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IEEE International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking (HotICN)

作者： Hao Guo Wanxin Li Mark Nejad School of Software Northwestern Polytechnical University China University of Delaware U.S.A.

ISBN: (纸本)9781665405508

Blockchain-based IoT systems can manage IoT devices and achieve a high level of data integrity, security, and provenance. However, incorporating the existing consensus protocols in many IoT systems limits scalability and leads to high computational cost and network latency. We propose a hierar-chical and location-aware consensus protocol for IoI-blockchain applications inspired by the original Raft protocol to address these limitations. The proposed consensus protocol generates the consensus candidate groups based on nodes' individual reputation and distance information to elect the leader in each sub-layer blockchain and uses our threshold signature scheme to reach global consensus. Experimental results show that the proposed consensus protocol is scalable for large IoT applications and significantly reduces the communication cost, network latency, and agreement time by more than 50% compared with the Raft protocol for consensus processing.

关键词： Costs Distributed ledger Scalability Data integrity Information-centric networking Prototypes consensus algorithm

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A Survey on Efficient consensus Mechanism for Electricity Information Acquisition System

A Survey on Efficient Consensus Mechanism for Electricity In...

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International Smart Grid Workshop and Certificate Program (ISGWCP)

作者： Hanji Ju Xiaoli Zhang Haoyue Jia Xu Zhang Enguo Zhu Kai Yan Jiao Guo State Grid JiBei Electric Power Co. Ltd Metrology Center Beijing China State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co. Ltd. Lulong County Power Supply Subsidiary Company Qinhuangdao China Material Branch of State Grid JiBei Electric Power Co. Ltd Beijing China China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing China State Grid JiBei Electric Power Co. Ltd Beijing China

The current electricity information acquisition system has been able to meet some basic needs of Power system data sharing, but with the development of Power system, data sharing is faced with some problems of scale expansion, and the data acquisition method is complex, which puts forward new challenges to the timeliness and security of data. As one of the core technologies of blockchain technology, consensus mechanism has been used in various fields widely. It is a very suitable way to use consensus algorithm for data sharing in electricity information acquisition system and make use of the high efficiency and expansibility of some consensus algorithms to realize the efficient collection of electricity information acquisition system and the real-time query of data by users while saving energy. In this article, analyzing the actuality of electricity information acquisition system, We select 3 consensus algorithms suitable for power field to meet its efficient data synchronization, including Raft, RSP and PoS. After analysis and comparison, the results show that the improved algorithm for three kinds of algorithms can solve some efficient electricity information acquisition system, storage, energy saving and safety problems.

关键词： Data security consensus algorithm Real-time systems Blockchains Power systems Smart grids Safety

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Nonlinear consensus-Based Connected Vehicle Platoon Control Incorporating Car-Following Interactions and Heterogeneous Time Delays

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2019年第6期20卷 2209-2219页

作者： Li, Yongfu Tang, Chuancong Peeta, Srinivas Wang, Yibing Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Ind IoT Collaborat Innovat Ctr Key Lab Ind IoT & Networked Control Coll AutomatMinist Educ Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol Sch Civil & Environm Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sch Ind & Syst Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA Zhejiang Univ Coll Civil Engn & Architecture Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang Peoples R China

This paper proposes a distributed nonlinear consensus delay-dependent control algorithm for a connected vehicle (CV) platoon. In particular, considering that the behavior of the following vehicle is associated with the longitudinal inter-vehicle gap with respect to the preceding vehicle, a nonlinear function is designed to characterize the car-following interactions between CVs. Then, a nonlinear consensus algorithm is proposed by incorporating the car-following interactions and heterogeneous time delays. The delay-dependent convergence condition of the proposed control algorithm is analyzed using the Lyapunov-Krasovskii method, and an estimate of the delay bound is provided. Under the proposed algorithm, not only can the consensus of CVs be guaranteed hut also the behavior of vehicles is consistent with traffic flow theory. Finally, an example using a 10-vehicle platoon is provided under three scenarios: no time delays, heterogeneous time delays, and homogeneous time delays. Results from extensive simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm in terms of the position, velocity, and acceleration/deceleration profiles.

