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Blockchain: A comparative analysis of hybrid consensus algorithm and performance evaluation

COMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2024年 117卷

作者： Gol, Deven A. Gondaliya, Nikhil Charutar Vidya Mandal CVM Univ Comp Sci Engn Anand 388120 Gujarat India Charutar Vidya Mandal CVM Univ Anand 388120 Gujarat India

The security of data and information is a critical concern in the rapidly evolving IT industry. Blockchain technology emerges as an innovative way of enhancing data security through the secure transmission of digital assets without a trusted third party or central administrator. Blockchain's fundamental principles of decentralization, immutability, and transparency are applicable in a variety of fields, including finance, supply chain management, healthcare, digital voting, and the Internet of Things. This research explores the underlying protocols of blockchain networks, specifically focusing on consensus mechanisms that enable transaction agreement and validation. The widespread adoption of blockchain technology faces significant challenges in achieving scalability and efficient consensus mechanisms. This research addresses these crucial limitations by proposing a novel hybrid consensus approach designed to enhance usability, security, and scalability. The proposed consensus mechanism incorporates a dynamic difficulty adjustment mechanism. The difficulty of validating blocks dynamically adjusts based on transaction volume and overall validator participation. Furthermore, a slashing mechanism is implemented to penalize validators engaging in malicious behavior by reducing their stake. Our analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed scheme in addressing several key concerns associated with blockchain, including reducing energy consumption, minimizing the probability of forks, and mitigating the level of mining centralization found in the consensus algorithm.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm Optimization Information security Energy efficiency

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An Efficient Blockchain consensus algorithm Based on Post-Quantum Threshold Signature

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BIG DATA RESEARCH 2021年 26卷

作者： Yi, Haibo Li, Yueping Wang, Mei Yan, Zengxian Nie, Zhe Shenzhen Polytech Sch Artificial Intelligence Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Guangxi Modern Polytech Coll Dept Mech & Elect Engn Hechi 547000 Peoples R China Shenzhen Polytech Sch Digital Creat & Animat Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China

Blockchain is a distributed and append-only data management system maintained by many nodes from Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks, where one of the most important and successful applications is Bitcoin. In blockchain P2P networks, consensus algorithms are playing a key role and take a lot of time. For example, Bitcoin uses Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm, which takes 60 minutes to acknowledge a new transaction. Compared with the traditional data management technology, blockchain systems are very inefficient. Thus, it is very crucial to improve the blockchain consensus. We present threshold digital signature techniques to exploit the blockchain consensus mechanism. First, we propose a threshold signature scheme based on NP-hard problem, i.e., solving quadratic equations in a finite field, which is considered to be secure against quantum computer attacks and traditional attacks. Second, we further propose an efficient blockchain consensus algorithm based on the new threshold signature scheme. Third, we build a new blockchain system based on the consensus algorithm. The analysis of the blockchain system shows that the efficiency and security is must better than current blockchain systems. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm Post-quantum signature Threshold signature Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks

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Distributed control based on the consensus algorithm for the efficient charging of electric vehicles

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2023年第1期218卷

作者： Sobrinho, Dario Macedo Almada, Janaina Barbosa Tofoli, Fernando Lessa Leao, Ruth Pastora Saraiva Sampaio, Raimundo Furtado Univ Fed Ceara Dept Elect Engn Fortaleza Brazil Univ Int Integrat Afro Brazilian Lusophony Inst Engn & Sustainable Dev Redencao Brazil Univ Fed Sao Joao del Rei Dept Elect Engn Sao Joao Del Rei Brazil

The massive connection of charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) is supposed to bring significant challenges to modern power systems in a near future. In this sense, the development of efficient control and management strategies capable of handling the random arrivals and departures of EVs is a must for ensuring the safe operation of power networks. Given the above, this work proposes a distributed control approach for managing the charging process of EVs while aiming at minimizing the resulting power losses. The strategy relies on defining the number of EVs connected to a charging station in a parking lot based on the battery state of charge (SOC) and the length of stay. For this purpose, a consensus-based algorithm that does only require in-formation changed between neighboring EVs in a distributed approach is adopted. Three case studies comprising distinct amounts of EVs are assessed in detail, also considering that distributed control has low computational burden and communication requirements compared with centralized and decentralized architectures. The results demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of providing the coordinated charging of EVs, while also allowing more EVs to be easily incorporated into the analysis.

