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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第2期49卷 134-150页

作者： Watters, CR Shepherd, MA Burkowski, FJ Acadia Univ Jodrey Sch Comp Sci Wolfville NS B0P 1X0 Canada Dalhousie Univ Dept Math Stat & Comp Sci Halifax NS B3H 3J5 Canada Univ Waterloo Dept Comp Sci Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

News is information about recent events of general interest, especially as currently reported by newspapers, periodicals, radio, or television. News is the quintessential multimedia data. While newspaper editors (human and/ or algorithmic) may still define the core content of electronic news, new communication technologies will enable the integration of news from a wide variety of sources and provide access to supplemental material from enormous archives of electronic news data (text, photos, and video) in digital libraries as well as the continual streams of newly created data. The goal of electronic news delivery within this context is, however, distinguishable from both news groups and document retrieval. Electronic news promises to deliver to the reader an edited collage of recent events from wide domains in a manner that is both comprehensive and personalized. As part of a long-term research project into the design of future news delivery systems, we have developed an overall architecture and several prototypes. These prototypes are presented in the article, along with a discussion of issues related to the presentation metaphor and to the,functionality of electronic news delivery services. A prototype was demonstrated at the 1995 G-7 Economic Summit in Halifax, Canada, integrating newspaper text and photographs with television news video clips across an AIM network.

关键词： computer Oriented Programs computer system design Document Delivery Information systems Information Technology Metaphors News Media News Reporting Nonprint Media Reference Materials

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An analysis of Web page and Web site constancy and permanence

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1999年第2期50卷 162-180页

作者： Koehler, W Univ Oklahoma Sch Lib & Informat Studies Norman OK 73019 USA

We recognize that documents on the World Wide Web are ephemeral and changing. We also recognize that Web documents can be categorized along a number of dimensions, including "publisher," size, object mix, as well as purpose, meaning, and content. This study is first a preliminary exploration into Web page and Web site mortality rates. It then considers two types of change: Content and structural. Finally, the study is concerned with understanding those constancy and permanence phenomena for different Web document classes. It is suggested that, from the perspective of information maintenance and retrieval, the WWW does not represent revolutionary change. In fact, in some ways the Web is a less sophisticated form than traditional publication practices. Finally, this study explores the "short memory" and "mind changing" of the World Wide Web.

关键词： Change computer system design Electronic Publishing Information Dissemination Information Networks Information Retrieval Information Sources Internet Models Publishing Industry World Wide WebWeb Sites

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Collection metadata solutions for digital library applications

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1999年第13期50卷 1169-1181页

作者： Hill, LL Janée, G Dolin, R Frew, J Larsgaard, M Univ Calif Santa Barbara Alexandria Digital Lib Project Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Comp Sci Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara Map & Imagery Lab Davidson Lib Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA

Within a digital library, collections may range from an ad hoc set of objects that serve a temporary purpose to established library collections intended to persist through time. The objects in these collections vary widely, from library and data center holdings to pointers to real-world objects, such as geographic places, and the various metadata schemas that describe them. The key to integrated use of such a variety of collections in a digital library is collection metadata that represents the inherent and contextual characteristics of a collection. The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project has designed and implemented collection metadata for several purposes: in XML form, the collection metadata "registers" the collection with the user interface client;in HTML form, it is used for user documentation;eventually, it will be used to describe the collection to network search agents;and it is used for internal collection management, including mapping the object metadata attributes to the common search parameters of the system.

关键词： computer Interfaces computer system design Electronic Libraries Information Management Information systems Information Technology Library Collections MetadataDigital Data Digital Technology

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Prism: A new approach to radiotherapy planning software

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS 1996年第2期36卷 451-461页

作者： Kalet, IJ Jacky, JP AustinSeymour, MM Hummel, SM Sullivan, KJ Unger, JM Radiation Oncology Department University of Washington Seattle WA USA

