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consensus algorithm-Based Two-Stage Frequency Regulation Strategy With EVs Participating as VSMs

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2025年第2期16卷 1562-1574页

作者： Wu, Xiaomei Huang, Hao Chen, Junbin Tong, Xiangrui Tong, Ning Lai, Loi Lei Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Automat Dept Elect Engn Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China DRPT Int Inc Perth WA Australia

Isolated grids, with large-scale intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs), face more severe frequency stability issues. Fortunately, grid-connected electric vehicles (EVs) present an opportunity to provide frequency services. In this paper, a two-stage frequency regulation strategy, in which EVs participate in the form of a virtual synchronous machine (VSM), is proposed. First, a frequency response (FR) model is established for both charging stations (CSs) and battery swapping stations (BSSs) using VSM control. On this basis, a two-stage strategy is proposed to consider both frequency regulation performance and system economy. Specifically, in the day-ahead stage (DAS), a multi-unit economic dispatch (ED) model is designed to formulate the operation plan;in the real-time stage (RTS), a consensus-based power allocation strategy is designed for multi-units, responsive to real-time market prices. Case studies involving real-world data of load, RES, and CS illustrate the key benefits of the proposed method, including (i) decreasing frequency deviation, (ii) providing extra rotational inertia, and (iii) reducing dispatch costs.

关键词： Frequency control Real-time systems Mathematical models Power system stability consensus algorithm Resource management Hydroelectric power generation Electricity State of charge Frequency response Electric vehicle virtual synchronous machine load frequency regulation consensus algorithm

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consensus algorithm for maintaining large-scale access-control views of education data

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2025年第1期81卷 1-35页

作者： Wu, Xianglin Meng, Tianhao Zhang, Jingwei Yang, Qing Chen, Jintao Guilin Univ Elect Technol Guangxi Key Lab Trusted Software 1 Jinji Rd Guilin 541004 Guangxi Peoples R China Guilin Univ Elect Technol Guangxi Key Lab Automat Detecting Technol & Instru 1 Jinji Rd Guilin 541004 Guangxi Peoples R China Hezhou Univ Sch Artificial Intelligence 3261 Xiaohe Blvd Hezhou 542899 Guangxi Peoples R China

Exploring diverse education data applications through blockchain technology can offer innovative methods for smart education. Among them, storing multi-platform and multi-dimensional education data on the blockchain can enhance the system's ability to integrate and manage the data effectively. However, the system involves a large number of stakeholders. Furthermore, because the data are stored chronologically, relevant information may be distributed across multiple blocks. They will lead to security issues related to access and inefficient queries. We innovatively design an education data management system that combines access-control views with a consensus algorithm, effectively addressing the issue of low query performance for security data. Additionally, we propose a method that integrates main chain blocks and side blocks within a chained storage structure to recycle view blocks, effectively addressing the issue of block redundancy caused by non-periodic changes in the utilization of education data. For the proposed method, experiments are conducted on two education datasets to validate the efficiency of the proposed access-control view in query performance and the effectiveness of the view maintenance consensus algorithm.

关键词： Blockchain Education data consensus algorithm Access-control view Side block

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5G-Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance: An Improved PBFT consensus algorithm for the 5G Network

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INFORMATION 2025年第3期16卷 202-202页

作者： Liu, Xin Fan, Xing Niu, Baoning Zheng, Xianrong Taiyuan Univ Technol Coll Comp Sci & Technol Coll Data Sci Jinzhong 030600 Peoples R China Old Dominion Univ Informat Technol & Decis Sci Dept Norfolk VA 23529 USA

The consensus algorithm is the core technology of blockchain systems to maintain data consistency, and its performance directly affects the efficiency and security of the whole system. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) plays a crucial role in blockchain consensus algorithms by providing a robust mechanism to achieve fault-tolerant and deterministic consensus in distributed networks. With the development of 5G network technology, its features of high bandwidth, low latency, and high reliability provide a new approach for consensus algorithm optimization. To take advantage of the features of the 5G network, this paper proposes 5G-PBFT, which is an improved practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm with three ways to improve PBFT. Firstly, 5G-PBFT constructed the reputation model based on node performance and behavior. The model dynamically selected consensus nodes based on the reputation value to ensure the reliability of the consensus node selection. Next, the algorithm selected the primary node using the reputation model and verifiable random function, giving consideration to the reliability of the primary node and the randomness of the selection process. Finally, we take advantage of the low latency feature of the 5G network to omit the submission stage to reduce the communication complexity from ON2 to ON, where N denotes the number of nodes. The simulation results show that 5G-PBFT achieves a 26% increase in throughput and a 63.6% reduction in transaction latency compared to the PBFT, demonstrating significant performance improvements.

