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IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)

作者： Huo, Ligang Bu, Bing Li, Qichang Gao, Bing Beijing Jiaotong Univ State Key Lab Rail Traff Control & Safety Beijing 100044 Peoples R China China Acad Railway Sci Corp Ltd Signal & Commun Res Inst Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

ISBN: (数字)9781665468800

ISBN: (纸本)9781665468800

A zone controller (ZC) plays a vital role in urban rail transit, which is responsible for the safe separation of the running trains within its control area. If a ZC fails, the operation of trains will be severely disrupted. To avoid single point failures and provide safer services, we propose a clustered ZC (C-ZC) which utilizes the technologies of cloud computing and blockchain. A consensus algorithm, proof of timer hash (PoTH), is proposed to realize the decentralized C-ZC service. The performance of the PoTH and the C-ZC service are analyzed and verified through simulation. Based on the simulation results, it is can be concluded that the PoTH is superior to other consensus algorithms in terms of latency. It is proved that the C-ZC can satisfy the requirements of communication-based train control system (CBTC) system on both latency and the number of trains being served, achieve higher safety and reliability simultaneously.

关键词： Rails Cloud computing Analytical models Simulation Computational modeling consensus algorithm Blockchains

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Simultaneous arrival control strategy of multiple drones considering target movement 34

Simultaneous arrival control strategy of multiple drones con...

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34th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

作者： Zhang, Shusen Ding, Xiao Meng, Xiuvun Beijing Inst Technol Sch Aerosp Engn Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665478960

Simultaneous arrival of multiple UAVs is one of the classic applications in cooperative control. In this paper, the expected time of arrival (ETA) is selected as the coordination variable, and the consensus algorithm is used to realize the air aggregation and simultaneous arrival of multiple UAVs. Based on the comprehensive consideration of UAV speed constraints, acceleration constraints and target motion model, according to the different starting point, flight direction and distance, the control algorithm is simulated and verified. The simulation results show that the algorithm is effective, robust and flexible.

关键词： UAV cooperative control consensus algorithm target motion simultaneous arrival

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Evaluating the Quality of Learning Resources: A Learnersourcing Approach

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES 2021年第1期14卷 81-92页

作者： Abdi, Solmaz Khosravi, Hassan Sadiq, Shazia Demartini, Gianluca Univ Queensland Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

Learnersourcing is emerging as a viable approach for mobilizing the learner community and harnessing the intelligence of learners as creators of learning resources. Previous works have demonstrated that the quality of resources developed by students is quite diverse with some resources meeting rigorous judgmental criteria, whereas other resources are ineffective, inappropriate, or incorrect. Consequently, to effectively utilize these large repositories of resources in student learning, there is a need for a selection and moderation process to separate high-quality resources from low-quality ones in such repositories. Instructors and domain experts are potentially the most reliable source for doing this task;however, their availability is often quite limited. This article explores whether and how learnersourcing, as an alternative approach, can be used for evaluating the quality of learning resources. To do so, we first follow a data-driven approach to explore students' ability in judging the quality of learning resources. Results from this study suggest that, overall, ratings provided by students strongly correlate with ratings from experts;however, students' ability in evaluating learning resources can also vary significantly. We then present a consensus approach based on matrix factorization and indicate how it can be used for improving the accuracy of aggregating learnersourced decisions. In this article, we also demonstrate how utilizing information on student performance and incorporating ratings from domain experts on a limited number of learning resources can be leveraged to further improve the accuracy of the results.

关键词： Task analysis Crowdsourcing Videos Machine learning algorithms Machine learning Collaboration Adaptive learning consensus algorithm contributing student pedagogy crowdsourcing in education learnersourcing matrix factorization (MF)

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Research on the Bi-Level Optimization Model of Distribution Network Based on Distributed Cooperative Control

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 11798-11810页

作者： Xu, Yanchun Zhang, Jin Wang, Ping Lu, Mi China Three Gorges Univ Hubei Prov Key Lab Operat & Control Cascaded Hydr Yichang 443002 Peoples R China Texas A&M Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn College Stn TX 77840 USA

The uncertainty of high-permeability renewable energy output brings about great challenges to the operation control in distribution network. The traditional control mode has lower reliability, higher calculation and greater communication pressure. It is more difficult to realize the technical requirements of "plug and play" of power components. Therefore, a bi-level coordinated control model is proposed for the operation and energy management optimization of active distribution network with multi-microgrid in this paper. The consensus algorithm which exists in the multi-agent system is applied in the upper-level model and the capacity utilization ratio of the different microgrids is set as the consistent variable because the ratio of resistance and reactance is usually larger in distribution network and the interests in the different microgrid entities should be distributed fairly. Moreover, in the lower-level model, the lowest operating cost is the final goal and the model predictive control rolling optimization is utilized to reasonably allocate the output of the equipments in the microgrid according to the changing trend of renewable energy. Thereby the tracking of the upper-level control commands is realized. Finally, the simulations are conducted in the IEEE-33 nodes distribution system connected to a multi-microgrid to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, in which a reference for the optimal operation of higher penetration renewable energy to distribution network is provided.

