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Beyond the media: Knowledge level interaction and guided integration for CBL systems

computerS & EDUCATION 1998年第1-2期30卷 49-56页

作者： Ravenscroft, A Tait, K Hughes, I Univ Leeds Comp Based Learning Unit Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England Univ Leeds Dept Pharmacol Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England

A pragmatic approach to designing computer based learning (CBL) environments that properly integrate with curricula, evolve as both the system requirements and curricula change and, perhaps more significantly, support additional and enhanced learning activities has been developed. The General-Purpose Integrated Learning Support (G-PILS)system is a tool-kit and "shell" that creates course/module specific learning support systems to manage the integration of courseware in a range of knowledge media (e.g. games, tutorial packages, simulations, electronic documents, interactive presentations) within tailored environments. The findings from a 2-year integrative evaluation of three such systems in pharmacology produced some intriguing results. One surprising and significant finding was that students valued on-line lecture notes delivered as word processor documents more than sophisticated tutorial courseware, because their contents could be modified and they could be used in multiple ways. The interpretation argued for here is that knowledge media should allow students to properly interact with the knowledge in the media (knowledge level interaction), thus enabling them to tailor knowledge representations to fit into their individual study habits. Further, as more knowledge media are used in curricula, it is argued that learners need instructional guidance about integrating them within their wider learning activities (guided integration). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： computer system design Courseware Educational Environment Educational Media Electronic Libraries Foreign Countries Information systems Information Technology Instructional Material Evaluation Integrated Learning systems Knowledge Level PharmacologyUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom

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Learning the Internet and the structure of information behavior

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第11期49卷 1017-1023页

作者： Nahl, D Univ Hawaii Dept Informat & Comp Sci Lib & Informat Sci Program Honolulu HI 96822 USA

Internet use research has focused on user surveys and novice learner studies, using survey, experimental, and ethnographic methods. They share a focus on user-based categories in the affective and cognitive domains. Information behavior has an affective component that influences the direction of cognitive processing through hierarchically organized goals, characterized by both an individual and a cultural component. Research in human-computer interaction is evolving a user-centered methodology for system design and instruction that focuses on integrating affective and cognitive user variables to increase productivity, creativity, and human growth.

关键词： Cognitive Processes computer Interfaces computer Mediated Communication computer system design Futures (of Society) Interaction Man Machine systems Productivity Research and Development Research Methodology Use Studies User Needs (Information)

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Rule induction with extension matrices

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第5期49卷 435-454页

作者： Wu, XD Monash Univ Dept Software Dev Melbourne Vic 3145 Australia

This article presents a heuristic, attribute-based, noise-tolerant data mining program, HCV (Version 2.0), based on the newly-developed extension matrix approach. By dividing the positive examples (PE) of a specific class in a given example set into intersecting groups and adopting a set of strategies to find a heuristic conjunctive formula in each group which covers all the group's positive examples and none of the negative examples (NE), the HCV induction algorithm adopted in the HCV (Version 2.0) software finds a description formula in the form of variable-valued logic for PE against NE in low-order polynomial time at induction time. In addition to the HCV induction algorithm, this article also outlines some of the techniques for noise handling and discretization of numerical domains developed and implemented in the HCV (Version 2.0) software, and provides a performance comparison of HCV (Version 2.0) with other data mining algorithms ID3, C4.5, C4.5rules, and NewID in noisy and continuous domains. The empirical comparison shows that the rules generated by HCV (Version 2.0) are more compact than the decision trees or rules produced by ID3-like algorithms, and HCV's predicative accuracy is competitive with ID3-like algorithms.

