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Energy consumption and workload prediction for edge nodes in the computing continuum

SUSTAINABLE computing-INFORMATICS & SYSTEMS 2025年 46卷

作者： Laso, Sergio Rodriguez, Pablo Herrera, Juan Luis Berrocal, Javier Murillo, Juan M. Global Proc & Prod Improvement SL Caceres Spain Univ Extremadura Caceres Spain

The computing continuum paradigm provides developers with a distributed infrastructure for deploying applications through the network, improving performance and energy consumption. However, to maintain applications' efficiency, their deployment in the computing continuum has to be continuously adapted to the varying load of different nodes of the network. In practice, existing support frameworks allow developers to automatically identify how to deploy applications based on the infrastructure status. However, as the application takes time to be deployed, the chosen deployment is outdated once it is applied through the network, as workloads change over time. To address this practical engineering challenge and plan deployments that foresee changes in energy consumption and workload, predictive solutions are needed. To fulfill this need, this work presents the Microservice Energy consumption and Workload Forecaster (MEWF), a prediction system that leverages artificial intelligence techniques to precisely predict CPU usage and energy consumption in varying circumstances. Our practical evaluation over multiple real microservices shows that MEWF improves prediction precision by up to 55% w.r.t. state-of-the-art benchmarks, enabling efficient resource management and demonstrating significant value for real-world deployments.

关键词： computing continuum Artificial Intelligence Workload prediction Energy consumption Microservices

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Decentralised Identity Management solution for zero-trust multi-domain computing continuum frameworks

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2025年 162卷

作者： Murcia, Jose Manuel Bernabe Canovas, Eduardo Garcia-Rodriguez, Jesus Zarca, Alejandro M. Skarmeta, Antonio Univ Murcia Dept Informat & Commun Engn Murcia 30100 Spain Spanish Acad Univ Ctr Def San Javier 30720 Spain

The adoption of the computing continuum is characterised by the seamless integration of diverse computing environments and devices. In this dynamic landscape, sharing resources across the continuum is becoming a reality and security must move an step forward, specially in terms of authentication and authorisation for such a distributed and heterogeneous environments. The need for robust identity management is paramount and, in this regard, Decentralised Identity Management (DIM) emerges as a promising solution. It leverages decentralised technologies to secure and facilitate identity interactions across the computing continuum. Particularly, to enhance security and privacy, it would be desirable to apply the principles of Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI). In this paradigm, users have full ownership and control of their digital identities that empowers individuals to manage and share their identity data on a need-to-know basis. These mechanisms could contribute to improve security properties during continuum resource management operations. In this context, this paper presents the design, workflows and implementation of a solution that provides authentication/authorisation features to distributed zero-trust based infrastructures across the continuum, enhancing security in resource sharing and resource acquisition stages. To this aim, the solution relies on key aspects like decentralisation, interoperability, trust management and privacy-enhancing capabilities. The decentralisation leverages distributed ledger technologies, such as blockchain, to establish a decentralised identity ecosystem. The solution prioritises interoperability, enabling nodes to seamlessly access and share their identities across different domains and environments. Trustworthiness is at the core of DIM, and privacy is also considered, incorporating privacy-preserving techniques that individuals to selectively disclose identity attributes while safeguarding sensitive information. The implementation i

关键词： Identity management computing continuum DID Verifiable credentials DLT Zero trust

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computing continuum Simulator: A comprehensive framework for continuum architecture evaluation

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SOFTWAREX 2025年 30卷

作者： Rodriguez, Pablo Laso, Sergio Berrocal, Javier Fernandez, Pablo Ruiz-Cortes, Antonio Murillo, Juan Manuel Univ Extremadura Badajoz Spain Global Proc & Prod Improvement SL Caceres Spain Univ Seville Seville Spain

The computing continuum paradigm is essential for meeting the needs of IoT applications that demand realtime processing, reliable connectivity, and low-latency response. Unlike traditional cloud models, computing continuum integrates resources across edge, fog, and cloud layers, bringing data processing closer to its source. It is crucial in fields like healthcare, industry, and agriculture, where strict quality requirements have significant economic and social impacts. However, evaluating the performance and reliability of continuum architectures is challenging due to the complexity and high costs of setting up customizable and scalable near-realistic multi-layered environments. To address these challenges, we introduce the computing continuum Simulator framework, specifically designed to evaluate the deployment architecture - both physical and logical - of continuum environments. It enables the deployment of large computing continuum scenarios, customizing device types, network infrastructure, and custom application setups to accurately simulate and evaluate near real-world conditions. Implemented as a Software as a Service, it minimizes required computational demands on the user-side and integrates seamlessly into DevOps workflows, simplifying deployment, testing, and adoption by software companies, offering a pricing plan to ensure accessibility for various needs. Scalability tests showed the framework maintains stable run times, with different simulation sizes depending on the pricing plan. This consistency underscores the robustness and its suitability for customizable and scalable continuum architecture evaluations.

