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Hedera: A Permissionless and Scalable Hybrid Blockchain consensus algorithm in Multiaccess Edge Computing for IoT

IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2023年第24期10卷 21187-21202页

作者： Tang, Yu Yan, Jiawen Chakraborty, Chinmay Sun, Yi Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Comp Sci Natl Pilot Software Engn Sch Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Hubei Univ Arts & Sci Sch Food Sci & Technol Xiangyang 441053 Peoples R China Hubei Univ Arts & Sci Sch Chem Engn Xiangyang 441053 Peoples R China Birla Inst Technol Mesra Dept Elect & Commun Engn Ranchi 835215 India

Multiaccess edge computing (MEC) network, as one of the key infrastructures of IoT, provides cloud computing capabilities at the edge of the radio access network (RAN) by integrating telecommunication and IT services. Integrating blockchain into the MEC network can provide users with secure, private, and traceable edge computing services at the near end, thereby improving IoT security, privacy, and automated use of resources. Due to some characteristics of the MEC network, there are still some challenges to integrate blockchain and edge computing into one system, especially the consensus algorithm of blockchain. The resources of edge computing nodes are limited, and the scale of the network is constantly expanding. Therefore, the blockchain consensus algorithm for the MEC network should occupy as little computing resources as possible, be green, and be permissionless. This article proposes a permissionless and scalable consensus algorithm "Hedera" for MEC network, which has the advantages of permissionless, security, decentralization, scalability, and greenness. The Hedera consensus algorithm is a hybrid blockchain consensus algorithm that combines the permissionless Proof-of-Capacity algorithm and the permissioned asynchronous Byzantine algorithm. This article tests the fairness, throughput, scalability, latency, and resource consumption of the algorithm by developing and deploying a prototype system. The experimental results show that the Hedera algorithm proposed in this article is fair, the throughput reaches 13986.3 TPS, and the resource consumption is much lower than the PoW consensus. By analyzing its security and liveness, it can resist the sybil attack, nothing-at-stake attack, selfish mining attack, and message hijacking attack, and has good liveness.

关键词： Blockchains consensus algorithm Peer-to-peer computing Security Throughput Internet of Things Scalability Asynchronous Byzantine blockchain hybrid consensus Internet of Things (IoT) multiaccess edge computing (MEC) Proof of Capacity (PoC)

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MBFT: A New consensus algorithm for Consortium Blockchain

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 87665-87675页

作者： Du, Mingxiao Chen, Qijun Ma, Xiaofeng Tongji Univ Dept Control Sci & Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

Blockchain technology is an emerging distributed ledger technology that has exploratory applications in many areas. The consensus algorithm, as the core module of the blockchain, has an important impact on the security, scalability, and efficiency of the blockchain network. The consensus algorithm is also a popular topic in current blockchain technology research. In existing consortium blockchains and public blockchains, the blockchain has low efficiency or poor fault tolerance because of the limitations of the consensus algorithm. To both ensure the fault tolerance of the blockchain and improve the scalability and throughput, in this paper, we propose a new type of consensus algorithm: mixed Byzantine fault tolerance (MBFT). MBFT uses sharding and layered technology. MBFT functionally partitions the nodes that participate in the consensus process and improves the scalability and efficiency without sacrificing security. MBFT also introduces a random node selection mechanism and a credit mechanism to improve security and fault tolerance. We analyze the security and experiment on transaction throughput in a real network environment. The results prove that MBFT has good security and scalability and high throughput.