关键词： Charging stations consensus algorithm Distributed control Efficient charging Electric vehicles

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A consensus algorithm for Multi-Objective Battery Balancing

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ENERGIES 2021年第14期14卷 4279-4279页

作者： Barreras, Jorge Varela de Castro, Ricardo Wan, Yihao Dragicevic, Tomislav Imperial Coll London Dept Mech Engn London SW7 1AY England Faraday Inst Didcot OX11 0RA Oxon England Univ Calif Merced Dept Mech Engn Merced CA 95343 USA Tech Univ Denmark Dept Elect Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark

Batteries stacks are made of cells in certain series-parallel arrangements. Unfortunately, cell performance degrades over time in terms of capacity, internal resistance, or self-discharge rate. In addition, degradation rates are heterogeneous, leading to cell-to-cell variations. Balancing systems can be used to equalize those differences. Dissipative or non-dissipative systems, so-called passive or active balancing, can be used to equalize either voltage at end-of-charge, or state-of-charge (SOC) at all times. While passive balancing is broadly adopted by industry, active balancing has been mostly studied in academia. Beyond that, an emerging research field is multi-functional balancing, i.e., active balancing systems that pursue additional goals on top of SOC equalization, such as equalization of temperature, power capability, degradation rates, or losses minimization. Regardless of their functionality, balancing circuits are based either on centralized or decentralized control systems. Centralized control entails difficult expandability and single point of failure issues, while decentralized control has severe controllability limitations. As a shift in this paradigm, here we present for the first time a distributed multi-objective control algorithm, based on a multi-agent consensus algorithm. We implement and validate the control in simulations, considering an electro-thermal lithium-ion battery model and an electric vehicle model parameterized with experimental data. Our results show that our novel multi-functional balancing can enhance the performance of batteries with substantial cell-to-cell differences under the most demanding operating conditions, i.e., aggressive driving and DC fast charging (2C). Driving times are extended (>10%), charging times are reduced (>20%), maximum cell temperatures are decreased (>10 degrees C), temperature differences are lowered (similar to 3 degrees C rms), and the occurrence of low voltage violations during driving is reduced

关键词： lithium-ion battery balancing systems electric vehicles consensus algorithm distributed control state-of-charge equalization temperature equalization

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Blockchain-based Perfect Sharing Project Platform based on the Proof of Atomicity consensus algorithm

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TEHNICKI VJESNIK-TECHNICAL GAZETTE 2020年第4期27卷 1244-1253页

作者： Lee, Eunhee Yoon, Yongik Lee, Gyu Myoung Um, Tai-Won Sookmyung Womens Univ Dept IT Engn Seoul 04310 South Korea Liverpool John Moores Univ Dept Comp Sci Liverpool L3 3AF Merseyside England Duksung Womens Univ Dept Cyber Secur Seoul 01369 South Korea

The Korean government funded 12.8 billion USD to 652 research and development (R&D) projects supported by 20 ministries in 2019. Every year, various organizations are supported to conduct R&D projects focusing on selected core technologies by evaluating emerging technologies which industries are planning to develop. To manage the whole cycle of national R&D projects, information sharing on national R&D projects is very essential. The blockchain technology is considered as a core solution to share information reliably and prevent forgery in various fields. For efficient management of national R&D projects, we enhance and analyse the Perfect Sharing Project (PSP)-Platform based on a new blockchain-based platform for information sharing and forgery prevention. It is a shared platform for national ICT R&D projects management with excellent performance in preventing counterfeiting. As a consensus algorithm is very important to prevent forgery in blockchain, we survey not only architectural aspects and examples of the platform but also the consensus algorithms. Considering characteristics of the PSP-Platform, we adopt an atomic proof (POA) consensus algorithm as a new consensus algorithm in this paper. To prove the validity of the POA consensus algorithm, we have conducted experiments. The experiment results show the outstanding performance of the POA consensus algorithm used in the PSP-Platform in terms of block generation delay and block propagation time.