Purpose: We describe the capabilities and performance of Prism, an innovative new radiotherapy planning system with unusual features and design. The design and implementation strategies are intended to assure high quality and clinical acceptability. The features include Artificial Intelligence tools and special support for multileaf collimator (MLC) systems. The design provides unusual flexibility of operation and ease of expansion. Methods and Materials: We have implemented Prism, a three-dimensional (3D) radiotherapy treatment-planning system on standard commercial workstations with the widely available X window system. The design and implementation use ideas taken from recent software engineering research, for example, the use of behavioral entity-relationship modeling and the ''Mediator Method'' instead of ad-hoc programming. The Prism system includes the usual features of a 3D planning system, including Beam's Eye View and the ability to simulate any treatment geometry possible with any standard radiotherapy accelerator. It includes a rule-based expert system for automated generation of the planning target volume as defined in ICRU Report 50. In addition, it provides special support for planning treatments with a multileaf collimator (MLC). We also implemented a Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Tools Foundation for Prism, so that we are able to use software tools from other institutions without any source code modification. Results: The Prism system has been in clinical operation at the University of Washington since July 1994 and has been installed at several other clinics. The system is run simultaneously by several users, each with their own workstation operating from a common networked database and software. In addition to the dosimetrists, the system is used by radiation oncologists to define tumor and target volumes and by radiation therapists to select treatment setups to load into a computer controlled accelerator. Conclusions: Experience with the instal

关键词： computerized treatment planning computer graphics three-dimensional treatment planning user interfaces computer system design software engineering

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Coordinating computer-supported cooperative work: A review of research issues and strategies

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1998年第9期49卷 776-791页

作者： Kies, JK Williges, RC Rosson, MB Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Human Comp Interact Lab Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

User-centered design methods have long focused on solitary users interacting with isolated computer systems. The explosion of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) has expanded this traditional approach to encompass communication within and among work groups. While these technologies have often been studied from the user's perspective, little research has addressed the roles different communication channels play in coordinating work in cooperative systems. Similarly, many of these systems have been offered with little regard for their appropriate match with the task requirements. This article seeks to accomplish two objectives with respect to the design of cooperative systems. First, issues related to the fundamental communication channels, socio-technical factors, and task characteristics associated with collaborative work situations are reviewed. Second, research strategies incorporating theory-motivated design, ethnographic methods, and controlled testing methods are discussed as a means of addressing the plethora of communication issues present in these emerging computer-based systems.

关键词： computer Mediated Communication computer Oriented Programs computer system design Cooperative Programs design Requirements Evaluation Methods Information Networks Research Methodology Tables (Data) TestingNetworking

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A mechanism for multimodal presentation planning based on agent cooperation and negotiation

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HUMAN-computer INTERACTION 1997年第1-2期12卷 187-226页

作者： Han, Y Zukerman, I Monash University Australia Department of Computer Science Monash University Clayton Vic. 3168 Australia Public Telecommunication Systems Philips Australia Mulgrave Vic. 3170 Australia

A multimodal presentation planning mechanism must take into consideration the structure of the discourse and the constraints imposed by discourse relations. This requires that different processes that perform multimodal presentation planning be able to communicate with each other. In this article, we introduce a multiagent architecture based on the blackboard system that satisfies this requirement. In addition, we describe a constraint propagation mechanism that transfers plan constraints from one level of the presentation planning process to the next, and we discuss the cooperation and negotiation processes between modality-specific agents in a prototype system that implements the multiagent planning mechanism.

关键词： Communication (Thought Transfer) computer Interfaces computer Oriented Programs computer system design Information Technology Methods Multimedia Materials Online systems Strategic PlanningPresentation Mode

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Cyberbrowsing: Information customization on the Web

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1999年第6期50卷 505-513页

作者： Berghel, H Berleant, D Foy, T McGuire, M Univ Arkansas Dept Comp Sci & Comp Engn Fayetteville AR 72701 USA Metro Informat Serv Virginia Beach VA 23450 USA

The ability to discriminate and distinguish among individual documents in the ever-increasing volume of information available through digital networks is becoming move and more difficult. With websites being added to the 100 million installed base by tens of thousands per month, information overload is inevitable (H. Berghel, 1997). There are two basic paradigms for dealing with this information overload: filtering (Information filtering, 1992) information before it reaches the end-user, and customizing the information after it arrives (Berleant & Berghel, 1994a, 1994b). Filtering remains primarily a server side activity since filtering at the client-side would necessitate unnecessary downloads. Information customization is a client-side activity designed to pick up where information filtering leaves off. In this article, we describe our vision of information customization and, along the way, chronicle the development of our proof-of-concept prototype, Cyberbrowser, for customizing information on the Web.

