smallest businesses. Currently, it is difficult to find a company that uses a manual technique of b...
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The development of IT technologies substantially influenced also accounting and techniques of bookkeeping even in the smallest businesses. Currently, it is difficult to find a company that uses a manual technique of bookkeeping. The article discusses the requirements that computer programs should meet in order to run the books in a correct, credible and reliable *** the advantages and disadvantages of the new, but more often used on-line method of the accounting office conducting are described. In Poland a lot of computer programs supporting the work of on-line accounting offices are available on the market. Some of them are discussed in the article. Moreover, the paper presents the results of surveys conducted among Polish SMEs on business expectations for the quality and scope of accounting offices services and the interest of entrepreneurs in conducting accounting by online accounting offices.
A computer program for the multi-index analysis of thermal stress, COLDHOT, is presented. The program was developed in the Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, as a design aid for stude...
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A computer program for the multi-index analysis of thermal stress, COLDHOT, is presented. The program was developed in the Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, as a design aid for students in building climatology. It uses basic climatic data to produce a graph of the thermal stress for every fifteen minutes of the day using any or all of several thermal indices. The degree of thermal stress in percentages on a bi-monthly basis is determined and a comparative summary for all indices used produced. The program is interactive and uncumbersome while the results are printed in a standard report format. Plots of the thermal stress in variable formats are also made on request.
A package of programs for obtaining unit-cell constants and possible space groups from X-ray powder diffraction data is presented. The major programs included in the package are: CELL, CELL-Q, CELL-2, CELL-S, LS and H...
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A package of programs for obtaining unit-cell constants and possible space groups from X-ray powder diffraction data is presented. The major programs included in the package are: CELL, CELL-Q, CELL-2, CELL-S, LS and HKL series. CELL series are programs for finding unit-cell constants and possible space groups from the first 20 observed lines. CELL-Q series are programs for finding unit-cell constants and lattice types from the first 25 lines containing impurities or lines from other phases. CELL-2 series are programs for finding space groups from all observed lines for given unit-cell constants. CELL-S series are programs for finding reliable unit-cell constants when approximate unit-cell constants and space group (or lattice type) are known. LS series are least-squares programs for obtaining precise unit-cell constants. HKL series are programs for calculating hkl, 2 theta and d for given unit-cell constants and space group (or lattice type). Creation and correction of diffraction data files and execution of programs are controlled by a main program CELL. The programs are written in QuickBASIC (Microsoft).
Background Complex enzymatic models are required for analyzing kinetic data derived under conditions that may not satisfy the assumptions associated with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. To analyze these data, several softw...
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Background Complex enzymatic models are required for analyzing kinetic data derived under conditions that may not satisfy the assumptions associated with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. To analyze these data, several software packages have been developed. However, the complexity introduced by these programs is often dispensable when analyzing data conforming to the canonical Michaelis-Menten model. In these cases, the sophisticated routines of these packages become inefficient and unnecessarily intricated for the intended purpose, reason for which most users resort to general-purpose graphing programs. However, this approach, in addition of being time-consuming, is prone to human error, and can lead to misleading estimates of kinetic parameters, particularly when unweighted regression analyses of transformed kinetic data are performed. Results To fill the existing gap between highly specialized and general-purpose software, we have developed an easy-to-use R package, renz, designed for accurate and efficient estimation of enzyme kinetic parameters. The package provides different methods that can be clustered into four categories, depending on whether they are based on data fitting to a single progress curve (evolution of substrate concentration over time) or, alternatively, based on the dependency of initial rates on substrate concentration (differential rate equation). A second criterion to be considered is whether the experimental data need to be manipulated to obtain linear functions or, alternatively, data are directly fitted using non-linear regression analysis. The current program is a cross-platform, free and open-source software that can be obtained from the CRAN repository. The package is accompanied by five vignettes, which are intended to guide users to choose the appropriate method in each case, as well as providing the basic theoretical foundations of each method. These vignettes use real experimental data to illustrate the use of the package utilities. Conc
This paper presents a method of designing railway sections located in horizontal arcs. The adopted procedure is universal, i.e.,it creates the possibility of varying both the type and the length of the assumed transit...
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This paper presents a method of designing railway sections located in horizontal arcs. The adopted procedure is universal, i.e.,it creates the possibility of varying both the type and the length of the assumed transition curves. This means that the applied analytical formulas apply to the boundary conditions of the transition curves and all of the simplifications widely existing in common algorithms have been eliminated. The presented approach is especially useful in the case of analyzing data obtained from continuous satellite measurements. To create the horizontal arc, a calculation algorithm has been implemented in an original computer program that is under the authors' development. The main features and the results obtained by the use of the program have been described in the paper on the basis of the existing geometrical layout. The authors show the process of designing a particular arc as a sequence of characteristic steps that highlight the problem of assessment. It is shown that the proposed design method allows the generation of the following alternative variants instantaneously, without any restrictions. The program also includes quality indicators to help assess the practical suitability of particular geometrical layouts. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Abstract. The structure and related theory for a computer program to perform detailed design calculations for pipelines and simple pipeline networks are presented and *** sensitivity to calculated pressures, temperatu...
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Abstract. The structure and related theory for a computer program to perform detailed design calculations for pipelines and simple pipeline networks are presented and *** sensitivity to calculated pressures, temperatures and total liquid holdups of parameters such as pipe-to-ground heat transfer coefficient, ground temperatures, pipeline orientation (horizontal, uphill and downhill) and total flow rate are examined and discussed in detail for a typical natural gas - condensate *** characteristics of several different design calculation procedures are ***. Multiphase flow in wells and gathering systems is of considerable interest to petroleum engineers as well as many working in other branches of engineering. Petroleum engineers arc particularly interested in the prediction of flow pattern, holdup and pressure drop in well tubings and gathering lines or networks. These calculations areusually rather involved and the problem is further complicated because:no single design method is "best" under all conditions:several design methods must be tried to get some appreciation for the possible range of answer andwhere reliable fluid property or other data are not available, sensitivity of results to variations of these data must be *** makes hand calculations impractical. The calculations are, however, particularly amenable to computer programs and one such program is discussed in this paper. Applications of a previous version of the program are discussed elsewhere.(1,2)program Structure. For calculation purposes, the actual pipeline elevation profile is approximated by choosing a series of modal points on the profile for which x and z coordinates are available. The pipeline is assumed to have a constant slope, mass flow rate and diameter between nodal points; however, any or all of these parameters may change at the nodes. In the program, the distance between nodes is divided into a specified number of segments and, starting wi
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