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Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical PBFT algorithm for Secure and Efficient Blockchain-Based IoT Edge Computing

IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2025年第2期25卷 3252-3266页

作者： Zheng, Jiali Xie, Jincheng Su, Yanting Guangxi Univ Sch Comp Elect & Informat Guangxi Key Lab Multimedia Commun & Network Techno Nanning 530004 Guangxi Peoples R China

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the importance of data transmission security and efficiency has become increasingly significant. Traditional consensus mechanisms, particularly, the practical Byzantine fault-tolerance (PBFT) algorithm, face notable challenges in the context of blockchain-based edge computing due to scalability issues. Specifically, as the number of nodes increases, PBFT experiences high communication complexity, which leads to significant performance degradation. To tackle this challenge, this article proposes a novel consensus algorithm named adaptive clustering hierarchical-PBFT (ACH-PBFT) that employs a hierarchical cluster structure and node fault-tolerance check to enhance the security and efficiency of blockchain-based edge computing in the IoT. ACH-PBFT adaptively selects an appropriate primary node and forms multiple subnode clusters, facilitating a more scalable consensus process. The system reduces the probability of malicious nodes becoming primary nodes through mutual verification between the primary node cluster and the subcluster consensus. Experimental results indicate that the ACH-PBFT algorithm achieves a 19.83% increase in execution speed, a 23.67% improvement in throughput, and an average reduction of 23.05% in communication overhead compared with a similar double-layer PBFT algorithm lacking hierarchical clustering. In the experiments testing against malicious nodes, the ACH-PBFT algorithm exhibited an average increase of 24.73% in the probability of successfully achieving consensus. Overall, this research provides a practical and effective solution for implementing secure and efficient blockchain-based IoT edge computing using a multilayer architecture to achieve flexible deployment and efficient resource utilization in edge computing environments.

关键词： Blockchains Internet of Things Clustering algorithms Edge computing Security Scalability Fault tolerant systems Fault tolerance consensus protocol Heuristic algorithms Blockchain consensus algorithm Internet-of-Things (IoT) edge computing multilayer architecture practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT)

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consensus algorithms and Deep Reinforcement Learning in Energy Market: A Review

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2021年第6期8卷 4211-4227页

作者： Jogunola, Olamide Adebisi, Bamidele Ikpehai, Augustine Popoola, Segun, I Gui, Guan Gacanin, Haris Ci, Song Manchester Metropolitan Univ Dept Engn Manchester M15 6BH Lancs England Sheffield Hallam Univ Dept Engn & Math Sheffield S1 1WB S Yorkshire England Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Telecommun & Informat Engn Nanjing 210049 Peoples R China Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Inst Commun Technol & Embedded Syst D-52062 Aachen Germany Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Blockchain (BC) and artificial intelligence (AI) are often utilized separately in energy trading systems (ETSs). However, these technologies can complement each other and reinforce their capabilities when integrated. This article provides a comprehensive review of consensus algorithms (CAs) of BC and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in ETS. While the distributed consensus underpins the immutability of transaction records of prosumers, the deluge of data generated paves the way to use AI algorithms for forecasting and address other data analytic-related issues. Hence, the motivation to combine BC with AI to realize secure and intelligent ETS. This study explores the principles, potentials, models, active research efforts and unresolved challenges in the CA and DRL. The review shows that despite the current interest in each of these technologies, little effort has been made at jointly exploiting them in ETS due to some open issues. Therefore, new insights are actively required to harness the full potentials of CA and DRL in ETS. We propose a framework and offer some perspectives on effective BC-AI integration in ETS.

关键词： Distributed ledger consensus algorithm Security Reinforcement learning Peer-to-peer computing Support vector machines Artificial intelligence (AI) blockchain (BC) consensus algorithm (CA) deep reinforcement learning (DRL) distributed ledger technology (DLT) energy market Markov decision process (MDP)

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Generalising the maximum independent set algorithm via Boolean networks

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INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION 2025年 303卷

作者： Gadouleau, Maximilien Kutner, David C. Univ Durham Dept Comp Sci Durham England