关键词： consensus algorithm distributed system information sharing Perfect Sharing Project (PSP)-Platform

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Battery Energy Storage System Based on Incremental Cost consensus algorithm for the Frequency Control

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 147362-147372页

作者： Chen, Chen Bao, Yu-Qing Wu, Xue-Hua Wang, Beibei Shen, Cheng Nanjing Normal Univ NARI Sch Elect Engn & Automat Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Peoples R China Southeast Univ Sch Elect Engn Nanjing 210096 Jiangsu Peoples R China

In the past few years, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has been found of great potential in supporting the frequency control. Increasing attentions have been given to the control strategy of BESS. In this paper, a distributed control method considering the life-loss cost is proposed for BESS. Based on the multi-agent system, the Incremental Cost consensus (ICC) algorithm is applied to minimize the life-loss cost of BESS. In order to improve the control performance, parameters of the system are optimized by Genetic algorithm (GA). The simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

关键词： Frequency control Power system stability Batteries Resource management consensus algorithm Decentralized control Frequency control battery energy storage system incremental cost consensus algorithm life-loss cost genetic algorithm

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A dependable and secure consensus algorithm for blockchain assisted microservice architecture

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COMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2023年第PartB期109卷

作者： Ahmed, Mohiuddin Akhter, A. F. M. Suaib Rashid, A. N. M. Bazlur Pathan, Al-Sakib Khan Edith Cowan Univ Sch Sci Joondalup Australia Sakarya Univ Appl Sci Comp Engn Dept Sakarya Turkiye United Int Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Dhaka Bangladesh

One of the integral components in the architectural design and development of Internet of Things (IoT) is Microservice. Microservices are basically an architectural and organizational approach in the process of software development where the software is composed of small but independent services that would communicate over well-defined APIs (Application Program-ming Interfaces). It is quite challenging to ensure data integrity and data availability in the architecture design of microservices. As Blockchain technology has emerged as a panacea to many of the other domains, the distributed microservice architecture can also utilize it. We know that the consensus algorithms are used in the Blockchain technology to validate the transactions alongside providing extra level of security. Taking the advantage of consensus algorithms in blockchain-based architecture models, in this paper, we propose TCA (Trustworthy consensus algorithm), which is designed to solve the data integrity and availability challenges in microservice architectures. We have evaluated the proposed algorithm against the known alternatives and it shows good level of efficiency.

关键词： Blockchain Microservices consensus algorithm False data injection attacks Internet of everything

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A hybrid consensus algorithm for master-slave blockchain in a multidomain conversation system

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EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2022年第0期204卷

作者： Yang, Wenli Garg, Saurabh Huang, Zhiqiang Kang, Byeong Univ Tasmania Sch ICT Hobart Tas Australia

Conversation systems play an important role in the research and development of multidomain systems, in which the number of conversations increases rapidly with the number of domains. Multiple experts must maintain these conversation interactions, otherwise experts from different domains are unable to interact properly. For this reason, ensuring secure and efficient cooperation between different experts has become a serious issue that needs to be resolved. This study proposes a hybrid consensus algorithm for a master-slave chain to improve the efficiency and scalability of multidomain conversation interactions. Firstly, we build a master-slave chain model for a multidomain conversation system which can be applied to process multiple conversation interactions from different domains concurrently. Subsequently, a new hybrid consensus algorithm is proposed which combines reputation-driven voting, dynamic construction strategies and an incentive scheme with both economic and noneconomic rewards. Implemented and tested on a local private blockchain network, the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach, in order to offer a decentralised, scalable, multidomain conversation system in a secure manner.

