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The effects of the business model on object-oriented software development productivity

IBM SYSTEMS JOURNAL 1997年第1期36卷 140-161页

作者： Potok, TE Vouk, MA N CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT COMP SCIRALEIGHNC 27695

Unless the business model that governs software production adjusts to new technology, if is unlikely that an investment in the technology will result in real productivity benefits. Commercial development always takes place in the context of a business model, and in that context an understanding of how business constraints influence commercial software development is imperative. As software markets become more competitive and business pressures shorten software development cycles, improved software development productivity continues to be a major concern in the software industry. Many believe that new software technology such as object-oriented development provides a breakthrough solution to this problem. Unfortunately, there is little quantitative evidence for this belief. In this paper we explore the relationship between the business model and the productivity that a software development methodology can achieve in a commercial environment under that model. We first examine empirical data from several commercial products developed using object-oriented methods. The results indicate that object-oriented development may not perform any better than ''procedural'' development in environments that lack incentives for early completion of intermediate project tasks. We then model and simulate the impact of the software task-completion incentives and deadlines on the productivity that might be expected from a technology with highperformance potential. We show how and why some common business practices might lower project productivity and project completion probability. We also discuss to what extent poor software process control and (im)maturity of the technology compounds the problem.

关键词： computer software development

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development of accident dose consequences simulation software for nuclear emergency response applications

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ANNALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY 2008年第5期35卷 917-926页

作者： Cheng, Yi-Hsiang Shih, Chunkuan Jiang, Sow-Chyuang Weng, Tong-Li Natl Tsing Hua Univ Dept Engn & Syst Sci Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan Taiwan Power Co Dept Nucl Safety Taipei 10016 Taiwan

This study integrated the nuclear power plant simulation software, PCTRAN, with the atmospheric puff model to efficiently evaluate a nuclear power plant accident and its offsite dose consequences. PCTRAN is a PC based simulation code with user-friendly interface, and is capable of running faster than real time. Accident initiation events can be activated in the software, and the radioactive materials may be released from the plant to the environment. To reduce the computational burden, the software developed in this study considers those radioactive materials are released at the end of every time interval, which is user-predetermined. Therefore, during the progression of the simulated transient or accident, puffs are sequentially generated and dispersed in all directions governed by the Pasquill stability category, wind velocity, and wind direction. The thyroid and whole body dose rates (and their accumulations) are shown as a color-shaded plot on the map at every spatial location within the emergency planning zone (EPZ). In this study, a postulated scenario was simulated to predict its dose consequences during the accident progression. All simulation results, such as the plant state parameters, the activation of control systems, the level of dose, and so oil, are visualized in colorful and animated images on the interface. This study also demonstrates that PCTRAN executes the simulation faster than the accident time, so as to facilitate PCTRAN in the application of nuclear emergency response. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： computer software development ELECTRONIC systems NUCLEAR energy NUCLEAR facilities

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Literate specification: Using design rationale to support formal methods in the development of human-machine interfaces

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HUMAN-computer INTERACTION 1996年第4期11卷 291-320页

作者： Johnson, CW Univ of Glasgow Glasgow Scotl

The design of safety-critical user interfaces is typically very different from that of many other applications. Reactor control systems and aircraft cockpits are complex and dynamic, open to input from many different users and devices. A number of formal notations, including Z and temporal logic, have been developed to address these problems. They provide precise and concise means of representing a potential design before designers incur the expense of implementation. Consequently, government bodies and commercial organizations have recommended that these techniques be used when tendering for their contracts. However, there are a number of limitations that restrict the use of mathematical specifications for interface development in large scale projects. In particular, formal notations cannot easily be used to coordinate the activities of human factors and systems engineering teams. This creates particular difficulties if some group members have only a limited understanding of discrete mathematics. A further problem is that the development of a safety-critical application may take many months, or even years, to complete. This creates difficulties because abstract mathematical specifications cannot be used easily by new members of a development team to understand past design decisions. To avoid these limitations I have developed a literate approach to interface specification. This technique uses a formal development language and a semiformal design rationale to support the design of safety-critical user interfaces.

