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ADDRESSING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN EMBEDDED systems AND MULTI-TENANT FPGAS

ADDRESSING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND MULTI...

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作者： Georgios Provelengios University of Massachusetts Amherst

学位级别：博士

Embedded systems and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have become crucial parts of the infrastructure that supports our modern technological world. Given the multitude of threats that are present, the need for secure computing systems is undeniably greater than ever. Embedded systems and FPGAs are governed by characteristics that create unique security challenges and vulnerabilities. Despite their array of uses, embedded systems are often built with modest microprocessors that do not support the conventional security solutions used by workstations, such as virus scanners. In the first part of this dissertation, a microprocessor defense mechanism that uses a hardware monitor to protect application-level and embedded operating system execution is presented. The monitoring system is placed adjacent to the embedded processor and observes each instruction during execution to ensure correct program operation. Our hardware-based processor monitoring system is shown to prevent an impending control-flow hijack attack within a single clock cycle. The approach is demonstrated using a hardware prototype based on a LEON3 processor running a Linux operating system. The monitoring system does not degrade processor performance nor require processor software or hardware modifications. As FPGAs have grown in logic capacity, their range of application domains has expanded beyond embedded systems to include cloud computing. This growth has led to scenarios in which circuits from multiple designers are deployed in an FPGA at the same time. FPGA multi-tenancy introduces unique security challenges that must be addressed. Co-located FPGA users share device resources at the physical level including wiring and the power distribution network (PDN). These limitations make complete user-level isolation impossible for current commercial FPGA devices. The second part of this dissertation focuses on two important classes of attacks that are based on this shared use of the FPGA resources, cro

关键词： computer and systems architecture Digital Circuits Electrical and Electronics Hardware systems VLSI and Circuits, Embedded and Hardware systems

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TRUSTWORTHY systems AND PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS

TRUSTWORTHY SYSTEMS AND PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS

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作者： Arman Pouraghily University of Massachusetts Amherst

学位级别：博士

Processor-based embedded systems are integrated into many aspects of everyday life such as industrial control, automotive systems, healthcare, the Internet of Things, etc. As Moore’s law progresses, these embedded systems have moved from simple microcontrollers to full-scale embedded computing systems with multiple processor cores and operating systems support. At the same time, the security of these devices has also become a key concern. Our main focus in this work is the security and privacy of the embedded systems used in IoT systems. In the first part of this work, we take a look at the security of embedded systems from a hardware point of view. We describe why we believe current security approaches fall short when it comes to securing modern embedded processors. We propose our hardware monitoring solution and expand it to cover a variety of embedded systems with different architectural specifications and applications. In the second part, we shift our focus from hardware to software and protocols involved in securing IoT systems and maintaining the privacy of the data they exchange. We argue why conventional financial mechanisms cannot be applied to this context when trying to monetize data sharing. We propose a financial mechanism based on blockchain technology and demonstrate how it can replace conventional methods. We discuss how the high processing demand of such protocols hinders widespread adoption on different IoT systems, mostly ones based on low-end embedded processors. To eliminate that barrier, we propose a novel, lightweight payment verification protocol that uses a hybrid IoT ecosystem based on low-end and mid-range embedded systems that can be horizontally integrated with other ecosystems and exchange data and assets with monetary values such as cryptocurrencies. The last part of this work is the further expansion of the aforementioned hardware monitoring approach to enable it to secure high-end embedded systems. Using this new hardware monitoring

关键词： computer and systems architecture Hardware systems VLSI and Circuits Embedded and Hardware systems

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Towards Optimized Traffic Provisioning and Adaptive Cache Management for Content Delivery

Towards Optimized Traffic Provisioning and Adaptive Cache Ma...

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作者： Aditya Sundarrajan University of Massachusetts Amherst

学位级别：博士

Content delivery networks (CDNs) deploy hundreds of thousands of servers around the world to cache and serve trillions of user requests every day for a diverse set of content such as web pages, videos, software downloads and images. In this dissertation, we propose algorithms to provision traffic across cache servers and manage the content they host to achieve performance objectives such as maximizing the cache hit rate, minimizing the bandwidth cost of the network and minimizing the energy consumption of the servers. Traffic provisioning is the process of determining the set of content domains hosted on the servers. We propose footprint descriptors that effectively capture the popularity characteristics and caching performance of different content classes. We also propose a footprint descriptor calculus that can be used to decide how content should be mixed or partitioned to efficiently provision traffic. To automate traffic provisioning, we propose optimization models to provision traffic such that the cache miss traffic from the network is minimized without overloading the servers. We find that such optimization models produce significant reductions in the cache miss traffic when compared with traffic provisioning algorithms in use today. Cache management is the process of deciding how content is cached in the servers of a CDN. We propose TTL-based caching algorithms that provably achieve performance targets specified by a CDN operator. We show that the proposed algorithms converge to the target hit rate and target cache size with low error. Finally, we propose cache management algorithms to make the servers energy-efficient using disk shutdown. We find that disk shutdown is well suited for CDN servers and provides energy savings without significantly impacting cache hit rates.