关键词： Algorithms computer system design Information Retrieval Information systems Information Technology Performance Program DevelopmentData Models Noise (Information Retrieval) Data Management Data Organization

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Performing automatic exams

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computerS & EDUCATION 1998年第3期31卷 281-300页

作者： Frosini, G Lazzerini, B Marcelloni, F Univ Pisa Dipartimento Ingn Informaz I-56126 Pisa Italy

In this paper we describe a tool to build software systems which replace the role of the examiner during a typical Italian academic exam in technical/scientific subjects. Such systems are designed so as to exploit the advantages of self-adapted testing (SAT) for reducing the effect of anxiety and of computerised adaptive testing (CAT) for increasing the assessment efficiency. A SAT-like pre-exam determines the starting difficulty level of the following CAT. The exam can thus be dynamically adapted to suit the ability of the student, i.e. by making it more difficult or easier as required. The examiner simply needs to associate the level of difficulty with a suitable number of initial queries. After posing these queries to a sample group of students and collecting statistics, the,tool can automatically associate a level of difficulty with each subsequent query by submitting it to sample groups of students. In addition, the tool can automatically assign a score to the levels and to the queries. Finally, the systems collect statistics so as to measure the easiness and selectivity of each query and to evaluate the validity and reliability of an exam. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Adaptive Testing Anxiety Automation computer Assisted Testing computer Software Development computer system design design Preferences Evaluation Methods Foreign Countries Science Education Teacher Role Technology Education TestingItalyItaly

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The use of formative quizzes for deep learning

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computerS & EDUCATION 1998年第3-4期30卷 157-167页

作者： Cox, K Clark, D City Univ Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

Simple formative quizzes are widely used for assessment. These have traditionally tested knowledge and simple comprehension. This paper describes how to construct questions to test all cognitive levels of learning for a course in introductory programming. The framework for learning is based on Bloom's taxonomy. The paper gives practical advice through examples and by describing a computer system to help deliver quizzes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cognitive Processes computer Assisted Testing computer Science computer system design Introductory Courses Programming Test Construction Test Content Test FormatBlooms Taxonomy

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Modeling, simulation, and measurement of mid-frequency simultaneous switching noise in computer systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPONENTS PACKAGING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY PART B-ADVANCED PACKAGING 1998年第2期21卷 157-163页

作者： Backer, WD Eckhardt, J Frech, RW Katopis, GA Klink, E McAllister, MF McNamara, TG Muench, P Richter, SR Smith, HH IBM Corp Poughkeepsie NY 12601 USA IBM Deutschland D-71032 Boeblingen Germany

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) microprocessors operating in the hundreds of megahertz create significant current deltas due to the variation in switching activity from clock cycle to clock cycle. In addition to the high-frequency voltage variations more commonly discussed, a lower frequency noise component is also produced that lasts from 50-200 ns which we refer to as mid-frequency noise. In this paper, we discuss the design of IBM's CMOS S/390 computer for control of mid-frequency noise. This machine has a 10-way multiprocessor on a 127 mm by 127 mm multichip module (MCM) on a FR4 board. The chips on the MCM cause a current step of tens of Amps in a few cycles that can be sustained for many cycles. The power distribution and decoupling capacitors must supply that current without disturbing the voltage level at the circuits. The design of the system power distribution and modeling and verification of mid-frequency noise in this system Is presented.

关键词： computer system design decoupling capacitors electronic packaging MCM SCM simultaneous switching noise VLSI CMOS design

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Imprecision and uncertainty in the UFO database model

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第3期49卷 236-252页

作者： Van Gyseghem, N De Caluwe, R State Univ Ghent Comp Sci Lab B-9000 Ghent Belgium

Database systems which have a semantically rich underlying database model, can offer better, more user friendly facilities to model applications more efficiently and more truthfully. The object-oriented database model (OODBM) is equipped with some important semantic constructs such as objects, classes, and the inheritance relationship;its emergence is one of the new steps towards semantically richer database models. Along the same path, the UFO (Uncertainty and Fuzziness in an Object-oriented) database model enhances the OODBM with the ability to process and record fuzzy and uncertain (imprecise) information. This article discusses how imprecision and uncertainty are dealt with in the UFO database model. Such information is expressed by means of possibility distributions, and modeled by means of the proposed concept of "role objects." The role objects model uncertain, tentative information about objects, and thus the uncertain roles that objects might play. Uncertain and imprecise data (found at the level of the attribute values, of the "is-an-instance-of" relationship, and of the applicability of attributes and methods) as well as uncertain information (found at the level of the database scheme) are modeled using this new concept.