关键词： computing continuum Simulator Framework Software as a service

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A Developer-Focused Genetic Algorithm for IoT Application Placement in the computing continuum

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IEEE Transactions on Services computing 2025年

作者： Herrera, Juan Luis Moya, Alejandro Berrocal, Javier Murillo, Juan Manuel Navarro, Elena University of Bologna Department of Computer Science Engineering Italy University of Castilla-La Mancha LoUISE Research Group Spain University of Extremadura Department of Computer Science and Communications Engineering Spain

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has led to an interest in applying it not only in tasks for the general public but also to stringent domains such as healthcare. However, the developers of these next-generation IoT applications must consider additional non-functional requirements related to the criticality of the processes they automate, such as low response times or low deployment costs, as well as technical constraints, which include organizational, legal and policy-related constraints on where data can be processed or stored. While the computing continuum paradigm emerges as a valuable alternative for placing such applications, identifying the deployments that satisfy all these requirements becomes a tough challenge. The NP-hard nature of the problem makes it impractical to manually find such a deployment, and traditional approaches fail to consider the technical constraints. In this paper, we present the Genetic Algorithm for Application Placement (GAAP), an evolutionary computing-based meta-heuristic designed to help IoT application developers find deployments that satisfy their Quality of Service, business and technical constraints. Our evaluation of an Internet of Medical Things use case shows that GAAP supports larger scenarios than traditional approaches and gives IoT application developers more options while providing better scalability. © 2008-2012 IEEE.

关键词： computing continuum Deployment Genetic Algorithm Internet of Things Quality of Service Service Placement

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Xook-Flow: an abstract communication channel model for the data exchange in computing continuum 25

Xook-Flow: an abstract communication channel model for the d...

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Proceedings of the 40th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied computing

作者： Catherine Alessandra Torres Charles Dante D. Sanchez-Gallegos Diana Carrizales-Espinoza Jesus Carretero Jose L. Gonzalez-Compean Universidad Carlos lll de Madrid Leganes Spain Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Leganes Spain Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Leganes Madrid Spain Cinvestav Victoria Tamaulipas Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706295

We present Xook-Flow, a model for constructing input/output systems for managing the data exchange in computing continuum environments. These systems are based on data distribution patterns created by structures called abstract communication channels (ACCs). To prevent resource overload during execution, Xook-Flow automatically selects the appropriate communication channel based on user-defined criteria (e.g., throughput or resource utilization). We implemented this model in a prototype evaluated in a case study focused on managing medical data in HDF5 format across different environments.

关键词： computing continuum

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computing continuum in Heterogeneous Multi-clusters with Resource-Constrained Devices 2

Computing Continuum in Heterogeneous Multi-clusters with Res...

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2nd International Workshop on Middleware for the computing continuum

作者： Patino-Martinez, Marta Azqueta-Alzuaz, Ainhoa Univ Politecn Madrid Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9798400713378

Nowadays many applications are deployed in a distributed setting with components running on edge devices while others are running in (public/private) cloud or on-premises clusters to optimize performance and improve data privacy. The computing continuum is characterized by the seamless integration of diverse computing environments and devices. The integration of the required infrastructure to provide a seamless vision of all resources needs several software components that enable the vision of a continuum of the infrastructure in which applications are distributed and communicate with other components regardless of their location. The performance of applications in these scenarios will vary depending on how application components are distributed and which resources are provided. In this paper we describe the main components of a portable framework for the execution of container-based applications in the computing continuum. The framework is based on widely adopted open source components that can be deployed in private and public clouds, on-premises clusters and in resource-constrained devices. A preliminary performance evaluation in a deployment with on-premises and edge clusters is presented. The performance evaluation focuses on the latency perceived by clients according to client and service location, and service deployment time after application reconfiguration. The results of this evaluation will allow us to continue with the design and implementation of Vishnu, a platform for the computing continuum.

关键词： computing continuum Edge Infrastructure Resource-constrained devices Performance of applications Databases

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On Distributed computing continuum Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING 2023年第4期35卷 4092-4105页

作者： Dustdar, Schahram Pujol, Victor Casamayor Donta, Praveen Kumar TU Wien Distributed Syst Grp A-1040 Vienna Austria

This article presents our vision on the need of developing new managing technologies to harness distributed "computing continuum " systems. These systems are concurrently executed in multiple computing tiers: Cloud, Fog, Edge and IoT. This simple idea develops manifold challenges due to the inherent complexity inherited from the underlying infrastructures of these systems. This makes inappropriate the use of current methodologies for managing Internet distributed systems, which are based on the early systems that were based on client/server architectures and were completely specified by the application software. We present a new methodology to manage distributed "computing continuum " systems. This is based on a mathematical artifact called Markov Blanket, which sets these systems in a Markovian space, more suitable to cope with their complex characteristics. Furthermore, we develop the concept of equilibrium for these systems, providing a more flexible management framework compared with the one based on thresholds, currently in use for Internet-based distributed systems. Finally, we also link the equilibrium with the development of adaptive mechanisms. However, we are aware that developing the entire methodology requires a big effort and the use of learning techniques, therefore, we finish this article with an overview of the techniques required to develop this methodology.

