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SG-PBFT: A secure and highly efficient distributed blockchain PBFT consensus algorithm for intelligent Internet of vehicles

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JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 2022年第0期164卷 1-11页

作者： Xu, Guangquan Bai, Hongpeng Xing, Jun Luo, Tao Xiong, Neal N. Cheng, Xiaochun Liu, Shaoying Zheng, Xi Qingdao Huanghai Univ Big Data Sch Qingdao Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Coll Intelligence & Comp Tianjin Key Lab Adv Networking TANK Tianjin Peoples R China Sul Ross State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Math Alpine TX 79830 USA Middlesex Univ London England Hiroshima Univ Sch Informat & Data Sci Higashihiroshima Japan Macquarie Univ Dept Comp N Ryde NSW 2109 Australia

As an application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) faces two main security issues: (1) the central server of the IoV may not be powerful enough to support the centralized authentication of the rapidly increasing connected vehicles, (2) the IoV itself may not be robust enough to single-node attacks. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose SG-PBFT (Score Grouping-PBFT), a secure and efficient distributed consensus algorithm for blockchain applications in the IoV. The distributed structure can reduce the pressure on the central server and decrease the risk of single-node attacks. The SG-PBFT consensus algorithm improves the traditional practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm by optimizing the PBFT consensus process and using a score grouping mechanism to achieve a higher consensus efficiency. The experimental results show that the method can greatly improve the consistency efficiency and effectively prevent single-node attacks. Specifically, when the number of consensus nodes reaches 1000, the consensus time of our algorithm is only about 27% of what is required for the state-of-the-art PBFT consensus algorithm. Our proposed SG-PBFT algorithm is versatile and can be used in other application scenarios which require high consensus efficiency. (C) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm Internet of vehicles Internet of things Identity authentication

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Distributed Voltage Unbalance Compensation in Islanded Microgrids by Using a Dynamic consensus algorithm

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2016年第1期31卷 827-838页

作者： Meng, Lexuan Zhao, Xin Tang, Fen Savaghebi, Mehdi Dragicevic, Tomislav Vasquez, Juan C. Guerrero, Josep M. Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol DK-9100 Aalborg Denmark

In islanded microgrids (MGs), distributed generators (DGs) can be employed as distributed compensators for improving the power quality in the consumer side. Two-level hierarchical control can be used for voltage unbalance compensation. Primary level, consisting of droop control and virtual impedance, can be applied to help the positive sequence active and reactive power sharing. Secondary level is used to assist voltage unbalance compensation. However, if distribution line differences are considered, the negative sequence current cannot be well shared among DGs. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes a distributed negative sequence current sharing method by using a dynamic consensus algorithm. In clear contrast with the previously proposed methods, this approach does not require a dedicated central controller, and the communication links are only required between neighboring DGs. The method is based on the modeling and analysis of the unbalanced system. Experimental results from an islanded MG system consisting of three 2.2-kVA inverters are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

关键词： consensus algorithm current sharing hierarchical control islanded microgrid (MG) voltage unbalance compensation

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Distributed Finite-Time Termination for consensus algorithm in Switching Topologies

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023年第1期10卷 489-499页

作者： Saraswat, Govind Khatana, Vivek Patel, Sourav Salapaka, Murti V. Natl Renewable Energy Lab Golden CO 80401 USA Univ Minnesota Dept Elect & Comp Engn Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

In this article, we present a finite-time stopping criterion for consensus algorithms in networks with dynamic communication topology. Prior state of the art has established convergence to the consensus value;however, the asymptotic convergence of these algorithms poses a challenge in practical settings where the response from agents is required in finite time. To this end, we propose a maximum-minimum protocol that propagates the global maximum and minimum values of agent states (while running the consensus algorithm) in the network. This article focuses on establishing that the global maximum and minimum values are strictly monotonic even for a dynamic topology, and they can be used to distributively ascertain the closeness to convergence in finite time. We rigorously show that each node can have access to the global maximum and minimum by running the proposed maximum-minimum protocol to realize a finite-time stopping criterion for the otherwise asymptotic consensus algorithm. The practical utility of the algorithm is illustrated through experiments where each agent is instantiated by a NodeJS *** server.

