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IEEE International Congress on Cybermatics / IEEE Conferences on Internet of Things, Green Computing and Communications, Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Smart Data, Blockchain, Computer and Information Technology

作者： Cole, Ryan Cheng, Liang Lehigh Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Bethlehem PA 18015 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538679753

With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies, people find more and more blockchain applications in the IoT domain. While it is reasonable that IoT systems use hierarchical network structures, their sheer large scales may lead to hundreds or even thousands of non-leaf nodes, which may serve as full nodes when participating in IoT blockchains. From IoT blockchain design perspective, it is important to understand the scalability of the energy consumption feature of IoT blockchains. In our research we have collected real-world data that reflect the energy consumption features of several consensus algorithms of blockchain. In this work-in-progress paper, we report our results based on linear regression models. These models provide reference estimations of the energy consumption impact in designing blockchains for IoT systems.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithms Internet of Things (IoT) Energy Consumption

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Sparse Spectrum Sensing in Infrastructure-less Cognitive Radio Networks via Binary consensus algorithms 27

Sparse Spectrum Sensing in Infrastructure-less Cognitive Rad...

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27th IEEE Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)

作者： Seif, Mohamed ElBatt, Tamer Seddik, Karim G. Nile Univ WINC Giza Egypt Cairo Univ Dept EECE Fac Engn Giza Egypt Amer Univ Cairo Elect & Commun Engn Dept New Cairo 11835 Egypt

ISBN: (纸本)9781509032549

Compressive Sensing has been utilized in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) to exploit the sparse nature of the occupation of the primary users. Also, distributed spectrum sensing has been proposed to tackle the wireless channel problems, like node or link failures, rather than the common "centralized approach" for spectrum sensing. In this paper, we propose a distributed spectrum sensing framework based on consensus algorithms where SU nodes exchange their binary decisions to take global decisions without a fusion center to coordinate the sensing process. Each SU will share its decision with its neighbors, and at every new iteration each SU will take a new decision based on its current decision and the decisions it receives from its neighbors;in the next iteration, each SU will share its new decision with its neighbors. We show via simulations that the detection performance can tend to the performance of majority-rule Fusion Center based CRNs.

关键词： Compressive Sensing consensus algorithms and Cognitive Radio Network

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Comparative Analysis of Blockchain consensus algorithms 41

Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms

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41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)

作者： Bach, L. M. Mihaljevic, B. Zagar, M. Rochester Inst Technol Dubrovnik Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9789532330953

Cryptocurrencies have seen a massive surge in popularity and behind these new virtual currencies is an innovative technology called the blockchain: a distributed digital ledger in which cryptocurrency transactions are recorded after having been verified. The transactions within a ledger are verified by multiple clients or "validators," within the cryptocurrency's peer-to-peer network using one of many varied consensus algorithms for resolving the problem of reliability in a network involving multiple unreliable nodes. The most widely used consensus algorithms are the Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm and the Proof of Stake (PoS) algorithm;however, there are also other consensus algorithms which utilize alternative implementations of PoW and PoS, as well as other hybrid implementations and some altogether new consensus strategies. In this paper, we perform a comparative analysis of typical consensus algorithms and some of their contemporaries that are currently in use in modern blockchains. Our analysis focuses on the algorithmic steps taken by each consensus algorithm, the scalability of the algorithm, the method the algorithm rewards validators for their time spent verifying blocks, and the security risks present within the algorithm. Finally, we present our conclusion and some possible future trends for consensus algorithms used in blockchains.

关键词： blockchain consensus algorithms cryptocurrency consensus problem

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Power-Delay Analysis of consensus algorithms on Wireless Networks with Interference

Power-Delay Analysis of Consensus Algorithms on Wireless Net...

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46th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computing

作者： Vanka, S. Gupta, V. Haenggi, M. Univ Notre Dame Dept Elect Engn Notre Dame IN 46556 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424429257

We study the convergence of the average consensus algorithm in wireless networks in the presence of interference. For regular lattices with periodic boundary conditions, we characterize the convergence properties of optimal MAC protocol that maximizes the speed of convergence on these networks. We provide analytical upper and lower bounds for the convergence rate. Our results show that the fastest converging interconnection topology for the consensus algorithm crucially depends on the geometry of node placement in an interference-limited scenario.