关键词： computer and systems architecture Digital Communications and Networking Other computer Engineering

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PATH FINDING AND VERIFICATION IN THE INTERNET

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PATH FINDING AND VERIFICATION I...

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作者： Hao Cai University of Massachusetts Amherst

学位级别：博士

In the Internet, network traffic between endpoints typically follows one path that is determined by the control plane. Endpoints have little control over the choice of which path their network traffic takes and little ability to verify if the traffic indeed follows a specific path. With the emergence of software-defined networking (SDN), more control over connections can be exercised, and thus the opportunity for novel solutions exists. However, there remain concerns about the attack surface exposed by fine-grained control, which may allow attackers to inject and redirect traffic. To address these opportunities and concerns, we consider two specific challenges: (1) How can the network determine the choices of paths available to connect endpoints, especially when multiple criteria can be considered? And (2) how can endpoints verify the integrity of the path over which network traffic is sent. The latter consists of two subproblems, determining that the source of traffic is authentic and determining that a specified path is traversed without deviation. In this dissertation, we investigate and present solutions for both the network path finding problem and the verification problem. We first address path finding, or routing, which is a core functionality in the Internet. Existing approaches are either based on a single criterion (such as path length, delay, or an artificially defined ``weight’’) or use a combinatorial optimization function when there are multiple criteria. We present a multi-criteria routing algorithm that can search the whole space of all possible paths. To achieve the scalability of our solution, we limit the search to only Pareto-optimal paths, which allows us to prune sub-optimal paths quickly and reduce computational complexity. We show that our approach is tractable on a variety of realistic topologies and the results Pareto-optimal paths can be clustered to present a few alternative options. We then address path verification in the Internet, whic

关键词： computer and systems architecture OS and Networks

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Formally Designing And Implementing Cyber Security Mechanisms In Industrial Control Networks.

Formally Designing And Implementing Cyber Security Mechanism...

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作者： Mehdi Sabraoui University of Louisville

学位级别：博士

This dissertation describes progress in the state-of-the-art for developing and deploying formally verified cyber security devices in industrial control networks. It begins by detailing the unique struggles that are faced in industrial control networks and why concepts and technologies developed for securing traditional networks might not be appropriate. It uses these unique struggles and examples of contemporary cyber-attacks targeting control systems to argue that progress in securing control systems is best met with formal verification of systems, their specifications, and their security properties. This dissertation then presents a development process and identifies two technologies, TLA+ and seL4, that can be leveraged to produce a high-assurance embedded security device. The method presented in this dissertation takes an informal design of an embedded device that might be found in a control system and 1) formalizes the design within TLA+, 2) creates and mechanically checks a model built from the formal design, and 3) translates the TLA+ design into a component-based architecture of a native seL4 application. The later chapters of this dissertation describe an application of the process to a security preprocessor embedded device that was designed to add security mechanisms to the network communication of an existing control system. The device and its security properties are formally specified in TLA+ in chapter 4, mechanically checked in chapter 5, and finally its native seL4 architecture is implemented in chapter 6. Finally, the conclusions derived from the research are laid out, as well as some possibilities for expanding the presented method in the future.

关键词： seL4 TLA+ model checking CAmkES verification cyber security computer and systems architecture Controls and Control Theory Information Security OS and Networks Other computer Engineering Software Engineering systems architecture Theory and Algorithms

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A Parallel Direct Method for Finite Element Electromagnetic Computations Based on Domain Decomposition

A Parallel Direct Method for Finite Element Electromagnetic ...

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作者： Javad Moshfegh University of Massachusetts Amherst

学位级别：博士

High performance parallel computing and direct (factorization-based) solution methods have been the two main trends in electromagnetic computations in recent years. When time-harmonic (frequency-domain) Maxwell's equation are directly discretized with the Finite Element Method (FEM) or other Partial Differential Equation (PDE) methods, the resulting linear system of equations is sparse and indefinite, thus harder to efficiently factorize serially or in parallel than alternative methods e.g. integral equation solutions, that result in dense linear systems. State-of-the-art sparse matrix direct solvers such as MUMPS and PARDISO don't scale favorably, have low parallel efficiency and high memory footprint. This work introduces a new class of sparse direct solvers based on domain decomposition method, termed Direct Domain Decomposition Method (D3M), which is reliable, memory efficient, and offers very good parallel scalability for arbitrary 3D FEM problems. Unlike recent trends in approximate/low-rank solvers, this method focuses on `numerically exact' solution methods as they are more reliable for complex `real-life' models. The proposed method leverages physical insights at every stage of the development through a new symmetric domain decomposition method (DDM) with one set of Lagrange multipliers. Applying a special regularization scheme at the interfaces, either artificial loss or gain is introduced to each domain to eliminate non-physical internal resonances. A block-wise recursive algorithm based on Takahashi relationship is proposed for the efficient computation of discrete Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map to reduce the volumetric problem from all domains into an auxiliary surfacial problem defined on the domain interfaces only. Numerical results show up to 50% run-time saving in DtN map computation using the proposed block-wise recursive algorithm compared to alternative approaches. The auxiliary unknowns on the domain interfaces form a considerably (approximately

关键词： computer and systems architecture Electromagnetics and Photonics Numerical Analysis and Computation Partial Differential Equations

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Reviews To Rating Conversion And Analysis Using Machine Learning Techniques

Reviews To Rating Conversion And Analysis Using Machine Lear...