关键词： Network topology Topology consensus algorithm Heuristic algorithms Switches Convergence Automobiles Distributed consensus multi-agent systems network-based computing systems switching topology

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Delegated Proof of Stake With Downgrade: A Secure and Efficient Blockchain consensus algorithm With Downgrade Mechanism

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 118541-118555页

作者： Yang, Fan Zhou, Wei Wu, Qingqing Long, Rui Xiong, Neal N. Zhou, Meiqi Zhongnan Univ Econ & Law Sch Informat & Safety Engn Wuhan 430073 Hubei Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Coll Intelligence & Comp Tianjin 300073 Peoples R China

Blockchain technology has a wide range of applications in the fields of finance, credit reporting and intellectual property, etc. As the core of blockchain, consensus algorithm affects the security and performance of blockchain system directly. In the past 10 years, there have been about 30 consensus algorithms such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), Ripple Protocol consensus algorithm (RPCA) and AlgoRand. But their security, stability and operating efficiency still lag far behind our actual needs. This paper introduces the computing power competition of PoW into DPoS to design an improved consensus algorithm named Delegated Proof of Stake with Downgrade (DDPoS). Through the further modification, the impact of both computing resources and stakes on generating blocks is reduced to achieve higher efficiency, fairness, and decentralization in consensus process. Then a downgrade mechanism is proposed to quickly replace the malicious nodes to improve the security. The simulation experiments in blockchain system show that the proposed consensus algorithm is significantly more efficient than PoW and PoS, but slightly lower than DPoS. However, its degree of centralization remains far below that of DPoS. And through the downgrade mechanism, the proposed consensus algorithm can detect and downgrade the malicious nodes timely to ensure the security and good operation of system.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm delegated proof of stake with downgrade downgrade mechanism efficiency fairness decentralization

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A Study of Privacy Preservation in Average consensus algorithm via Deterministic Obfuscation Signals

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL OF NETWORK SYSTEMS 2024年第1期11卷 534-546页

作者： Rezazadeh, Navid Kia, Solmaz S. Univ Calif Irvine Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn Irvine CA 92697 USA

This article is a study on the use of additive obfuscation signals to keep the reference values of the agents in the continuous-time Laplacian average consensus algorithm private from eavesdroppers. Obfuscation signals are perturbations that agents add to their local dynamics and their transmitted-out messages to conceal their private reference values. An eavesdropper is an agent inside or outside the network that has access to some subset of the interagent communication messages, and its knowledge set also includes the network topology. Rather than focusing on using a zero-sum and vanishing additive signal, our work determines the necessary and sufficient conditions that define the set of admissible obfuscation signals that do not perturb the convergence point of the algorithm from the average of the reference values of the agents. Of theoretical interest, our results show that this class includes nonvanishing signals as well. Given this broader class of admissible obfuscation signals, we define a deterministic notion of privacy preservation. In this definition, privacy preservation for an agent means that neither the private reference value nor a finite set of values to which the private reference value of the agent belongs to can be obtained. Then, we evaluate the agents' privacy against eavesdroppers with different knowledge sets.

关键词： Privacy Laplace equations Additives Convergence Perturbation methods Heuristic algorithms Sufficient conditions consensus algorithm network systems privacy preservation

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Context-Aware consensus algorithm for Blockchain-Empowered Federated Learning

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CLOUD COMPUTING 2024年第2期12卷 491-503页

作者： Zhao, Yao Qu, Youyang Xiang, Yong Chen, Feifei Gao, Longxiang Deakin Univ Sch Informat Technol Burwood Vic 3125 Australia Qilu Univ Technol Shandong Acad Sci Shandong Comp Sci CtrMinist EducKey Lab Comp Pow Shandong Fundamental Res Ctr Comp SciShandong Pro Jinan 250316 Peoples R China

Supported by cloud computing, Federated Learning (FL) has experienced rapid advancement, as a promising technique to motivate clients to collaboratively train models without sharing local data. To improve the security and fairness of FL implementation, numerous Blockchain-empowered Federated Learning (BFL) frameworks have emerged accordingly. Among them, consensus algorithms play a pivotal role in determining the scalability, security, and consistency of BFL systems. Existing consensus solutions to block producer selection and reward allocation either focus on well-resourced scenarios or accommodate BFL based on clients' contributions to model training. However, these approaches limit consensus efficiency and undermine reward fairness, due to involving intricate consensus processes, disregarding clients' contributions during blockchain consensus, and failing to address lazy client problems (malicious clients plagiarizing local model updates from others to reap rewards). Given the aforementioned challenges, we make the first attempt to design a joint solution for efficient consensus and fair reward allocation in heterogeneous BFL systems with lazy clients. Specifically, we introduce a generalizable BFL workflow that can address lazy client problems well. Based on it, the global contribution of BFL clients is decoupled into five dominant metrics, and the block producer selection problem is formulated as a reward-constraint contribution maximization problem. By addressing this problem, the optimal block producer that maximizes global contribution can be identified to orchestrate consensus processes, and rewards are distributed to clients in proportion to their respective global contributions. To achieve it, we develop a Context-aware Proof-of-Contribution consensus algorithm named CPoC to reach consensus and incentive simultaneously, followed by theoretical analysis of lazy client problems and privacy issues. Empirical results on widely-used datasets demonstrate the ef