关键词： Cloud computing Costs Computer architecture Processor scheduling Pipelines Medical services Job shop scheduling Distributed systems computing continuum edge computing markov blanket

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Intent-driven orchestration of serverless applications in the computing continuum

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2024年 154卷 72-86页

作者： Filinis, Nikos Tzanettis, Ioannis Spatharakis, Dimitrios Fotopoulou, Eleni Dimolitsas, Ioannis Zafeiropoulos, Anastasios Vassilakis, Constantinos Papavassiliou, Symeon Natl Tech Univ Athens Sch Elect & Comp Engn Athens 10682 Greece

Following the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing technologies and the development of distributed applications with strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, a transition is underway from centralized computing models to distributed computing continuum systems. The latter provide abstractions of the available resources, while they lead to the development of orchestration mechanisms with increased distributed intelligence and autonomy characteristics. These characteristics make the computing continuum suitable for managing serverless computing applications, considering their loose coupling with the resources and the need for reactiveness and efficiency to serve dynamic workloads in the edge and cloud part of the infrastructure. This paper presents an intent -based approach for the orchestration of a function chain over an edge and cloud infrastructure. We propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based autoscaling method that incorporates a reward function that aims to provide optimal utilization of resources and timely autoscaling of the functions, taking advantage of methods for workload prediction. Based on a high-level intent, the proposed optimization problem dictates the scheduling of the functions, minimizing the communication overhead and transformation cost while also considering the energy efficiency of the infrastructure. The proposed solution is evaluated with other state-of-the-art techniques for autoscaling and scheduling of serverless functions in a small edge infrastructure. Our solution provides 1.52% QoS violations with a slight increase in the deployed resources, while also significantly reducing the total cost and power consumption for the deployment of the function chain.

关键词： Serverless computing computing continuum Intent-driven orchestration Reinforcement Learning Service Level Objective Multi-cluster scheduling

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FaaSDeliver: Cost-Efficient and QoS-Aware Function Delivery in computing continuum

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SERVICES computing 2023年第5期16卷 3332-3347页

作者： Yu, Guangba Chen, Pengfei Zheng, Zibin Zhang, Jingrun Li, Xiaoyun He, Zilong Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Guangzhou 510275 Peoples R China Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Software Engn Guangzhou 510275 Peoples R China

Serverless Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) is a rapidly growing computing paradigm in the cloud era. To provide rapid service response and save network bandwidth, traditional cloud-based FaaS platforms have been extended to the edge. However, launching functions in a heterogeneous computing continuum (HCC) that includes the cloud, fog, and the edge brings new challenges: determining where functions should be delivered and how many resources should be allocated. To optimize the cost of running functions in the HCC, we propose an adaptive and efficient function delivery engine, named FaaSDeliver, which automatically unearths a cost-efficient function delivery policy (FDP) for each function, including the FaaS platform selection and resource allocation. Real system implementation and evaluations in a practical HCC demonstrate that FaaSDeliver can unearth the most cost-efficient FDPs from among 180,200 FDPs after a few trials. FaaSDeliver reduces the average cost of function execution from 38% to 78% compared to some state-of-the-art approaches.

关键词： computing continuum function as a service online learning serverless computing

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StructMesh: A storage framework for serverless computing continuum

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2024年 159卷 353-369页

作者： Carrizales-Espinoza, Diana Sanchez-Gallegos, DanteD. Gonzalez-Compean, J. L. Carretero, Jesus Cinvestav Tamaulipas Carretera Victoria Soto Marina KM 5-5 Victoria 87130 Tamaulipas Mexico Univ Carlos III Madrid Ave Univ 30 Leganes 28911 Madrid Spain

computing continuum is becoming a solution for organizations to process and analyze data for supporting decision -making processes. In this context, serverless paradigm is arising as a solution to manage continuum computing. However, the management of data storage still represents an obstacle for integrating continuum computing and serverless paradigms into a single solution, as this has to be performed transparently to users through multiple infrastructures. This paper presents StructMesh, a storage framework for serverless continuum systems. This framework is based on a processing plane where functions are managed as patterns, and a data plane based on storage meshes that represent maps of storage resources available in a given infrastructure. The logical interconnection of storage meshes enables organizations to integrate storage resources into a single unified storage service, which creates data exchange channels for continuum processing throughout multiple infrastructures. These meshes include load -balancing and data allocation/location algorithms for transparently and automatically managing the inputs/outputs of functions throughout these channels, as well as non-functional requirement schemes for organizations to manage sensitive data. We developed a framework prototype that harmonizes processing serverless functions with storage functions for building serverless pipeline services. A case study was conducted by using these services for processing meteorological and earth observation data throughout multiple infrastructures. The evaluation revealed the efficiency of StructMesh when managing data through fog and cloud infrastructures. It also showed the feasibility of StructMesh to create and enable continuum data exchange channels for serverless pipelines.

关键词： Storage services Serverless computing continuum Non-functional requirements Cloud storage

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