关键词： Microgrids Distribution networks Renewable energy sources Decentralized control consensus algorithm Optimization Voltage control Bi-level model consensus algorithm distributed control high-permeability model predictive control

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Error-Correction Code Proof-of-Work on Ethereum

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 135942-135952页

作者： Kim, Hyoungsung Jang, Jehyuk Park, Sangjun Lee, Heung-No Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Gwangju 61005 South Korea Elect & Telecommun Res Inst ETRI Gwangju 500712 South Korea

The error-correction code proof-of-work (ECCPoW) algorithm is based on a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code. ECCPoW can impede the advent of mining application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with its time-varying puzzle generation capability. Previous research studies on ECCPoW algorithm have presented its theory and implementation on Bitcoin. In this study, we have not only designed ECCPoW for Ethereum, called ETH-ECC, but have also implemented, simulated, and validated it. In the implementation, we have explained how ECCPoW algorithm has been integrated into Ethereum 1.0 as a new consensus algorithm. Furthermore, we have devised and implemented a new method for controlling the difficulty level in ETH-ECC. In the simulation, we have tested the performance of ETH-ECC using a large number of node tests and demonstrated that the ECCPoW Ethereum works well with automatic difficulty-level change capability in real-world experimental settings. In addition, we discuss how stable the block generation time (BGT) of ETH-ECC is. Specifically, one key issue we intend to investigate is the finiteness of the mean of ETH-ECC BGT. Owing to a time-varying cryptographic puzzle generation system in ECCPoW algorithm, BGT in the algorithm may lead to a long-tailed distribution. Thus, simulation tests have been performed to determine whether BGT distribution is not heavy-tailed and has a finite mean. If the distribution is heavy-tailed, stable transaction confirmation cannot be guaranteed. In the validation, we have presented statistical analysis results based on the two-sample Anderson-Darling test and discussed how the BGT distribution follows an exponential distribution which has a finite mean. Our implementation is available for download at https://***/cryptoecc/ETH-ECC.

关键词： Peer-to-peer computing Hash functions consensus algorithm Blockchains Parity check codes Resistance Error correction codes Anderson-Darling test ASIC-resistant blockchain error-correction codes Ethereum hypothesis test LDPC proof-of-work simulation statistical analysis

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A Survey on Blockchain Technology: Evolution, Architecture and Security

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 61048-61073页

作者： Bhutta, Muhammad Nasir Mumtaz Khwaja, Amir A. Nadeem, Adnan Ahmad, Hafiz Farooq Khan, Muhammad Khurram Hanif, Moataz A. Song, Houbing Alshamari, Majed Cao, Yue King Faisal Univ Coll Comp Sci & Informat Technol CCSIT Informat Syst Dept Al Hasa 31982 Saudi Arabia Islamic Univ Madinah Fac Comp & Informat Syst Medina 42351 Saudi Arabia King Faisal Univ Coll Comp Sci & Informat Technol CCSIT Comp Sci Dept Al Hasa 31982 Saudi Arabia King Saud Univ Ctr Excellence Informat Assurance Riyadh 12372 Saudi Arabia Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ SONG lab Secur & Optimizat Networked Globe Lab Prescott AZ 86301 USA Wuhan Univ Sch Cyber Sci & Engn Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China

Blockchain is a revolutionary technology that is making a great impact on modern society due to its transparency, decentralization, and security properties. Blockchain gained considerable attention due to its very first application of Cryptocurrencies e.g., Bitcoin. In the near future, Blockchain technology is determined to transform the way we live, interact, and perform businesses. Recently, academics, industrialists, and researchers are aggressively investigating different aspects of Blockchain as an emerging technology. Unlike other Blockchain surveys focusing on either its applications, challenges, characteristics, or security, we present a comprehensive survey of Blockchain technology's evolution, architecture, development frameworks, and security issues. We also present a comparative analysis of frameworks, classification of consensus algorithms, and analysis of security risks & cryptographic primitives that have been used in the Blockchain so far. Finally, this paper elaborates on key future directions, novel use cases and open research challenges, which could be explored by researchers to make further advances in this field.

关键词： Blockchain Security Cryptography Smart contracts Peer-to-peer computing consensus algorithm Computer architecture Evolution of blockchain blockchain architecture smart contracts blockchain applications development frameworks blockchain security

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An Optimized Concurrent Proof of Authority consensus Protocol

An Optimized Concurrent Proof of Authority Consensus Protoco...