关键词： Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Scalability Bitcoin Blockchain consensus algorithm Byzantine fault tolerance distributed system

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Power Compensation of Network Losses in a Microgrid With BESS by Distributed consensus algorithm

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2021年第4期51卷 2091-2100页

作者： Sun, Yonghui Wu, Xiaopeng Wang, Jianxi Hou, Dongchen Wang, Sen Hohai Univ Coll Energy & Elect Engn Nanjing 210098 Peoples R China Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhengzhou 450000 Peoples R China

In this article, by using distributed consensus algorithm, the power compensation problem of network losses in a microgrid is considered with battery energy storage systems (BESSs). At first, the battery storage unit (BSU) is assembled at each node to maintain the power supply demand balance of the microgrid, then the power constraint is considered, which demands each BSU must run between its upper and lower bounds, otherwise, the upper or lower bounds will be used to replace the real power of the BSU. In order to keep the power balance of microgrid when network losses exist, a novel distributed consensus algorithm is proposed to compensate the missing power through the discharging process of BSUs, and the state of charge (SOC) of BESS is also considered. Besides, the case of battery faults is also considered, where the minimum layout point constraint is presented to ensure the completely compensation of the whole transmission losses. Finally, the test results of IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus microgrid systems are provided to verify the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method, respectively.

关键词： Microgrids consensus algorithm Generators Integrated circuits Batteries Voltage control Battery storage units (BSUs) distributed consensus algorithm network losses power compensation

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A robust and optimal voltage control strategy for low-voltage grids utilizing group coordination of photovoltaic and energy storage systems via consensus algorithm

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 2024年 78卷 1332-1343页

作者： Li, Shengqing Liu, Bowen Li, Xin Hunan Univ Informat Technol Changsha 410151 Peoples R China Hunan Univ Technol Zhuzhou 412007 Peoples R China

This study presents a novel voltage control strategy for low voltage (LV) distribution grids, addressing the lack of coordination between photovoltaic (PV) reactive control and energy storage system (ESS) active control. The proposed strategy concentrates on group coordination of PV and ESS to improve LV grid performance. Initially, it suggests employing PV reactive power for voltage regulation before utilizing ESS active power, relying on the voltage cost sensitivity factor (VCSF) of different regulating devices, to reach efficient PV resource utilization. Devices are categorized by their VCSF, prioritizing groups with larger VCSF for voltage regulation, enhancing overall coordination. In the PV reactive voltage regulation stage, the reactive power utilization rate is the consensus variable, while in the ESS active control stage, the change in state of charge (SOC) is the consensus variable, collectively working towards desired voltage regulation and SOC change. Coordinated control is utilized to converge key node voltages to set values and obtain effective LV grid voltage regulation. An IEEE 14node LV grid simulation incorporating PV and ESS validates the proposed strategy, demonstrating its effectiveness and correctness in improving voltage control performance. The strategy achieves 70.56% of the capacity and 81.45% of the setup cost compared to similar research, with associated costs limited to 15.80% and 35.0% of accumulated costs.

关键词： Low voltage distribution grids Voltage violation Photovoltaic-energy storage system Voltage cost sensitivity factor consensus algorithm

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A Derivative PBFT Blockchain consensus algorithm With Dual Primary Nodes Based on Separation of Powers-DPNPBFT

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 76114-76124页

作者： Na, Yanhe Wen, Zhan Fang, Jie Tang, Yin Li, Yingxiang Chengdu Univ Informat Technol Coll Commun Engn Chengdu 610225 Peoples R China

The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (PBFT) consensus algorithm has many advantages, which makes PBFT utilized widely. Nonetheless, PBFT is not suitable for large-scale node scenarios due to its high communication complexity and it also has an apparent disadvantage of inadequate fault tolerance. The typically derived PBFT algorithms focus on reducing communication complexity at the cost of diminished system security or fault tolerance. In this paper, Dual-Primary-Node derived Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DPNPBFT) is proposed to achieve the best balance of the above three performances. First, DPNPBFT selects dual master nodes based on the idea of power separation. The two master nodes check balance and supervise each other to avoid excessive centralization as a single master node system. It also reduces the communication complexity of the replica node, which only communicates with the master node. Furthermore, we designed the architecture of DPNPBFT to get a practical 49% fault tolerance rate, and it is close to the current mainstream Proof of Work and Proof of Stake algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate that DPNPBFT has O(N) level communication complexity and excellent anti-host node malicious performance. The Transactions Per Second of DPNPBFT is stable at 1700. It proves DPNPBFT has the best performance balance and excellent comprehensive performance for large-scale Internet of Things application scenarios.