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作者： Charitha Chanamolu California State University – San Bernardino

学位级别：硕士

With the advent of technology in recent years, people depend more on online reviews to purchase a product. It is hard to determine whether the product is good or bad from hundreds of mixed reviews. Also, it is very time-consuming to read many reviews. So, opinion mining of reviews is necessary. The main aim of this project is to convert the reviews of a product into a rating and to evaluate the ratings using machine learning algorithms such as NaÃ¯ve Bayes and Support Vector Machine. In the process of converting the reviews to a rating, score words are created using SentiWordNet and transformed into seven categories from highly positive to highly negative.

关键词： Reviews computer and systems architecture

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Knn Optimization For Multi-Dimensional Data

Knn Optimization For Multi-Dimensional Data

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作者： Arialdis Japa Kennesaw State University

学位级别：硕士

The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a simple but powerful technique used in the field of data analytics. It uses a distance metric to identify existing samples in a dataset which are similar to a new sample. The new sample can then be classified via a class majority voting of its most similar samples, i.e. nearest neighbors. The KNN algorithm can be applied in many fields, such as recommender systems where it can be used to group related products or predict user preferences. In most cases, the performance of the KNN algorithm tends to suffer as the size of the dataset increases because the number of comparisons performed increases exponentially. In this paper, we propose a KNN optimization algorithm which leverages vector space models to enhance the nearest neighbors search for a new sample. It accomplishes this enhancement by restricting the search area, and therefore reducing the number of comparisons necessary to find the nearest neighbors. The experimental results demonstrate significant performance improvements without degrading the algorithmâs accuracy. The applicability of this optimization algorithm is further explored in the field of Big Data by parallelizing the work using Apache Spark. The experimental results of the Spark implementation demonstrate that it outperforms the serial, or local, implementation of this optimization algorithm after the dataset size reaches a specific threshold. Thus, further improving the performance of this optimization algorithm in the field of Big Data, where large datasets are prevalent.

关键词： KNN Bounded KNN Vector Space Model Apache Spark computer and systems architecture

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Towards A Prototype Platform For Ros Integrations On A Ground Robot

Towards A Prototype Platform For Ros Integrations On A Groun...

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作者： Taylor Joseph Linville Whitaker University of Arkansas

学位级别：硕士

The intent of this work was to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate a prototype robot platform on which ROS integrations could be explored. With observations of features and requirements of existing industrial and service mobile ground robots, a platform was designed and outfitted with appropriate components to enable the most common operational-critical functionalities and account for unforeseen components and features. The resulting Arlo Demonstration Robot accommodates basic mapping, localization, and navigation in both two and three-dimensional space as well as additional safety and teleoperation features. The control system is centered around the Zybo Z7 FPGA SoC hosting a custom hardware design. The platform is validated through an analysis of feature requirements and limitations and additional evaluations of a series of real-world use cases demonstrating high-level behaviors. In order to promote further development, this work serves as detailed documentation of the selection, implementation, and testing of this platform and complements initial binary releases for the Zybo Z7 control system and accompanying source code for the functionalities implemented. This prototype robot stack can be further developed to enable additional capabilities and validate its performance in other real-world scenarios or used as a reference for porting to alternative robot platforms.

关键词： Robot teleoperation computer and systems architecture Robotics

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Relevance Analysis for Document Retrieval

Relevance Analysis for Document Retrieval

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作者： LaBouve, Eric California Polytechnic State University

学位级别：M.Sc., Master of Science

Document retrieval systems recover documents from a dataset and order them according to their perceived relevance to a user’s search query. This is a difficult task for machines to accomplish because there exists a semantic gap between the meaning of the terms in a query and a user’s true intentions. Even with this ambiguity that arises with a lack of context, users still expect that the set of documents returned by a search engine is both highly relevant to their query and properly ordered. The focus of this thesis is on document retrieval systems that explore methods of ordering documents from unstructured, textual corpora using text queries. The main goal of this study is to enhance the Okapi BM25 document retrieval model. In doing so, this research hypothesizes that the structure of text inside documents and queries hold valuable semantic information that can be incorporated into the Okapi BM25 model to increase its performance. Modifications that account for a term’s part of speech, the proximity between a pair of related terms, the proximity of a term with respect to its location in a document, and query expansion are used to augment Okapi BM25 to increase the model’s performance. The study resulted in 87 modifications which were all validated using open source corpora. The top scoring modification from the validation phase was then tested under the Lisa corpus and the model performed 10.25% better than Okapi BM25 when evaluated under mean average precision. When compared against two industry standard search engines, Lucene and Solr, the top scoring modification largely outperforms these systems by upwards to 21.78% and 23.01%, respectively.

关键词： Semantic Analysis Document Retrieval Query Expansion Term Proximity Search Okapi BM25 computer and systems architecture Data Storage systems

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