关键词： Training Blockchains Delays Computational modeling consensus algorithm Federated learning Cloud computing blockchain federated learning lazy client incentive mechanism

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Proof of Work Is a Stigmergic consensus algorithm Unlocking Its Potential

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IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE 2022年第2期29卷 21-32页

作者： Gurcan, Onder Univ Paris Saclay CEA List F-91120 Palaiseau France

The proof-of-work (PoW) algorithm has been initially used in Bitcoin and is now one of the mainstream consensus algorithms to create immutable ledgers of transactions. However, it is still not very well understood, and as such, its entire strength remains undervalued. While some researchers classify it as a Nakamoto consensus algorithm, some other researchers do not even consider it as a consensus algorithm. In this article, the objective is to shed light on classifying PoW. To this end, we make a theoretical analysis from a coordination perspective, and then we conclude that PoW is a stigmergic consensus algorithm where the trace left by an action in the blockchain through indirect coordination of agents stimulates a subsequent action and eventually creates a single chain of blocks. In other words, PoW is a form of stigmergic coordination toward emergent behavior of a blockchain system. Based on this identification, we further analyze the fundamental properties of PoW. Finally, we reengineer PoW by improving its missing stigmergic mechanisms, and we provide a discussion.

关键词： Blockchains Bitcoin consensus algorithm Heuristic algorithms Manganese Computational modeling Classification algorithms Behavioral sciences Proof of work

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SV-PBFT: An Efficient and Stable Blockchain PBFT Improved consensus algorithm for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Energy Transactions

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JOURNAL OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY 2022年第6期23卷 1191-1201页

作者： Suo, Yao Wang, Yingsen Luo, Shichao Yang, Qianqian Zhao, Juanjuan Taiyuan Univ Technol Coll Informat & Comp Taiyuan Peoples R China Jinzhong Coll Informat Coll Informat Jinzhong Peoples R China

Aiming at the problems of difficult charging, long waiting time and energy loss of IoEV (Internet of electric vehicles) during peak charging period, we design a V2V (vehicle to vehicle) energy trading model to simulate the energy trading process. Considering the problems of malicious node attacks and privacy protection, we combine the V2V energy transaction model with a federated chain and explore a distributed ledger to record the V2V energy transaction process. In addition, we design a credibility mechanism to initialize nodes according to their comprehensive strength and select master nodes based on their behavioral performance of participating in consensus, which ensures the reliability of the consensus. Based on this, we propose a more efficient and promising consensus algorithm SV-PBFT (shapley value-PBFT), which simplifies the consensus process, reduces the communication overhead, and improves the consensus efficiency. The SV-PBFT consensus algorithm is used to replace the traditional consensus algorithm in V2V energy trading. The proposed SV-PBFT algorithm is validated by extensive simulation experiments, and numerical results are provided to confirm the good performance of SV-PBFT in V2V energy trading models.

关键词： Blockchain consensus algorithm Vehicle to Vehicle Reputation mechanism

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Multimaster Node Byzantine Fault-Tolerant consensus algorithm Based on Consistent Hash algorithm

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COMPUTER 2023年第11期56卷 48-63页

作者： Wu, Guangfu Li, Enning Wei, Taigui JiangXi Univ Sci & Technol Sch Informat Engn Ganzhou 341009 Jiangxi Peoples R China State Key Lab Cryptol Beijing 100000 Peoples R China JiangXi Univ Sci & Technol Ganzhou 341009 Jiangxi Peoples R China JiangXi Univ Sci & Technol Informat & Commun Engn Ganzhou 341009 Jiangxi Peoples R China

We propose a consensus mechanism based on the consistent hash algorithm for multiple master nodes. The consensus mechanism uses a consistent hash algorithm to select consensus group nodes and common nodes and further ... 详细信息

关键词： Fault tolerant systems consensus algorithm consensus protocol Hash functions

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Teegraph: trusted execution environment and directed acyclic graph-based consensus algorithm for IoT blockchains

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第3期65卷 269-271页

作者： Xiang FU Huaimin WANG Peichang SHI Xingkong MA Xunhui ZHANG College of Computer National University of Defense Technology

Dear editor,Owing to the recent advancements in the field of Internet of things(Io T), the use of Io T devices has increased in every aspect of human life, such as smart cities, Internet of medical things, and Internet of vehicles [1]. Such devices gather data from the surrounding environment and communicate with each other via the Internet. However, it is difficult for such non-trustable devices to collaborate without a trusted intermediary [2]. According to IBM, blockchains [3,4],

关键词： Blockchain DAG Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm TEE

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