关键词： Complexity theory consensus algorithm Fault tolerant systems Fault tolerance Blockchains Security Internet of Things Blockchain PBFT consensus algorithm communication complexity

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A distributed coordinated control strategy for isolated AC microgrids based on consensus algorithm considering communication delay

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第0期 2318-2339页

作者： Yan, Chaofeng Li, Qirui Zhang, Xiaomeng Han, Yang Yang, Ping Zalhaf, Amr S. Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Mech & Elect Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China Tanta Univ Fac Engn Elect Power & Machines Engn Dept Tanta Egypt

In the multi-paralleled converter microgrid system, the traditional hierarchical control strategy can eliminate the bus voltage amplitude and frequency deviation from the rated value. However, isolated AC microgrids may face extreme scenarios such as communication delays and interruptions in data transmission due to the use of low-bandwidth communication (LBC) lines. Additionally, the inconsistent line impedance of each distributed generation (DG) unit may result in the inaccurate division of reactive power in multi-paralleled converter systems, thus affecting system stability. To address these issues, this paper presents a distributed coordinated control strategy for isolated AC microgrids based on the consensus algorithm. The proposed strategy first replaces LBC lines with a filter to alleviate the effects of communication delays. A small-signal model is established in its state space, and stability of the microgrid system under the proposed control strategy is verified through eigenvalue analysis. Furthermore, based on the above theoretical analysis, a consensus algorithm is introduced, and a distributed control strategy for isolated AC microgrids based on the consensus algorithm is proposed to solve the issue of inaccurate equalization of the system's reactive power. Finally, factors that influence the dynamic convergence performance of the consensus algorithm are analyzed through simulation in PLECS software. Also, the maximum tolerable communication delays of the microgrid system under different communication topologies are also compared, and the system's robustness is evaluated under the condition of sudden communication interruption in a DG unit and sudden weather variation. These analyses confirmed the robustness of the proposed strategy against communication delays, output power fluctuation, and communication interruptions. To address the issues in traditional hierarchical control systems for multi-paralleled converter microgrid systems, the conventional d

关键词： communication delay communication topology consensus algorithm hierarchical control strategy microgrid

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A Fast Adaptive Blockchain consensus algorithm via Wlan Mesh Network

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JOURNAL OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY 2020年第2期21卷 523-533页

作者： Liu, Mingzhe Jiang, Xin Zhao, Feixiang Feng, Xuyang Wang, Ruili Chengdu Univ Technol State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm Pro Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Chengdu Univ Technol Sch Cyberspace Secur Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Massey Univ Inst Nat & Math Sci Auckland New Zealand

This paper presents a decentralised and fast adaptive block chain's consensus algorithm with maximum voter privacy using wlan mesh network. The algorithm is suitable for consortium blockchain and private blockchain, and is written as a smart contract for Hyperledger Fabric. Unlike previously proposed blockchain's consensus protocols, this is the first implementation that does not rely on any trusted authority to compute the tally or to protect the voter's privacy. Instead, the algorithm is a fast adaptive protocol, and each voter is in control of the privacy of their own vote such that it can only be breached by a full collusion involving all other voters. The execution of the protocol is enforced using the consensus mechanism that also secures the Fabric blockchain. The implementation on Fabric's official test network is conducted to demonstrate its feasibility. Also, this paper provides a computational breakdown of its execution cost.

