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A study of search intermediary working notes: Implications for IR system design

INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT 1996年第6期32卷 681-695页

作者： Spink, A Goodrum, A University of North Texas School of Library Information Sciences Denton TX 76203 U.S.A.

This paper reports findings from an exploratory study investigating working notes created during encoding and external storage (EES) processes, by human search intermediates using a Boolean information retrieval (IR) system. EES processes have been an important area of research in educational contexts where students create and use notes to facilitate learning. In the context of interactive IR, encoding can be conceptualized as the process of creating working notes to help in the understanding and translating a user's information problem into a search strategy suitable for use with an IR system. External storage is the process of using working notes to facilitate interaction with IR systems. Analysis of 221 sets of working notes created by human search intermediaries revealed extensive use of EES processes and the creation of working notes of textual, numerical and graphical entities. Nearly 70% of recorded working notes were textual/numerical entities, nearly 30% were graphical entities and 0.73% were indiscernible. Segmentation devices were also used in 48% of the working notes. The creation of working notes during EES processes was a fundamental element within the mediated, interactive IR process. Implications for the design of IR interfaces to support users' EES processes and further research is discussed. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

关键词： Academic Libraries computer Interfaces computer system design Higher Education Information Retrieval Librarians Literature Reviews Notetaking Research Needs Search Intermediaries Tables (Data)University of North Texas Boolean Search Strategy

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Incorporating Multi-Chip Module packaging constraints into system design

Incorporating Multi-Chip Module packaging constraints into s...

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European design and Test Conference

作者： Garg, V Lacy, S Schimmel, DE Stogner, D Ulmer, C Wills, DS Yalamanchili, S GEORGIA INST TECHNOL SCH ELECT & COMP ENGNPACKAGING RES CTRATLANTAGA 30332

ISBN: (纸本)0818674237

computer system design addresses the optimization of metrics such as cost, performance, power, and reliability in the presence of physical constraints. The advent of large area, low cost Multi-Chip Modules (MCM) will lead to a new class of optimal system designs. This paper explores the early analysis of the impact of packaging technology on this design process. Our goal is to develop a suite of tools to evaluate computing system architectures under the constraints of various technologies. The design of the memory hierarchy in high speed microprocessors is used to explore the nature and type of trade-offs that can be made during the conceptual design of computing systems.

关键词： memory hierarchy computer system design Electronics packaging design process system design Conceptual design Constraint New classes encapsulating

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Expert system quality control

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INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT 1996年第2期32卷 171-183页

作者： Raggad, BG Norfolk State Univ Norfolk VA USA

A consultation quality control model (CQCM) has been developed for an environment of an expert system (ES), integrating both ES performance measures and end-user judgment values. The CQCM will continuously provide an assessment of ES resources. Unfavorable assessment information will trigger immediate correction of suspected ES deficiencies. Simple decision theory concepts were employed to design the CQCM. End-users belong to different categories characterized by the ES resources they require, their multiattribute utility functions and the weights they assign to ES consultation attributes.

关键词： computer system design Decision Making Expert systems Information Processing Information Retrieval Information Technology Knowledge Representation Models Quality Control User Needs (Information)

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Prism: A new approach to radiotherapy planning software

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS 1996年第2期36卷 451-461页

作者： Kalet, IJ Jacky, JP AustinSeymour, MM Hummel, SM Sullivan, KJ Unger, JM Radiation Oncology Department University of Washington Seattle WA USA