关键词： blockchain consensus algorithm PBFT 5G network

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An adaptive power-voltage hierarchical control based on improved consensus algorithm for DC traction power supply system

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2025年 245卷

作者： Lin, Li Sun, Ting Fan, Mi You, Fengrui Huang, Yuanmiao Chongqing Univ Natl Observat & Res Stn Xuefeng Mt Energy Equipment Safety Chongqing 400044 Peoples R China State Grid Chongqing Elect Power Co Ultrahigh Volt Chongqing 400050 Peoples R China

Droop control is a typical method for achieving power-voltage control in DC systems. However, the movement of traction trains causes real-time changes in the resistance of the traction network, leading to variations in power sharing at traction substations (TSSs) determined by droop control, thereby impacting the voltage operation quality of the DC traction power supply system (TPSS). In this paper, an adaptive power-voltage hierarchical control strategy considering rational traction power sharing and voltage compensation based on the consensus algorithm is proposed to mitigate the impact of train movement. Firstly, to enhance the convergence speed of inter-station communication algorithms in the system layer control, an improved consensus algorithm with a convergence factor is proposed to calculate the average values of TSS state variables needed for the local layer control. Secondly, in the local layer control, the per-unit average power of TSSs is introduced to compensate for the impact of train movement on the droop coefficient. Furthermore, to reduce power loss in the traction network, a base quantity for virtual power is proposed for further compensation of the droop coefficient. Through dynamic compensation of the droop coefficient, a rational sharing of traction power according to rated capacity and power supply distance at TSSs is achieved. Moreover, the voltage average is utilized for secondary compensation of voltage deviations at TSSs. Finally, simulations based on a four-terminal DC TPSS have been established to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of power sharing and voltage control.

关键词： DC traction power supply system Droop control consensus algorithm Hierarchical control

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PB-Raft: A Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm based on weighted PageRank and BLS threshold signature

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PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING AND APPLICATIONS 2025年第1期18卷 22-22页

作者： Shi, Haoran Chen, Zehua Cheng, Yongqiang Liu, Xiaofeng Wang, Qianqian Taiyuan Univ Technol Coll Comp Sci & Technol Coll Data Sci 209 Univ St Jinzhong 030600 Shanxi Peoples R China Taiyuan Univ Technol Coll Elect Informat Engn 209 Univ St Jinzhong 030600 Shanxi Peoples R China

Addressing the challenge of balancing consensus efficiency and Byzantine fault tolerance in prevalent consensus algorithms within consortium blockchains, this paper proposes an improved Raft algorithm-PB-Raft, based on the weighted PageRank algorithm and BLS threshold signature. First, it improves the leader election process through the weighted PageRank algorithm, constructing a weighted directed graph among nodes, computing the PageRank values of each node, and reducing the election timeout for node with the highest PageRank values to improve leader election efficiency and thereby enhance algorithm's consensus efficiency. Then, it improves the log replication process through BLS threshold signature, transforming the log replication process into a threshold signature verification process, achieving Byzantine fault tolerance during the log replication process, and hence improving the algorithm's security. Finally, the PB-Raft algorithm was simulated in Go language on Hyperledger Fabric, and through multiple tests using Caliper, it was shown that compared to the Raft algorithm, PB-Raft's leader election efficiency increases by approximately 30%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}, and it has Byzantine fault tolerance capability, increases throughput by about 10%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}, and reduces consensus delay by about 30%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begi

关键词： consensus algorithm Weighted PageRank BLS signature Byzantine fault tolerance Raft

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Optimizing Blockchain Network Performance Using Blake3 Hash Function in POS consensus algorithm

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 44760-44774页

作者： Jasim, Zainab Abdullah Hadi, Ameer Kadhim Univ Babylon Dept Software Babylon 51002 Iraq Univ Babylon Dept Network Babylon 51002 Iraq