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IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)

作者： A. Nazir M. Singh G. Destefanis J. Memon R. Neykova M. Kassab R. Tonelli Cobe LTD U.K Brunel University London U.K Pennsylvania State University University of Cagliari IT

Security and reliability in Blockchain software systems is a major challenge in Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering. One of the most critical components to address at the architectural level is the consensus protocol, as it serves as the mechanism for accepting valid transactions and incorporating them into the ledger history. Given that this process is executed by specific blockchain nodes, it is crucial to consider them as a key point of focus for ensuring the integrity of the entire blockchain history. This paper addresses the major challenge of security and reliability in Blockchain software systems by proposing a new protocol for Permissioned Concurrent Proof of Authority (CPoA). This protocol involves selecting a group of nodes as authority nodes, responsible for validating new identities, blocks, and transactions. The protocol is integrated with a framework that subjects validators to a unique eligibility criterion and a combination of reputation, security score, online aging, and general performance indicators related to node reliability, significantly reducing the risk of validator misbehavior and enhancing security, reliability and confidentiality of the entire blockchain compared to other existing approaches.

关键词： consensus algorithm Computer architecture Software systems Reliability engineering Software reliability consensus protocol Security

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A novel distributed primal-dual control algorithm for energy management of DC microgrids considering network constraints

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS 2024年 155卷

作者： Shen, Jiaming Wang, Laili Zhu, Lei Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Elect Power Engn Dept Xian Peoples R China

A discrete-time control method is presented for real-time energy management of DC microgrids, where each distributed controller only shares information with its neighbors. Controllers aim to achieve economic dispatch and voltage restoration while maintaining the generator outputs and line currents in their allowable ranges. The proposed control method is developed based on a primal-dual algorithm (PDA) to determine the optimal control variables, in which uncoordinated step-sizes and an adaptive mechanism are introduced to accelerate the al-gorithm. The convergence analysis is also provided. Finally, numerical tests show the high convergence rate of the algorithm, and the hardware experiments demonstrate the applicability of the proposed control method for real-time energy management.

关键词： DC microgrids Distributed control Energy management Primal-dual algorithm consensus algorithm

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Distributed consensus for Asynchronous Space Applications (CASA)

Distributed Consensus for Asynchronous Space Applications (C...

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IEEE Conference on Aerospace

作者： Christopher Manderino Jeremy Porter Andrew Horchler Astrobotic Technology. Inc. Pittsburgh PA

Distributed consensus is proposed to provide software-based modular redundancy for spaceflight applications, in order to overcome the risk of environmental effects - especially radiation - on digital avionics designs for spacecraft. consensus for Asynchronous Space Applications (CASA) is an application developed by Astrobotic as a reusable, portable, extensible, and scalable solution for space systems requiring low overhead and low latency operations. Mission use cases for space systems that require performance and safety-critical constraints were chosen to develop CASA as a software application. CASA was developed for managing distributed consensus algorithms as a service to be used by other space applications and is implemented as an application in NASA's open-source flight software framework, Core Flight System (cFS). This mission-ready implementation leverages the hardware abstraction that cFS offers and enables a certain degree of hardware and platform agnosticism. Software-based distributed consensus, as implemented in CASA, is evaluated, here, as an alternative to commonly used hardware-based voter logic for modular redundancy in spaceflight. Radiation-tolerant designs for spaceflight applications often employ N-modular redundant processes to overcome radiation-induced faults and errors. These processes may be threads of code, combinational logic, entire applications, or board-level outputs. Redundant processes are joined as a voter domain behind common voter logic between their outputs. In spaceflight, voters are typically a radiation-hardened, hardware-based voter circuit. Voter logic takes input from N redundant process outputs, compares them, and outputs a single answer when a majority of the inputs are identical. While more complicated designs exist, single voters are a single point of failure in a system. In contrast, distributed consensus algorithms are robust against single-points-of-failure. These consensus algorithms provide a logical procedure for

关键词： Space vehicles Space missions NASA Termination of employment consensus algorithm Aerospace electronics Hardware

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Trust and Rewards in a Two-Tier consensus Architecture

Trust and Rewards in a Two-Tier Consensus Architecture

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International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)

作者： Haytham Qushtom Jelena Mišić Vojislav B. Mišić Xiaolin Chang Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China

consensus algorithms based on the proof-of-stake (PoS) are becoming a viable alternative to proof-of-work-based distributed blockchain ledgers. In this work, we integrated PoS with Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) to ensure truthful and honest behavior of all nodes, leaders and ordinary nodes alike, that participate in block validation and ordering processes in a permissioned network environment. The proposed scheme is modeled using Markov Chain and probabilistic analysis, and it is shown to ensure proper consensus-based decision making even in case of substantial probability of dishonest node behavior.

关键词： Fault tolerance Computational modeling Fault tolerant systems Decision making consensus algorithm Computer architecture Markov processes

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