Purpose: We describe the capabilities and performance of Prism, an innovative new radiotherapy planning system with unusual features and design. The design and implementation strategies are intended to assure high quality and clinical acceptability. The features include Artificial Intelligence tools and special support for multileaf collimator (MLC) systems. The design provides unusual flexibility of operation and ease of expansion. Methods and Materials: We have implemented Prism, a three-dimensional (3D) radiotherapy treatment-planning system on standard commercial workstations with the widely available X window system. The design and implementation use ideas taken from recent software engineering research, for example, the use of behavioral entity-relationship modeling and the ''Mediator Method'' instead of ad-hoc programming. The Prism system includes the usual features of a 3D planning system, including Beam's Eye View and the ability to simulate any treatment geometry possible with any standard radiotherapy accelerator. It includes a rule-based expert system for automated generation of the planning target volume as defined in ICRU Report 50. In addition, it provides special support for planning treatments with a multileaf collimator (MLC). We also implemented a Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Tools Foundation for Prism, so that we are able to use software tools from other institutions without any source code modification. Results: The Prism system has been in clinical operation at the University of Washington since July 1994 and has been installed at several other clinics. The system is run simultaneously by several users, each with their own workstation operating from a common networked database and software. In addition to the dosimetrists, the system is used by radiation oncologists to define tumor and target volumes and by radiation therapists to select treatment setups to load into a computer controlled accelerator. Conclusions: Experience with the instal

关键词： computerized treatment planning computer graphics three-dimensional treatment planning user interfaces computer system design software engineering

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Judgements about the value and cost of human factors information in design

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INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT 1996年第3期32卷 259-271页

作者： Burns, CM Vicente, KJ UNIV TORONTO DEPT IND ENGNCOGNIT ENGN LAB100 COLL STTORONTOON M4X 1K9CANADA

This research investigated the criteria by which designers of human-machine systems evaluate design information. It has been suggested that information search behavior is governed by three attributes of the information being sought: perceived relevance, perceived importance, and perceived cost. These ideas were formalized and empirically evaluated with a questionnaire study. Professional designers of nuclear power plant control rooms were asked to rate hypothetical information search questions in terms of relevance, importance, cost, and effort. In the general results, the findings show that a linear additive model with either relevance, importance, or both, as predictors provides the best fit for the ratings of the majority of respondents. Looking at the individual respondents though, cost was often a significant predictor in addition to importance and relevance. The findings have important practical implications for increasing the utilization of information during design. (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

关键词： computer system design Correlation Costs designers Evaluation Criteria Human Factors Engineering Information Utilization Man Machine systems Models Nuclear Power Plants Predictor Variables Questionnaires Regression (Statistics) Tables (Data)Empirical Research

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Integrated online software for libraries: An overview of today's best-selling IOLS. Options from the US perspective

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ELECTRONIC LIBRARY 1996年第3期14卷 205-210页

作者： Cibbarelli, P CIBBARELLIS 419 MAIN ST 82HUNTINGTON BEACHCA 92648 USA

Based on the sales figures reported to Library Journal's annual survey of the library automation marketplace, Ameritech Inc., Geac computers Inc., Sirsi Corporation, IME systems Inc. and Innovative Interfaces Inc. dominated the sales of minicomputer-based integrated online library systems (IOLS) software in 1995. Data Trek, Inmagic, Follet Software Corporation, Winnebago Software Corporation and COMPanion dominated the microcomputer-based IOLS software sales for the same period.

关键词： computer Software computer system design Integrated Library systems Library Automation Library Statistics Marketing Microcomputers Minicomputers Tables (Data) VendorsLibrary computer systems MARC

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Cooperation and online searching via a computer-supported cooperative problem solving environment

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1996年第5期47卷 370-379页

作者： Swigger, KM Hartness, K UNIV N TEXAS DEPT COMP SCIPOB 13886DENTONTX 76203 USA

As the distance between remote user and librarian continues to grow, we are being forced to re-examine the way we teach librarians to work. This article suggests that in today's workplace, librarians must be adept at both technical as well as cooperative skills. It also suggests that we must be prepared to teach librarians how to work in collaborative environments that promote clients' needs. Towards this end, we built a computer-supported cooperative problem solving environment designed to help librarians and remote users work together in performing an online search. We believe that online searching and cooperative skills are highly interrelated and, as such, can be exercised more effectively in a computer-supported cooperative environment. The environment encourages cooperative work, and yet monitors both individual and group performance. Results from our studies indicated that groups using the interface demonstrated more effective skills than groups who performed the same task face-to-face. Furthermore, the computer-Supported Cooperative Training (CSCT) environment showed that the competencies relating to group problem description and generation of alternative solutions were the most predictive of successful group interaction.