Recent years have seen extensive adoption of blockchain technology across a variety of application domains, all with the goal of enhancing data privacy, system trustworthiness, and security. One of the biggest problems with blockchain is its inability to scale;other problems include energy consumption, latency, throughput, and the ever-increasing volume of daily transactions. The consensus technique relies on hash functions, which are important to highlight. Thus, such development is fundamental to blockchain advances in terms of structure. This study introduces a revolutionary change to the Proof-of-Stake (POS) consensus methods by suggesting the replacement of the commonly used SHA256 hash function with the extremely efficient Blake3. Many blockchain-based systems, including POS algorithms, still employ the widely used SHA256 algorithm for cryptographic hashing. Nevertheless, fresh research has shown that SHA256 has performance and security flaws. We show that the Blake3 hash function, is better than the SHA256 hash in many respects, including latency, throughput, and energy, via rigorous testing and functional analysis. Diverse parameters were utilized, including the quantity of blocks and validators. Seen cases are taken into account for performance evaluation. In the initial scenario, utilizing 500 blocks and 4 validators, our proposed methodology has surpassed the benchmark by achieving a 66% reduction in latency, over 50% in throughput, and a 55% decrease in energy consumption. The rate of enhancement is nearly uniform across all other instances, indicating that the implementation of Blake3 within the conventional POS consensus mechanism has demonstrated its advantages.

关键词： Blockchains Hash functions consensus protocol Throughput consensus algorithm Energy consumption Distributed ledger Computers Bitcoin Safety POS SHA256 BLAKE3 energy scalability

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FDSS: Flight data sharing scheme based on blockchain with dynamic, secure and efficient consensus algorithm

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COMPUTER NETWORKS 2025年 265卷

作者： Xu, Feiyi Hu, Shihao Sun, Ying Hu, Xiaoxuan Qi, Jin Sun, Yanfei Dong, Zhenjiang Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Internet Things Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Comp Sci Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Peoples R China NanJing Pharmaceut Co Ltd Digital Innovat Dept Nanjing 210012 Jiangsu Peoples R China Wuxi Univ Wuxi 214105 Jiangsu Peoples R China

As the number of data providers and the volume of data in flight data sharing networks continue to grow, achieving secure and efficient sharing of flight data across multiple institutions faces significant challenges. The phenomenon of data silos is prevalent, severely hindering the flow and utilization of information. To address these issues, this paper proposes a flight data sharing scheme (FDSS) that integrates cloud computing and blockchain. In this scheme, we propose a separation mechanism of metadata on-chain storage and entity data off-chain storage, which effectively improves the data storage efficiency. At the same time, we also offload the complex computation tasks during data access to the edge servers for processing, which realizes the refinement of data access and reduces the computation burden on the user side. Given that all information exchanges between data requesters and data owners are conducted via the blockchain, the block generation speed becomes critical to ensure the efficient operation of the scheme. To this end, we also make significant improvements to traditional consensus algorithms, aiming to comprehensively enhance the overall system efficiency. In the end, through in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the FDSS scheme demonstrates excellent performance and high feasibility, fully proving its great potential and value in the field of flight data sharing.

关键词： Flight data sharing Blockchain consensus algorithm Cloud computing Data privacy

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DBPBFT: A hierarchical PBFT consensus algorithm with dual blockchain for IoT

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FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2025年 162卷

作者： Wu, Xiaohua Wang, Zirui Li, Xiaoyu Chen, Lei Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Informat & Software Engn Chengdu 610000 Peoples R China