A simple greedy algorithm to find a maximal independent set (MIS) in a graph starts with the empty set and visits every vertex, adding it to the set if and only if none of its neighbours are already in the set. In this paper, we consider (the complexity of decision problems related to) the generalisation of this MIS algorithm wherein any starting set is allowed. Two main approaches are leveraged. Firstly, we view the MIS algorithm as a sequential update of a Boolean network according to a permutation of the vertex set. Secondly, we introduce the concept of a constituency of a graph: a set of vertices that is dominated by an independent set. Recognizing a constituency is NP-complete, a fact we leverage repeatedly in our investigation. Our contributions are multiple: we establish that deciding whether all maximal independent sets can be reached from some configuration is coNP-complete;that fixing words (which reach a MIS from any starting configuration) and fixing permutations (briefly, permises) are coNP-complete to recognize;and that permissible graphs (graphs with a permis) are coNP-hard to recognize. We also exhibit large classes of permissible and non-permissible graphs, notably near-comparability graphs which may be of independent interest. Lastly, we extend our study to digraphs, where we search for kernels. Since the natural generalisation of our approach may not necessarily find a kernel, we introduce two further Boolean networks for digraphs: one always finds an independent set, and the other always finds a dominating set. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the

关键词： consensus algorithm

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A Blockchain Solution for the Internet of Vehicles with Better Filtering and Adaptive Capabilities

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SENSORS 2025年第4期25卷 1030-1030页

作者： Shen, Xueli Ma, Runyu Liaoning Univ Engn & Technol Sch Artificial Intelligence 188 Longwan StSijiatun St Xingcheng 125100 Peoples R China

The traditional consensus algorithm based on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) system has the disadvantages of high latency, low reliability, and weak fault tolerance, and it cannot make real-time adjustments according to the actual environment, making the system vulnerable to malicious control, inefficiency, and poor environmental adaptability. To solve this problem, we propose a gradually accelerating environment adaptive consensus algorithm, AE-PBFT, that can be applied to IoV. It includes a trust management model that achieves gradual acceleration by recording the historical continuous behavior of nodes, thereby improving the efficiency of screening nodes with different intentions, accelerating the consensus process, and reducing latency. At the same time, we introduce a dynamic consensus group division mechanism based on environmental adaptive changes, which can adaptively adjust the number of nodes participating in the consensus process according to the needs of the operating environment, to deal with extreme situations, thereby improving the reliability and fault tolerance of the system. Experiments confirm that the performance of our proposed solution is superior to current solutions in terms of consensus latency and fault tolerance and is more suitable for the operating environment of IoV.

关键词： internet of vehicles blockchain consensus algorithm trust management model gradual acceleration environmental adaptation dynamic consensus group

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Local wavenumber imaging in anisotropic structures

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 2025年 224卷

作者： Spytek, Jakub Pieczonka, Lukasz AGH Univ Krakow Dept Robot & Mechatron Al A Mickiewicza 30 PL-30059 Krakow Poland

Local wavenumber imaging has been proven effective for damage detection in thin-walled structures. Such structures are, however, often inherently anisotropic, posing serious challenges to the known algorithms of local wavenumber mapping. The use of local wavenumber mapping algorithm designed for isotropic, rather than anisotropic, structures results in processing artifacts that may prohibit correct detection and characterization of defects. Therefore, in this work, we propose an improved implementation of the local wavenumber estimation algorithm for anisotropic media (ALWE). The working principle and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are illustrated on datasets coming from numerical simulations and experimental testing on anisotropic carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm successfully compensates for the processing artifacts and enhances the overall quality of the wavenumber maps facilitating unequivocal damage detection.

关键词： consensus algorithm

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A Secure, Blockchain-Enabled Vehicular Sensor Communication Protocol With Deep Learning-Assisted Anomaly Detection

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IEEE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MAGAZINE 2025年第3期17卷 88-95页

作者： Mishra, Sumit Sengar, Neha Har, Doongso Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Robot Program Daejeon 34141 South Korea Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Cho Chun Shik Grad Sch Green Transportat Daejeon 34141 South Korea

This article proposes a blockchain-based main key (MK) management system for vehicular networks to improve the credibility of sender identity and the messages. The proposed vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) secure communication protocol uses blockchain for generating and validating MKs, while an unsupervised deep learning technique is used for analyzing anomalous data in less-secure vehicular communication. Compared to simple V2V communication protocol, the proposed protocol is highly secure and resistant to severe attacks due to blockchain's inherent capabilities. The experimental results show that the proposed long short-term memory-based model is effective in detecting anomalies. Also, the additional 1.17-ms latency that results from fetching MKs from the blockchain ledger suggests that the overall latency of the proposed method is acceptable for V2V communication.