关键词： computer Software computer Software Development computer system design Cooperation Graduate Students Higher Education Librarians Library Services Online Searching Problem Solving Users (Information)Face to Face Communication Remote Access

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Applying standard network analysis to hypermedia systems: Implications for learning

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JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH 1996年第3期14卷 285-303页

作者： Astleitner, H Leutner, D ERFURT UNIV EDUC ERFURTGERMANY

Hypermedia systems may be considered as networks of interconnected fragments of information. In the literature, several attempts have been made to describe characteristics of nodes, links, and of the overall structure of such systems. However, the utility of these attempts is only limited for educational purposes because most of them are uneconomic in measuring and almost none of them is explicitly concerned with learning. In this article, an analogy between information networks and social networks is established. This analogy is used to illustrate the application of standard network analysis procedures. These procedures are available in widespread PC software (e.g., UCINET) and are used for calculating indices mapping structural aspects of hypermedia systems which are hypothesized to be relevant for learning. It is shown how the graphical representation of a hypothetical hypermedia system can be transformed into a matrix format which functions as the basis for computing standard network indices for nodes, groups of nodes, and entire networks (e.g., among others, centrality, cliques, or path distances). For each index, its potential influence on learning processes or learning outcomes is discussed. Implications of using standard network indices for research and practice in the field of educational or instructional hypermedia systems are outlined.

关键词： computer Networks computer system design Educational Technology Futures (of Society) Hypermedia Interaction Learning Processes Matrices Models Outcomes of Education systems Analysis

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Project ISLA: A space/time/full-text/format search and retrieval system designed by end users

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JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIANSHIP 1996年第6期22卷 440-449页

作者： Hunt, LL Wegner, LS UNIV SO CALIF CTR SCHOLARLY TECHNOL119 LEAVEY LIB651 W 35TH STLOS ANGELESCA 90089 USA

This article discusses the role of end users in the design of a multi-format digital library project (ISLA) being developed at the University of Southern California Library for the study of the Los Angeles region. ISL... 详细信息

关键词： Academic Libraries Cataloging computer system design Electronic Libraries Full Text Databases Higher Education Indexing Information Retrieval Information systems Online Searching Users (Information)California (Los Angeles)Digital Data Time Oriented Data Geographic Information systems California (Los Angeles) Spatial Factors Navigation (Information systems) Digital Imagery University of Southern California

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Multiple non-Roman scripts in ALEPH - Israel's research library network

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LIBRARY HI TECH 1996年第1期14卷 111-116页

作者： Lazinger, SS Levi, J ALEPH YISSUM RES & DEV COJERUSALEMISRAEL

As the only country in the world in which Hebrew is the official language, Israel found it necessary to develop software enabling its research library catalogs from the outset to handle two alphabets-Hebrew (including Yiddish and Ladino) and Roman characters. Starting in 1981, ALEPH, Israel's research library network, utilized locally developed software that could provide both a Hebrew and Roman mode. However, since the nation's research libraries had large collections in Arabic and Cyrillic languages, an urgent need arose for a system that could also handle Arabic and Cyrillic materials. This led to the development of soft fonts, software instead of the hardware-based Hebrew-English solution that was incorporated in ALEPH's earlier versions. The soft fonts can display on any VT320 or upwardly compatible terminal in Roman-alphabet, Hebrew, Arabic, and Cyrillic. Furthermore, in the Hebrew and Arabic modes, the language of communication with the computer (commands, HELP, and so on) are also in the vernacular. This article focuses on some of the problems and solutions involved in developing ALEPH's multi-script, bi-directional system.

关键词： computer Software Development computer system design Electronic Text Library Catalogs Library Networks Non Roman Scripts Online systems Research Libraries Screens (Displays)IsraelResearch Networks computer Scripts Israel

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