关键词： consensus algorithms interference MAC protocol wireless networks

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Buterin's Scalability Trilemma viewed through a State-change-based Classification for Common consensus algorithms 10

Buterin's Scalability Trilemma viewed through a State-change...

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10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)

作者： Altarawneh, Amani Herschberg, Tom Medury, Sai Kandah, Farah Skjellum, Anthony Univ Tennessee Chattanooga Comp Sci & Engn Chattanooga TN 37403 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781728137834

ISBN: (纸本)9781728137834

consensus algorithms in distributed systems have attracted much attention in recent studies. However, there is a need for a classification that leads to better understanding and helps direct the deployment of such algorithms. In this paper, we classify common consensus algorithms based on how they decide the order of system state changes. We then determine the extent to which each category prioritizes scalability, decentralization, and security. As with other engineering design scenarios, this is a choose-two tradeoff. Our key contribution is that, based on this taxonomy of tradeoffs, we are able to discern the types of consensus algorithms that work well within the application area(s) for a given distributed system. We find that a dichotomy of algorithms between leader-based and voting-based consensus algorithms emerges from this taxonomy. Applications of this classification scheme include several different categories of distributed ledgers such as blockchains and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs).

关键词： consensus algorithms Blockchain Distributed ledger technology (DLTs) Directed acyclic graphs Scalability Trilemma Decentralization Blockchain security Leader-based consensus Voting-based consensus Gossip voting Byzantine Fault Tolerance Internet-of-Things (IoT)

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A survey of blockchain consensus algorithms performance evaluation criteria

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EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS 2020年 154卷 113385-113385页

作者： Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Motavali, Amirhossein Bondarti, Alireza Babaei Yazd Univ Data Sci Res Ctr Yazd 89195741 Iran Chinese Acad Sci Shenzhen Inst Adv Technol Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China

How to reach an agreement in a blockchain network is a complex and important task that is defined as a consensus problem and has wide applications in reality including distributed computing, load balancing, and transaction validation in blockchains. Over recent years, many studies have been done to cope with this problem. In this paper, a comparative and analytical review on the state-of-the-art blockchain consensus algorithms is presented to enlighten the strengths and constraints of each algorithm. Based on their inherent specifications, each algorithm has a different domain of applicability that yields to propose several performance criteria for the evaluation of these algorithms. To overview and provide a basis of comparison for further work in the field, a set of incommensurable and conflicting performance evaluation criteria is identified and weighted by the pairwise comparison method. These criteria are classified into four categories including algorithms' throughput, the profitability of mining, degree of decentralization and consensus algorithms vulnerabilities and security issues. Based on the proposed framework, the pros and cons of consensus algorithms are systematically analyzed and compared in order to provide a deep understanding of the existing research challenges and clarify the future study directions. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithms Performance evaluation criteria Security vulnerability Trust and permission models

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A NOVEL COLLISION AVOIDANCE STRATEGY FOR MULTI-USV FORMATION USING STREAM FUNCTIONS AND consensus algorithms

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION 2021年第6期36卷 402-415页

作者： Xu, Wei Cao, Ning Hohai Univ Coll Comp & Informat Fochengxi Rd Nanjing Peoples R China Yancheng Teachers Univ Sch Phys & Elect Engn Xiwangnan Rd Yancheng Peoples R China

This paper investigates the obstacle avoidance problem for a multi-unmanned surface vehicle (USV) team based on the use of stream function and consensus algorithm. A new collision avoidance strategy for multi-USV formation is proposed, where the complex potential derived from a stream function is utilized based on a consensus control algorithm with each USV being a particle mimicking the flow around the fluid along its streamline to avoid obstacles. After obstacle avoidance, each USV quickly continues to achieve the formation movement along the original trajectory. Collision avoidance between two multi-USV teams with master-slave is discussed. According to the proposed strategy, each USV of the slave multi-USV team could actively avoid the master multi-USV team treated as a moving obstacle. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is verified through simulation studies.