关键词： Connected vehicle platoon distributed control consensus algorithm time delay car-following interaction convergence analysis

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Model Checking the Safety of Raft Leader Election algorithm

Model Checking the Safety of Raft Leader Election Algorithm

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IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)

作者： Qihao Bao Bixin Li Tianyuan Hu Dongyu Cao School of Computer Science and Engineering Southeast University Nanjing P.R. China

With the wide application of the Raft consensus algorithm in blockchain systems, its safety has attracted more and more attention. However, although some researchers have formally verified the safety of the Raft consensus algorithm in most scenarios, there are still some safety problems with Raft consensus algorithm in some special scenarios, and cause problems now and then. For example, as a core part of the Raft consensus algorithm, the Raft leader election algorithm usually faces some safety problems in following scenarios: if the network communication between some nodes is abnormal, the leader node could be unstable or even cannot be elected, or the log entry cannot be updated, etc. In this paper, we model check the safety of the Raft leader election algorithm throughly using Spin. We use Promela language to model the Raft leader election algorithm and use Linear-time Temporal Logic (LTL) formulae to characterize three safety properties including stability, liveness, and uniqueness. The verification results show that the Raft leader election algorithm does not hold stability and liveness when some nodes are faulty and node log entries are inconsistent. For these safety problems, we give the suggestions for improving safety by analyzing counter examples.

关键词： Voting Heuristic algorithms Software algorithms consensus algorithm Software quality Stability analysis Safety

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The Meshwork Ledger, its consensus and Reward Mechanisms

The Meshwork Ledger, its Consensus and Reward Mechanisms

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International Communication Systems and Networks and Workshops, COMSNETS

作者： Mayank Raikwar Danilo Gligoroski Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway

ISBN: (数字)9781728191270

ISBN: (纸本)9781728191287

We propose a new blockchain ledger concept called “Meshwork ledger” and a corresponding consensus algorithm. Meshwork is a network of coequal client nodes that contribute to the endorsement of the transactions by providing digital signatures to a validator node that collects them in an aggregate signature scheme. The essential sustainability component of the ledger is the reward mechanism for the meshwork client nodes. The prime design objective is the coequality of all client nodes, meaning there is no advantage for getting rewards if the client is an early adopter, if the client has collected a significant stake of rewards or if the client just joined the meshwork. The consensus algorithm is based on aggregate multisignatures. A joint aggregate signature on a block of transactions is constructed with the signatures collected from the mesh client nodes in a multi-signature scheme. A signature provided on the block by a client node is acknowledged as approval. The core idea of the consensus is to race for the maximum number of signatures (approvals) on a block from the mesh clients, in order to append the block in the blockchain. The race in the consensus is among particular types of nodes called validator nodes that try to collect a maximum number of approvals (signatures) from the mesh clients. Clients that participated in the aggregate signature organized by the winner validator node get some reward as a small share of the total transaction fee. These reward transactions are performed in an off-chain manner, using a commit-chain. Compared with other blockchain consensus algorithms, the meshwork consensus algorithm is faster, significantly more energy-efficient and scalable.

关键词： Aggregates Scalability consensus algorithm Blockchain Energy efficiency Sustainable development Digital signatures

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Analysis and Design of Robust Max consensus for Wireless Sensor Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL AND INFORMATION PROCESSING OVER NETWORKS 2019年第4期5卷 779-791页

作者： Muniraju, Gowtham Tepedelenlioglu, Cihan Spanias, Andreas Arizona State Univ Sch Elect Comp & Energy Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA

A novel distributed algorithm for estimating the maximum of the node initial state values in a network, in the presence of additive communication noise is proposed. Conventionally, the maximum is estimated locally at each node by updating the node state value with the largest received measurements in every iteration. However, due to the additive channel noise, the estimate of the maximum at each node drifts at each iteration and this results in nodes diverging from the true max value. Max-plus algebra is used as a tool to study this ergodic process. The subadditive ergodic theorem is invoked to establish a constant growth rate for the state values due to noise, which is studied by analyzing the max-plus Lyapunov exponent of the product of noise matrices in a max-plus semiring. The growth rate of the state values is upper bounded by a constant which depends on the spectral radius of the network and the noise variance. Upper and lower bounds are derived for both fixed and random graphs. Finally, a two-run algorithm robust to additive noise in the network is proposed and its variance is analyzed using concentration inequalities. Simulation results supporting the theory are also presented.

关键词： consensus algorithm Algebra Wireless sensor networks Additive noise Upper bound Convergence Additives Max consensus spectral radius max-plus algebra wireless sensor networks

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Simultaneous arrival control strategy of multiple drones considering target movement

Simultaneous arrival control strategy of multiple drones con...