关键词： Long short term memory Protocols Blockchains Security Anomaly detection Data models Internet of Things consensus algorithm Autoencoders Low latency communication

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Comparison of SAT-Based and ASP-Based algorithms for Inconsistency Measurement

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JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH 2025年 82卷 563-685页

作者： Kuhlmann, Isabelle Gessler, Anna Laszlo, Vivien Thimm, Matthias Univ Hagen Hagen Germany Univ Koblenz Koblenz Germany

We present algorithms based on satisfiability problem (SAT) solving, as well as answer set programming (ASP), for solving the problem of determining inconsistency degrees in propositional knowledge bases. We consider six different inconsistency measures whose respective decision problems lie on the first level of the polynomial hierarchy. Namely, these are the contension, forgetting-based, hitting set, max-distance, sum-distance, and hit-distance inconsistency measures. In an extensive experimental analysis, we compare the SAT-based and ASP-based approaches with each other, as well as with a set of naive baseline algorithms. Our results demonstrate that, overall, both the SAT-based and the ASP-based approaches clearly outperform the naive baseline methods in terms of runtime. The results further show that the proposed ASP-based approaches perform superior to the SAT-based ones with regard to all six inconsistency measures considered in this work. Moreover, we conduct additional experiments to explain the aforementioned results in greater detail.

关键词： consensus algorithm

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Secondary Frequency Regulation Strategy for Battery Swapping Stations Considering the Behavioral Model of Electric Vehicles

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ELECTRONICS 2025年第8期14卷 1598-1598页

作者： Yang, Nan Zhao, Xizheng Li, Jia Wang, Jingping Jiang, Hanyu Zhang, Shengqi State Grid Jiangsu Elect Power Co Ltd State Grid Nanjing Power Supply Co Nanjing 210008 Peoples R China Shanghai Univ Sch Mech & Elect Engn & Automat Shanghai 200444 Peoples R China

The development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technique and the growth of battery swapping stations are expected to enhance the resilience of power networks. However, V2G battery swapping stations exhibit inconsistencies among internal battery packs, where the power capacity is significantly affected by the battery swapping behavior of electric vehicle (EV) users. To address this issue, this paper proposes a secondary frequency control strategy for V2G battery swapping stations that accounts for battery pack heterogeneity. First, a user behavioral model is developed through quantitative analysis of key factors such as economic incentives, time costs, and battery degradation, which is then used to optimize the operation of V2G battery swapping stations. Moreover, active balancing of EV battery energy levels is achieved by incorporating penalty terms into the objective function. Finally, a distributed secondary frequency control strategy based on the consensus algorithm is established to minimize total frequency control loss. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively meets the secondary frequency control requirements of the power grid.

关键词： secondary frequency control vehicle to grid (V2G) battery swapping station consensus algorithm behavioral model

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A sharp lower bound on the independence number of k-regular connected hypergraphs with rank R

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ACTA INFORMATICA 2025年第1期62卷 1-14页

作者： Tang, Zhongzheng Zou, Haoyang Diao, Zhuo Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Sci Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Cent Univ Finance & Econ Sch Stat & Math Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

Let H(V, E) be a k-regular connected hypergraph with rank R on n vertices and m edges. A set of vertices S subset of V\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$S\subseteq V$$\end{document} is an independent set if every two vertices in S are not adjacent. The independence number is the maximum cardinality of an independent set, denoted by alpha(H)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha (H)$$\end{document}. In this paper, we prove the following inequality: alpha(H)>= m-(k-2)n-1R\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha (H)\ge \frac{m-(k-2)n-1}{R}$$\end{document}, and the equality holds if and only if H is a hypertree with R-perfect matching. Based on the proofs, some combinatorial algorithms on the independence number are designed.

关键词： consensus algorithm

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Distributed coordinated control strategy of the islanded DC microgrid oriented by IGBT operation reliability balance

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2025年 246卷

作者： Gao, Yuan Hong, Lucheng Wu, Minghe Gu, Jie Chen, Wu Southeast Univ Sch Elect Engn Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

Due to differences in the heating characteristics of IGBTs in parallel DC/DC converter circuits and line resistance, varying thermal stresses cause IGBTs with higher stress to fail earlier, reducing the overall power supply reliability. In this regard, this paper proposes the coordinated control strategy of the islanded DC microgrid oriented by IGBT operation reliability balance. By adding the temperature equalization term in traditional droop control, the junction temperature of the IGBT in each parallel DC/DC converter tends to be consistent. Moreover, the IGBT reliability balance control of the islanded DC microgrid based on consensus algorithm is proposed, considering the high communication pressure under centralized control. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy was verified by jointly building the simulation model using MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS/Blockset. Finally, the IGBT lifetime damage is analyzed before and after adopting the proposed control strategy. The specific data shows that the maximum IGBT lifetime damage of traditional droop control is 0.2973, and the average IGBT lifetime damage is 0.1071. In contrast, the IGBT lifetime damage of the proposed control strategy is reduced to 0.0201, with the maximum lifetime damage and average lifetime damage reduced by approximately 93.2 % and 81.2 %.

关键词： DC microgrid IGBT reliability Junction temperature Droop control consensus algorithm Power supply reliability

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