关键词： computer Interfaces computer software development Design Requirements Man Machine Systems Online SystemsDesign Technology Literate Environment Approach Design Methodology

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The virtual collaborative University

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computerS & EDUCATION 1997年第2-3期29卷 55-61页

作者： Swigger, KM Brazil, R Lopez, V Livingston, A Univ N Texas Coll Arts & Sci Dept Comp Sci Denton TX 76203 USA

Describes the development of special software and course materials that is designed to teach a variety of educational objectives by giving students access to a range of information and educational services available through the World Wide Web. Focuses on collaborative activities that support student/teacher and student/student interactions. (Author/LRW)

关键词： Access to Information computer Assisted Instruction computer software development Courseware Educational Objectives Higher Education Learning Activities Material development Teacher Student Relationship World Wide WebCollaborative Learning Virtual Classrooms Electronic Resources

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Composing security-aware software

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IEEE software 2002年第1期19卷 34-+页

作者： Khan, KM Han, J Univ Western Sydney Sch Comp & Informat Technol Sydney NSW Australia Monash Univ Sch Network Comp Clayton Vic 3168 Australia

By Kaled M. Khan and Jun Han, pp. 34-41. This article addresses a key issue in security: how to inspire trust by disclosing security properties of software components to others in a component-based software development environment. The authors introduce a component security characterization framework in this endeavor that characterizes security properties by exposing software security profiles to others. The active interface lets software engineers know up front the impact of security properties of a composition's candidate components.

关键词： computer security computer software development DISTRIBUTED computing computer interfaces

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Get Fat Fast: Surviving Stage-Gate® in NPD

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JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2010年第6期27卷 828-839页

作者： van Oorschot, Kim Sengupta, Kishore Akkermans, Henk van Wassenhove, Luk Eindhoven Univ Technol Sch Ind Engn NL-5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands INSEAD F-77305 Fontainebleau France Tilburg Univ Tilburg Netherlands

Stage-Gate (R) is a widely used product innovation process for managing portfolios of new product development projects. The process enables companies to minimize uncertainty by helping them identify-at various stages or gates-the "wrong" projects before too many resources are invested. The present research looks at the question of whether using Stage-Gate (R) may lead companies also to jettison some "right" projects (i.e., those that could have become successful). The specific context of this research involves projects characterized by asymmetrical uncertainty: where workload is usually underestimated at the start (because new development tasks or new customer requirements are discovered after the project begins) and where the development team's size is often overestimated (because assembling a productive team takes more time than anticipated). software development projects are a perfect example. In the context of an underestimated workload and an understaffed team, the Stage-Gate (R) philosophy of low investment at the start may set off a negative dynamic: low investments in the beginning lead to massive schedule pressure, which increases turnover in an already understaffed team and results in the team missing schedules for the first stage. This delay cascades into the second stage and eventually leads management to conclude that the project is not viable and should be abandoned. However, this paper shows how, with slightly more flexible thinking (i.e., initial Stage-Gate (R) investments that are slightly less lean), some of the ostensibly "wrong" projects can actually become the "right" projects to pursue. Principal conclusions of the analysis are as follows: (1) adhering strictly to the Stage-Gate (R) philosophy may well kill off viable projects and damage the firm's bottom line;(2) slightly relaxing the initial investment constraint can improve the dynamics of project execution;and (3) during a project's first stages, managers should focus more on ramping up the

关键词： NEW product development PORTFOLIO management (Investments) RISK management in business PRODUCT management PRODUCT costing computer software development EMPLOYEES -- Workload INDUSTRIAL research MANAGEMENT science

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From documents to applications using markup languages

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IEEE software 2008年第2期25卷 68-76页

作者： Sierra, Jose Luis Fernandez-Valmayor, Alfredo Fernandez-Manjon, Baltasar Univ Complutense Madrid Dept Software Engn & Artificial Intelligence Madrid 28040 Spain

The article discusses the document-oriented approach for developing content-intensive applications such as hypermedia and educational applications and knowledge-based systems. This approach combines the main ideas of software development based on domain-specific languages with the separation of concerns in descriptive markup languages. This approach has three main steps, first, developers collaborate with domain experts to formalize a suitable markup language using a document grammar. Next, domain experts describe the desired application as a marked-up application document comprising the application's contents and other features. Lastly, developers produce the application kernel.