关键词： Multi-USV consensus algorithms uniform flow collision avoidance

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A Review: consensus algorithms on Blockchain

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2022年第9期10卷 37-50页

作者： Jannah Yusoff Zarina Mohamad Mohd Anuar Faculty of Informatics & Computing University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu Malaysia iExploTech Cyberview CoPlace 1 Cyberjaya Malaysia

Blockchain is a distributed public ledger that keeps track of all transactions that have ever taken place in the system. As a distributed ledger, a consensus mechanism is required to ensure all the transaction functions properly. In order to reach a consensus, it is critical to emphasize the importance of performance and efficiency. The use of the right consensus algorithm will significantly improve the efficiency of a blockchain application. This paper reviewed several types of consensus algorithms used in blockchain and discusses the idea of a new consensus algorithm that can improve the performance of consortium blockchain.

关键词： consensus algorithms Consortium Blockchain Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) Performance

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A Survey and Ontology of Blockchain consensus algorithms for Resource-Constrained IoT Systems

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SENSORS 2022年第21期22卷 8188页

作者： Khan, Misbah den Hartog, Frank Hu, Jiankun Univ New South Wales Sch Engn & Informat Technol Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

The basic properties of blockchain, such as decentralization, security, and immutability, show promising potential for IoT applications. The main feature-decentralization of blockchain technology-depends on the consensus. However, consensus algorithms are mostly designed to work in extensive computational and communication environments for network security and immutability, which is not desirable for resource-restricted IoT applications. Many solutions are proposed to address this issue with modified consensus algorithms based on the legacy consensus, such as the PoW, PoS, and BFT, and new non-linear data structures, such as DAG. A systematic classification and analysis of various techniques in the field will be beneficial for both researchers and industrial practitioners. Most existing relevant surveys provide classifications intuitively based on the domain knowledge, which are infeasible to reveal the intrinsic and complicated relationships among the relevant basic concepts and techniques. In this paper, a powerful tool of systematic knowledge classification and explanation is introduced to structure the survey on blockchain consensus algorithms for resource-constrained IoT systems. More specifically, an ontology was developed for a consensus algorithm apropos of IoT adaptability. The developed ontology is subdivided into two parts-CONB and CONIoT-representing the classification of generic consensus algorithms and the ones that are particularly proposed for IoT, respectively. Guided by this ontology, an in depth discussion and analysis are provided on the major consensus algorithms and their IoT compliance based on design and implementation targets. Open research challenges and future research directions are provided.

关键词： blockchain internet of things consensus algorithms consensus ontology

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consensus-Based algorithms for Distributed Network-State Estimation and Localization

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL AND INFORMATION PROCESSING OVER NETWORKS 2017年第2期3卷 430-444页

作者： Soatti, Gloria Nicoli, Monica Savazzi, Stefano Spagnolini, Umberto Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn I-20133 Milan Italy CNR Inst Elect Comp & Telecommun Engn I-20133 Milan Italy

Recent advances of hardware design and radio technologies have opened the way for an emerging category of networkenabled smart physical devices as a result of convergence in computing and wireless communication capabilities. Inspired by biological interactions, distributed processing of data collected by individual devices is now becoming crucial to let the nodes self-learn relevant network-state information and self-organize without the support of a central unit. Focus of this paper is twofold. First, a novel network channel model tailored for dense deployments is developed and validated on real data. The model describes relevant channel features that are representative of site-specific static/dynamic multipath fading and are shared by all links of a network. Second, a new class of distributed weighted-consensus strategies is introduced to support distributed network calibration and localization in device-to-device networks. Network calibration allows the devices to self-learn the common channel parameters by successive refinements of local estimates and peer-to-peer information exchange. Network-localization enables each node to acquire augmented information about the whole network topology by distributed learning from local channel observations. The proposed distributed algorithms guarantee a fast convergence and can replace conventional centralized schemes. An experimental case study is discussed in a representative indoor environment for the purpose of system validation. Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the performance of conventional solutions.

关键词： Distributed estimation consensus algorithms channel modelling network localization

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