关键词： consensus algorithm Master-slave Blockchain Multidomain Conversation system

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Lightweight adaptive Byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithm for distributed energy trading

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COMPUTER NETWORKS 2024年 251卷

作者： Ye, Jin Hu, Huilin Liang, Jiahua Yin, Linfei Kang, Jiawen Guangxi Univ Sch Comp & Elect & Informat Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Guangxi Key Lab Multimedia Transmiss & Network Tec Nanning Peoples R China Guangxi Univ Sch Elect Engn Nanning 530004 Peoples R China Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Automat Guangzhou 510145 Peoples R China

With the rapid development of smart grid, constructing distributed energy trading market (DETM) based on blockchain to coordinate distributed energy resources (DER) has become a future direction. However, existing consensus algorithms of blockchain face many challenges in large-scale energy trading scenarios, such as high resource overhead, slow transaction procedure. To solve the above crucial problems for wide deployment of distributed energy trading, this study proposes a novel consensus algorithm named Lightweight adaptive Byzantine fault tolerant consensus (LA-BFT), and a reputation calculation method based on behavioral characteristics for selection of consensus nodes. The LA-BFT consists of two parts: (i) weak consensus for normal cases. By introducing threshold signature mechanism, weak consensus simplifies the consensus process to achieve linear communication complexity O ( n ) . (ii) byzantine node detection scheme is enable for malicious cases. With consensus committee, the detection scheme can detect the potential byzantine nodes by crossvalidation, which ensures transaction safety. The reputation calculation method is presented to cooperate with LA-BFT to elect leaders and candidates for consensus procedure. Once a round of consensus is completed, the reputation of each node needs to be updated, only nodes with high reputation are eligible to become leaders or committee nodes in the next round. With the reputation calculation method, honest nodes and byzantine nodes can be effectively identified, ensuring the security of the consensus process. Numerical results indicate that LA-BFT exhibits superior performance on communication overhead and bandwidth occupancy in largescale concurrent energy trading scenarios. When the number of nodes is 50, under normal scenarios, LA-BFT's communication overhead is notably lower, constituting a mere 6.02% of PBFT and 24.26% of SHBFT, while bandwidth occupancy amounts to merely 5.55% of PBFT and 9.76% of SHBFT.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm Energy trading Reputation calculation Byzantine fault tolerance

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Distributed Coordination Control Strategy for a Multi-Microgrid Based on a consensus algorithm

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ENERGIES 2017年第7期10卷 1017-1017页

作者： Lee, Sang-Ji Choi, Jin-Young Lee, Hyung-Joo Won, Dong-Jun KPX Cent Area Branch Off 32Yongam 6 Gil Cheonan Si 31242 Chungcheongnam South Korea LG CNS 28FFKI Tower24 Seoul 07320 South Korea Inha Univ Dept Elect Engn 100 Inha Ro Incheon 22212 South Korea

Microgrids (MGs) in which power generation and consumption occur locally have gained prominence, and MG demonstration tests have been widely carried out. In accordance with the increase in the number of MG installations, studies regarding the cooperative control of multiple MGs are proceeding in various forms. In this paper, the distributed control strategy of a multi-microgrid (MMG) is proposed. Distributed control is the method in which agents of the electric power facility autonomously control their facility through communication with the neighboring agents only. In this process, a consensus algorithm is utilized to obtain the global information required to control the overall system. In this distributed control strategy, a single MG is operated at an optimal economic point using the equality incremental cost constraints while maintaining the balance between the generation and demand. The control strategy of a MMG is that the flow of the point of common coupling (PCC) is maintained at a particular value needed by the utility and the internal change in power is distributed to the MGs according to their reserves. The proposed algorithm is verified in the MG level and the MMG level through a simulation model using PSCAD/EMTDC software in the C language.

关键词： consensus algorithm distributed control microgrid multi agent system multi-microgrid

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