关键词： computer system design Information Management Internet Online Searching Online systems User Needs (Information) World Wide WebBrowsing Filters Search Engines

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Writing with collaborative hypertext: Analysis and modeling

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE 1997年第11期48卷 1049-1066页

作者： Chen, CM GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIV DEPT COMP STUDIESGLASGOW G4 0BALANARKSCOTLAND

This work explores a novel approach to the analysis and modeling of computer supported collaborative writing. The aim of this dynamic modeling approach is to capture the structure of user behavior as they interact with a computer system. Markov chains models are derived from the empirical data on the use of the system. These models are compared so as to highlight how the dynamic structure of collaborative writing is affected by factors such as the level of users' experience with the system and workspaces for different writing projects. A workspace is associated with a collaborative writing project in terms of both its structure and content. The study shows that the patterns of interactive behaviors of the users were clearly influenced by the system design. Users' experience and workspaces both significantly affected the structure of interactive behaviors in collaborative writing. Users intensively used the system for exploration, organization, and composition tasks in collaborative writing, whereas the use of collaboration facilities of the system was transient in nature. The descriptive-prescriptive nature of the approach has the advantage of reducing the complexity of computer supported collaborative writing down to a more manageable level at which investigators;can concentrate more directly on the essence of the dynamics. The experience from the study suggests that this approach is worth pursuing, and it may be fruitfully generalized by integrating with other process modeling techniques and the mainstream practice of software engineering.

关键词： Behavior Collaborative Writing computer Oriented Programs computer system design Cooperative Planning Hypermedia Information Technology Interaction Models Users (Information)Collaborative Research

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Supporting authors in the development of task-based learning in serious virtual worlds (vol 41, pg 86, 2010)

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY 2010年第4期41卷 538-538页

作者： Bellotti, Francesco Berta, Riccardo De Gloria, Alessandro Primavera, Ludovica University of Genoa Italy *Correspondence: Francesco Bellotti *Correspondence: Francesco Bellotti ELIOS Lab DIBE University of Genoa Via Opera Pia 11a 16145 Genova Italy. Email: franz@elios.unige.it

Serious virtual worlds (SVWs) represent a great opportunity for learning and should embed a lot of high-quality contextualised information so that the player can take the most from his or her exploration of the environment. This requires defining new methodologies and tools for effective production. We have investigated this issue in implementing a couple of SVWs and abstracted a conceptual framework relying on the task-based learning pedagogical theory. The model defines games set in realistic SVWs enriched with embedded educational tasks. Tasks are simple trial activities that embody units of knowledge. The player can discover them in his or her SVW exploration and interact with them in order to construct meaning, build lasting memories and deepen understanding of the featured item(s). The model involves pedagogical task annotation—which allows decoupling the tasks, which can be reused in different VWs from the definition of their delivery strategy in the context of a specific VW, which is specified by the VW designer and automatically managed by the run-time engine. This approach simplifies the authoring work. The visual Creative Toolkit (CT) we have developed is being used for producing contents for the 15 reconstructed cultural cities that will be featured in the first version of the Travel in Europe VW. The paper described the overall framework and the details of the CT. It also presented an implemented example, briefly discussing the methodology we have followed for developing cultural heritage content.

关键词： Foreign Countries Cultural Background Educational Games Learning Theories Models Urban Areas Educational Technology computer Assisted Instruction Electronic Learning Instructional design Virtual Classrooms computer Software Programming computer system design computer Simulation Simulated Environment Travel Instructional DevelopmentEurope

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THE EDUCATIONAL IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL AREA NETWORKS IN SECONDARY-SCHOOLS

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computerS & EDUCATION 1989年第2期13卷 129-134页

作者： SHOR, R SHOMRIA REG SECONDARY SCH DEPT COMP STUDIESIL-19236 MISHMAR HAEMEKISRAEL

Presents reasons for choosing a connected computer system for student use in secondary schools. The systems approach is discussed; two alternatives are compared, a central computer and a local area network (LAN) of mi... 详细信息

关键词： computer Assisted Instruction computer system design Courseware Local Area Networks Microcomputers Minicomputers Secondary Education systems Approach

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