关键词： consensus algorithm Blockchain Wlan mesh Hyperledger fabric

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AnonymousFox: An Efficient and Scalable Blockchain consensus algorithm

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2022年第23期9卷 24236-24252页

作者： Wan, Ji Hu, Kai Li, Jie Su, Hao Beihang Univ State Key Lab Software Dev Environm Beijing 100190 Peoples R China

Blockchain is an innovative application of distributed storage, consensus algorithm, encryption algorithm, and other computer technologies. The consensus algorithm is the key to keep consistent among blockchain nodes. In most existing consensus algorithms, the leader node is responsible for proposing new block and communicating with other nodes. The leader node is easy to be the target of malicious attackers. With the increase of the number of nodes, the throughput and scalability of the blockchain system are also unsatisfactory. To address such issues, we propose the AnonymousFox consensus algorithm, which is suitable for the consortium blockchain and private blockchain. First, we design an anonymous leader node sorting algorithm, which hides the identity of the leader node through a variety of encryption algorithms. It periodically changes the ordered leader list to hide the target of malicious attackers. In addition, we design a consensus algorithm based on the anonymous identity of the leader node. Through one-to-many message communication, the amount of messages is greatly reduced. The complexity of the algorithm is O(n). It solves the problem of ordered replication of state machines when the leader node is anonymous. We analyze the algorithm, it ensures safety and liveness when the fault nodes are less than one-third of the total. We evaluate the throughput, latency, scalability, resource consumption, exception processing, smart contract, and blockchain network through experiments. The throughput of the proposed algorithm is 49.3% higher than that of the practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has high performance and scalability.

关键词： Blockchain Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm distributed systems signature algorithm

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A Hybrid consensus algorithm for Collaborative Protection of Multi-domain Education Data

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JOURNAL OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY 2024年第7期25卷 963-975页

作者： Wu, Xianglin Meng, Tianhao Huang, Haotian Liu, Lianhai Zhang, Jingwei Guilin Univ Elect Technol Guangxi Key Lab Trusted Software Guilin Peoples R China Hezhou Univ Sch Artificial Intelligence Hezhou Peoples R China

Sharing education data among universities can inspire many new applications and developments. At the same time, blockchain technology can ensure the security and sharing of education data. However, the consensus algorithm cannot meet the requirements of low latency and high throughput in the current education blockchain. Therefore, we propose a hybrid consensus algorithm based on a master- slave blockchain (MSB) for multi-domain education data management (EDM) to maintain data consistency. First, we design a double-layer architecture of the MSB that can efficiently and securely handle large-scale education data from universities. Second, facing low consensus efficiency for EDM, we propose the hybrid consensus algorithm that combines the reputation-based RAFT (R-RAFT) and the multi-party optimized PBFT (M-PBFT). The experiment proves that the proposed solution can obviously improve the throughput compared with the single chain. Furthermore, it also performs well on latency, consensus speed, and Byzantine fault tolerance.

关键词： Education data management Master-slave blockchain consensus algorithm

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Distributed Adaptive Dual Control via consensus algorithm in the Energy Internet

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2021年第7期17卷 4848-4860页

作者： Zhang, Ning Sun, Qiuye Wang, Jiawei Yang, Lingxiao Northeastern Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Shenyang 110819 Peoples R China Tech Univ Denmark Ctr Elect Power & Energy Dept Elect Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark

This article investigates a distributed adaptive dual control that employs both consensus algorithm and improved equal incremental principle (IEIP), to guarantee the security operation while reducing the energy consumption of the energy Internet (EI). Since the security operation is a critical factor of the EI with the energy hub (EH), it is necessary for the EI to adjust the outputs of EHs and the system parameters, which have a great influence on the performance. The consensus-based control of the EI can resolve the energy-coupling issue and accurately share the electricity and heat loads power without requiring the information of the network parameters, which is hard to know. Meanwhile, the variations of system parameters caused by the droop action greatly impact the security operation of the EI. It can be adaptively recovered by executing the proposed control strategy. Furthermore, in order to reduce the energy consumption, the equipment in hubs should also be managed in view of the features of EH. The minimal loss of the energy can be achieved by utilizing the control of devices via the IEIP by considering the coupling characteristics of devices. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical case studies.

关键词： Multi-agent systems Security Informatics consensus algorithm Energy consumption Uncertainty Heating systems Distributed adaptive dual control (DADC) energy consumption energy Internet (EI) energy hub (EH) security operation system parameters restoration

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