The Internet of Things (IoT) is composed of smart devices connected to a network that can send and receive large amounts of data with other devices, generating a lot of data for processing and analysis. Due to the fact that every transaction in blockchain is recorded, placed in a data block, and added to an immutable and secure data chain, blockchain is becoming one of the most promising solutions for enhancing IoT security issues. As more devices become intelligent, the scale of IoT systems, including residential IoT and industrial IoT, is on the rise. Consequently, the issue of resource consumption, stemming from the escalating system communication overhead, is becoming more pronounced. In order to improve the efficiency of the consensus process for residential IoT and reduce the overhead caused by the consensus process, this paper proposes a hierarchical PBFT consensus algorithm With Dual Blockchain for IoT (DBPBFT). Compared to industrial IoT, DBPBFT is more suitable for residential IoT with small scope and clear data classification. DBPBFT separates the responsibilities of dual chains, improving system scalability while also enhancing blockchain security. A chain is divided into several small groups, each responsible for a type of data, reducing system overhead and communication overhead. To avoid unnecessary view-change as much as possible, before consensus begins, each group will select the current view primary node based on reputation values. The simulation results show that the DBPBFT algorithm is superior to traditional algorithms. In terms of reducing communication overhead, compared with EPBFT and DPNPBFT, DBPBFT has increased by 73.8% and 53.1%, respectively. In terms of consensus efficiency, DBPBFT has improved by 34% compared to DPNPBFT.

关键词： consensus algorithm Fault tolerant systems PBFT Dual blockchain Internet of Things

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Power Line Monitoring-Based consensus algorithm for Performance Enhancement of Energy Blockchain Applications in Smart Grid 2.0

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2025年第1期16卷 277-287页

作者： Yapa, Charithri De Alwis, Chamitha Wijewardhana, Uditha Liyanage, Madhusanka Ekanayake, Janaka Univ Sri Jayewardenepura Dept Elect & Elect Engn Nugegoda 10250 Sri Lanka Univ Bedfordshire Sch Comp Sci & Technol Luton LU1 3JU England Univ Coll Dublin Sch Comp Sci Dublin 4 Ireland Univ Peradeniya Dept Elect & Elect Engn Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka Cardiff Univ Sch Engn Cardiff CF10 3AT Wales

Energy blockchain applications are becoming inevitable with the transformation of electricity distribution networks into the decentralized Smart Grid 2.0 architecture. The scalability of the blockchain platform plays a key role in catering to the increasing number of nodes connected due to consumer-turned-prosumers being integrated into the distribution grid in a distributed manner. Hence, this study aims to optimize blockchain utilization for Smart Grid 2.0 applications through a novel consensus mechanism, which eliminates the requirement for performing additional complex computations to mine a new block. The algorithm utilizes the grid monitoring process through the existing smart meters, and thus has been capable of reducing the energy footprint for block mining to a fraction of that of the legacy Proof-of-Work algorithm, and reducing the block creation time by similar to 60%. The proposed Power Line Monitoring-based consensus Mechanism (PLMC) algorithm is validated using the Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT). In addition, data collected while monitoring the network for block mining is utilized for power quality measurement purposes.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm energy-efficient consensus mechanism formal model verification power quality detection process analysis toolkit smart contracts

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ReCaLS-in-DLT: resilient consensus algorithm for leader selection in distributed ledger technology

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Cluster Computing 2025年第5期28卷 1-17页

作者： Hussain, Munir Mehmood, Amjad Khan, Muhammad Altaf Wang, Huihui Song, Houbing Herbert Maple, Carsten Institute of Computing Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat Pakistan WMG University of Warwick Coventry United Kingdom Computing Programs Northeastern University 1300 17th St N 1500 ArlingtonVA22209 United States Department of Information Systems University of Maryland BaltimoreMD United States

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is most widely used in many areas for example healthcare, finance, public welfare, and Internet of Things (IoT) to provide security and effi- ciency. The consensus algorithm is a key component of DLT-based networks that plays a vital role in maintaining the performance of the network and ensuring security. We proposed a consensus algorithm that selects a leader or miner node based on a lucky number for block mining. The proposed algorithm is not only scalable but also enhances security during the consensus process in the presence of less trustworthy nodes, the selected miner node is re-authenticated by the trusted authority before adding a block in the ledger. Apart from the re-authentication process, the trust level of the miner node is also checked. Statistical analysis is performed to prove the security of the proposed algorithm. The results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm offers a good level of resistance against abnormal behavior of the network nodes. Furthermore, performance evaluation is also performed through the Hyper-ledger Fabric Blockchain platform. The simulation results show that the proposed consensus algorithm provides high throughput, low latency, low CPU utilization, and communication bandwidth consumption as compared to the state- of-the-art benchmark proposed in the literature. The lightweight and secure nature of the proposed algorithm makes it a suitable solution for the consensus process in DLT. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： consensus algorithm DLT Hyperledger fabric Proof-based Trust Vote-based

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