关键词： computer software development computer software developers COMMERCIAL documents HYTIME (Document markup language) DOCUMENT markup languages APPLICATION software BUSINESS software computer software industry INTERACTIVE multimedia

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Hyper-authoring for education: a qualitative evaluation

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computerS & EDUCATION 1999年第1期32卷 51-64页

作者： Mendes, MEX Hall, W Univ Southampton Southampton Hants England

The complexity involved in hypermedia authoring has lead to many different proposals of models, methodologies and systems. And this complexity call become even greater when the purpose is to develop applications for education. In this paper we describe a qualitative evaluation that analysed the processes involved in the authoring of hypermedia applications for education by interviewing both researchers and lecturers from the University of Southampton involved in the development of hypermedia. This study is part of a research project called SHAPE, the aim of which is to aid authors in the development of good quality large-scale applications for education. In the project, the quality characteristics considered are reusability of information, maintainability of applications and authoring effort. The results show that there is little point in trying to improve the authoring of hypermedia applications for education by proposing an authoring methodology. So, rather than trying to improve hypermedia authoring by proposing an authoring methodology, we decided to define hypermedia metrics to measure the quality characteristics of hypermedia applications and systems and to give the necessary feedback for the improvement of authoring. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： computer Assisted Instruction computer software development Evaluation Methods Higher Education Hypermedia Information Utilization Interviews Qualitative ResearchQuality Indicators University of Southampton (England)

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Framework for component model selection

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IET software 2011年第5期5卷 474-486页

作者： Aris, H. Salim, S. S. Univ Tenaga Nas Software Engn Dept Coll Informat Technol Kajang 43000 Selangor Malaysia Univ Malaya Software Engn Dept Fac Comp Sci & Informat Technol Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia

Advances in component-oriented software development research have led, among others, to the birth of a large number of component models, which has caused difficulties to the software developers in selecting the suitable component models to be used. To overcome the difficulties, a framework for component model selection is proposed in this study. The framework allows software developer to specify the criteria of the component model that they would like to use and recommends the component model(s) that fits most of the criteria. An application of the framework shows that it has the potential to be used by the software developers in determining the suitable component models.

关键词： computer software development MATHEMATICAL models computer software developers software patterns ELECTRONIC data processing personnel computer simulation SIMULATION methods & models

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Aspect-oriented approach to early design modelling

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-software 2004年第4期151卷 173-185页

作者： France, R Ray, I Georg, G Ghosh, S Colorado State Univ Dept Comp Sci Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

Developers of modem software systems are often required to build software that addresses security, fault-tolerance and other dependability concerns. A decision to address a dependability concern in a particular manner can make it difficult or impossible to address other concerns in software. Proper attention to balancing key dependability and other concerns in the early phases of development can help developers better manage product risks through early identification and resolution of conflicts and undesirable emergent behaviours that arise as a result of interactions across behaviours that address different concerns. The authors describe an aspect-oriented modelling (AOM) approach that eases the task of exploring alternative ways of addressing concerns during software modelling. The paper focuses on use of the AOM approach to produce logical, aspect-oriented architecture models (AAMs) that describe how concerns are addressed in technology-independent terms. An AAM consists of a set of aspect models and a base architecture model called the primary model. An aspect model describes how a dependability concern is addressed, and a primary model describes how other concerns are addressed. Composition of the aspect and primary models in an AAM produces an integrated view of the logical architecture described by the AAM. Composition can reveal conflicts and undesirable emergent properties. Resolving these problems can involve developing and analysing alternative ways of addressing concerns. Localising the parts of an architecture that address pervasive and nonorthogonal dependability concerns in aspect models allows developers to more easily evolve and replace the parts as they explore alternative ways of balancing concerns in the early stages of development.

关键词： computer software development computer software computer systems software engineering computer software industry

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