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Chinese Control and Decision Conference, CCDC

作者： Shusen Zhang Xiao Ding Xiuyun Meng School of Aerospace Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665478977

Simultaneous arrival of multiple UAVs is one of the classic applications in cooperative control. In this paper, the expected time of arrival (ETA) is selected as the coordination variable, and the consensus algorithm is used to realize the air aggregation and simultaneous arrival of multiple UAVs. Based on the comprehensive consideration of UAV speed constraints, acceleration constraints and target motion model, according to the different starting point, flight direction and distance, the control algorithm is simulated and verified. The simulation results show that the algorithm is effective, robust and flexible.

关键词： Simulation Atmospheric modeling consensus algorithm Real-time systems Drones

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Aggregated Energy Storage for Power System Frequency Control: A Finite-Time consensus Approach

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2019年第4期10卷 3675-3686页

作者： Wang, Yu Xu, Yan Tang, Yi Liao, Kai Syed, Mazheruddin H. Guillo-Sansano, Efren Burt, Graeme M. Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore Singapore Univ Strathclyde Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow G1 1XQ Lanark Scotland

In future power systems, widespread small-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) can be aggregated to provide ancillary services. In this context, a new load frequency control scheme which incorporates the energy storage aggregator (ESA) and its associated disturbance observer is proposed. The disturbance observer is designed to supplement the secondary frequency control for the ESA, therefore the system frequency response and recovery can be improved. Within the ESA, a finite-time leader-follower consensus algorithm is proposed to control the small-scale ESSs via sparse communication networks. This algorithm ensures that the ESA tracks the frequency control signals, while the state-of-charge among each ESS is balanced in finite-time. The external characteristics of the ESA will resemble to that of one large-scale ESS. Numerical examples demonstrate the convergence of the ESA under different communication graphs. The effectiveness of the entire scheme for power system frequency control is validated under a variety of scenarios that include contingency and normal operation.

关键词： Frequency control consensus algorithm energy storage systems aggregator demand response

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Distributed Energy Control System Based on Blockchain and 5G

Distributed Energy Control System Based on Blockchain and 5G

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IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia)

作者： Yong Yan Jianping Huang Zhongxu Li Hao Chen State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute Hangzhou China College of Energy and Electrical Engineering Hohai University Nanjing China State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co. Ltd. Hangzhou China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350399677

In recent years, the application of blockchain in distributed energy transactions has been studied globally, but blockchain is difficult to apply to scenarios such as distributed energy control due to performance issues. For this reason, this paper proposes a distributed energy control system with blockchain and 5G fusion. Firstly, for the data characteristics of distributed energy control, deviated data transmission method is used to transmit reduced data volume, and 5G communication technology is adopted to further reduce communication delay and enhance security. Secondly, the nodes are ranked in terms of trustworthiness and the PBFT consensus algorithm is improved to reduce the number of communications. Then, distributed applications are implemented through smart contracts on the blockchain. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve distributed energy control and is effectively compatible with malicious and faulty nodes.

关键词： Trusted computing 5G mobile communication Asia consensus algorithm Virtual power plants Control systems Blockchains

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Distributed Ledger Technologies

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IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING 2020年第3期24卷 5-6页

作者： Douglis, Fred Stavrou, Angelos Perspecta Labs Basking Ridge NJ 07920 USA George Mason Univ Comp Sci Dept Fairfax VA 22030 USA

The articles in this special section focus on distributed ledger technologies (DLT). DLT, of which blockchain is a popular example, are increasingly becoming a popular means to maintain transactional integrity and achieve consensus among competing parties in many modern distributed data exchanges. Indeed, a Gartner survey estimates that by 2020, DLT and blockchain will support the global movement and tracking of $2 trillion of goods and services annually. Unlike centralized files and databases, distributed ledgers rely on peering nodes to record, share, and synchronize transactions and data in their individually maintained local ledgers. In the case of blockchain, information is organized into blocks that are securely and transparently chained together. These blocks become immutable global knowledge among all peers using consensus algorithms to achieve data synchronization. The “append-only, globally accepted” transactions supported by blockchain technologies have given rise to both opportunities and challenges compared to traditional data storage systems. One of the challenges faced by current information sharing systems, and a key concept that makes DLT appealing is the support for the creation of large scale systems from nodes and components that do not trust each other. Being able to reach consensus and share a commonly verifiable ledger is a very powerful primitive, which is already being considered for data sharing applications in energy, pharmaceuticals, and many other domains.

关键词： Special Issues And Sections Distributed Ledgers Blockchain Peer To Peer Computing Distributed Databases Computer Security consensus algorithm

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