关键词： computer system design Database design Information Retrieval Information Sources Models Online SearchingFuzzy Logic Object Oriented Programming Object Orientation Fuzzy Concepts

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Cognitive support: Extending human knowledge and processing capacities

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HUMAN-computer INTERACTION 1998年第1期13卷 73-106页

作者： Neerincx, MA de Greef, HP TNO Human Factors Res Inst NL-3769 ZG Soesterberg Netherlands Univ Amsterdam Dept Social Sci Informat NL-1018 WB Amsterdam Netherlands

The idea of aiding as cognitive support is to offer the user the knowledge he or she is missing. Recently, we developed a design method for aiding that is based on explicit requirements of the human problem solver. This proved to be able to supplement a lack of human knowledge in a statistical analysis task. In this article we extend the aiding concept to time-pressured tasks and we investigate whether aiding can supplement lack of knowledge and capacity under tasks with high mental loading, such as dealing with irregularities in process control. We developed a simulator of the workplace of a railway traffic controller with an aiding function for dealing with irregularities (e.g., a switch getting out of order). Application of the design method proved to be possible for this task. We then conducted an experiment to study effects of the aiding on task performance, mental effort, and learning under low and high task load conditions. Users of the simulator dealt better and faster with irregularities when the computer provided aiding. The higher the task load was, the larger this beneficial effect was. For theory about human-computer interaction, this research points to possible positive effects of aiding on performance and learning as a consequence of reducing cognitive demands.

关键词： Cognitive Processes computer Assisted Instruction computer Interfaces computer Simulation computer system design Expert systems Higher Education Knowledge Level Man Machine systems Rail Transportation Traffic Control User Needs (Information)Cognitive Load

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Electronic news delivery project

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第2期49卷 134-150页

作者： Watters, CR Shepherd, MA Burkowski, FJ Acadia Univ Jodrey Sch Comp Sci Wolfville NS B0P 1X0 Canada Dalhousie Univ Dept Math Stat & Comp Sci Halifax NS B3H 3J5 Canada Univ Waterloo Dept Comp Sci Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

News is information about recent events of general interest, especially as currently reported by newspapers, periodicals, radio, or television. News is the quintessential multimedia data. While newspaper editors (human and/ or algorithmic) may still define the core content of electronic news, new communication technologies will enable the integration of news from a wide variety of sources and provide access to supplemental material from enormous archives of electronic news data (text, photos, and video) in digital libraries as well as the continual streams of newly created data. The goal of electronic news delivery within this context is, however, distinguishable from both news groups and document retrieval. Electronic news promises to deliver to the reader an edited collage of recent events from wide domains in a manner that is both comprehensive and personalized. As part of a long-term research project into the design of future news delivery systems, we have developed an overall architecture and several prototypes. These prototypes are presented in the article, along with a discussion of issues related to the presentation metaphor and to the,functionality of electronic news delivery services. A prototype was demonstrated at the 1995 G-7 Economic Summit in Halifax, Canada, integrating newspaper text and photographs with television news video clips across an AIM network.

关键词： computer Oriented Programs computer system design Document Delivery Information systems Information Technology Metaphors News Media News Reporting Nonprint Media Reference Materials

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Coordinating computer-supported cooperative work: A review of research issues and strategies

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第9期49卷 776-791页

作者： Kies, JK Williges, RC Rosson, MB Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Human Comp Interact Lab Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

User-centered design methods have long focused on solitary users interacting with isolated computer systems. The explosion of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) has expanded this traditional approach to encompass communication within and among work groups. While these technologies have often been studied from the user's perspective, little research has addressed the roles different communication channels play in coordinating work in cooperative systems. Similarly, many of these systems have been offered with little regard for their appropriate match with the task requirements. This article seeks to accomplish two objectives with respect to the design of cooperative systems. First, issues related to the fundamental communication channels, socio-technical factors, and task characteristics associated with collaborative work situations are reviewed. Second, research strategies incorporating theory-motivated design, ethnographic methods, and controlled testing methods are discussed as a means of addressing the plethora of communication issues present in these emerging computer-based systems.

关键词： computer Mediated Communication computer Oriented Programs computer system design Cooperative Programs design Requirements Evaluation Methods Information Networks Research Methodology Tables (Data) TestingNetworking

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