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BSPM: Blockchain-based Security Protection Model for power load management terminals

COMPUTERS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2024年第PartA期119卷

作者： Cai, Hao Zheng, Zhong Lai, Junjin Xu, Jianlong Shantou Univ Coll Math & Comp Sci Shantou 515063 Peoples R China Trina Solar Co Ltd Changzhou Peoples R China

Power load management terminals are essential components of the smart grid system. However, they encounter numerous security challenges owing to their widespread deployment across large areas. These nodes exist in uncontrollable physical environments and are vulnerable to malicious attacks. Researching security measures for these terminals is vital to enhancing the security of the smart grid. Blockchain technology, with its distributed storage and tamper-proof features, can effectively protect the data security of these terminals. This paper proposes a blockchain-based security protection model for power load management terminals. First, the architecture of the model is designed using blockchain technology. In addition, a dynamic trust evaluation method for terminals is established through the beta reputation system. The blockchain consensus algorithm for power load management terminals is designed based on the trust evaluation value and practical Byzantine fault tolerance. The effectiveness of the trust evaluation model is verified by simulating the terminal operating situation. The message complexity and storage requirements of the security protection model are analyzed by comparing them with results from related studies.

关键词： Blockchain Trust evaluation Power IoT consensus algorithm Beta distribution

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Cooperative transport control by a multicopter system

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IET CONTROL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第6期15卷 861-876页

作者： Kotani, Kento Guo, Zhiqin Namerikawa, Toru Qu, Zhihua Keio Univ Dept Syst Design Engn Kohoku Ku 314-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama Kanagawa 2238522 Japan Univ Cent Florida Dept Elect & Comp Engn Orlando FL USA

To date, multicopters have mainly been used in the entertainment and information-gathering fields, but can potentially be used to transport payloads. Specifically, multicopters are more suited for manoeuvring tough terrains and delivering payloads to areas unaccessible by other means. The authors propose a control method to achieve cooperative transport with a plural multicopter system and address the problem of delivering a payload being suspended via cables from multicopters. In cooperative transport using a multicopter system, disturbance (weight, wind, and inertia force) may cause destabilization. A consensus algorithm is used to coordinate flight of helicopters in a formation and to ensure that the payload follows a virtual leader. Disturbances (such as wind and cable tension) are primary causes of destabilization and, in the multicopter setting, they are suppressed by an adaptive robust control, Robust Integral of Sign of the Error control. It is shown that the proposed control design can achieve not only convergence under the ideal setting but also robust operation under significant disturbances. In addition, additional control objectives such as cable tension, payload attitude, and collision avoidance can be integrated and achieved. As an auxiliary method, cable tension control, maintaining a horizontal payload attitude, and collision avoidance are considered. The usefulness of the proposed method was verified by simulations and laboratory flight testing demonstrations.

关键词： Spatial variables control collision avoidance cable tension control plural multicopter system transport payloads adaptive control aircraft control Aerospace control Stability in control theory control system synthesis horizontal payload attitude cooperative transport control Control system analysis and synthesis methods helicopters error control tough terrains multi-robot systems robust control Self-adjusting control systems consensus algorithm adaptive robust control destabilization mobile robots delivering payloads Mobile robots information-gathering fields attitude control

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Distributed Shadow Dynamic consensus Optimization Framework for Power Market with Parameterization Bidding Strategy of GENCOs

Distributed Shadow Dynamic Consensus Optimization Framework ...

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IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Middle East (ISGT Middle East)

作者： Liying Yu Peng Wang Zhe Chen Dewen Li Ning Li Rachid Cherkaoui Department of Automation Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Ministry of Education of China Shanghai China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management Shanghai China School of Electricity and Electronic Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

This paper presents a distributed shadow dynamic consensus (DSDC) framework to address the generation company (GENCO) strategic bidding problem in the independent system operator (ISO) operation. First, each sub-group is defined according to the communication principle. The global resource allocation can be solved by introducing the local shadow power demand. Then, for the general market clearing optimization problem, a distributed dynamic consensus algorithm is presented to estimate the general equality constraint. The optimal locational marginal price (LMP) and power allocation in each sub-group are obtained in this step. Finally, the optimal solution is corrected when considering the transmission constraint. A theoretical analysis of the DSDC framework is provided. The algorithm and model are tested by the IEEE 30-bus test system to support the proposed DSDC framework.

关键词： Power demand Heuristic algorithms ISO consensus algorithm Dynamic scheduling Power markets Smart grids

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Blockchain-based IoT device identification and management in 5G smart grid

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2021年第1期2021卷 1-19页

作者： Wang, Dong Wang, Huanjuan Fu, Yuchen State Grid Elect Commerce Co Ltd State Grid Blockchain Technol Co Ltd Beijing Peoples R China

This work investigates the unified coding and identification of smart grid IoT devices, as more and more IoT devices in smart grid need to be managed and controlled. We combine blockchain technology with 5G MEC to realize the connection of massive power IoT devices at the edge of 5G network. Due to blockchain's distributed storage and credibility, it is used to identify and register IoT devices in smart grid, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of smart grid IoT devices management. In this paper, we propose a hybrid blockchain mechanism based on 5G MEC smart grid, where both public blockchain and private blockchain are deployed on the MEC gateway/server. To facilitate the data searching and extracting, we endeavor to build a blockchain explorer indexed by IoT device identifier. After that, we study the typical consensus algorithms in the blockchain such as PoW, PoS, DPoS, PDFT, and discuss their feasibility in the hybrid blockchain. Finally, we analyzed and compared the performance of different consensus algorithms from the perspective of average computing time and average time to agreement.

关键词： Smart grid IoT device identification 5G MEC Blockchain consensus algorithm

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Improved Distributed Prescribed Finite-Time Secondary Control of Inverter-Based Microgrids: Design and Real-Time Implementation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2021年第11期68卷 11135-11145页

作者： Sarrafan, Neda Rostami, Mohammad-Amin Zarei, Jafar Razavi-Far, Roozbeh Saif, Mehrdad Dragicevic, Tomislav Shiraz Univ Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Shiraz *** Iran Univ Windsor Dept Elect & Comp Engn Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark

The aim of this study is to develop a novel distributed robust prescribed finite-time secondary control for both frequency and voltage restoration along with accurate active power sharing in islanded microgrids (MGs). The prescribed finite-time convergence property irrespective of the values of initial conditions helps to design an offline settling time that leads to power loss reduction. Moreover, thanks to the use of a piecewise-function based approach the upper bound of convergence time is reduced. The fixed-time stability of the proposed scheme is rigorously confirmed by applying the Lyapunov theory, which results in a set of tuning rules. The main challenge is to establish the stability conditions through asymmetrical connections under a directed graph. Finally, the architecture of the experimental setup is constructed for an inverter-based microgrid consisting of six distributed generators (DGs). The OPAL-RT real-time simulator is exploited to verify the applicability of the proposed distributed fixed-time controller.

关键词： Voltage control Frequency control Convergence Microgrids Stability analysis Power system stability Synchronization consensus algorithm distributed secondary control (SC) inverter-based microgrids prescribed finite-time convergence real-time simulation

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Online Distributed algorithms for Seeking Generalized Nash Equilibria in Dynamic Environments

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL 2021年第5期66卷 2289-2296页

作者： Lu, Kaihong Li, Guangqi Wang, Long Xidian Univ Sch Mechanoelect Engn Ctr Complex Syst Xian 710071 Peoples R China Peking Univ Ctr Syst & Control Coll Engn Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

In this article, we study the distributed generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) seeking problem of noncooperative games in dynamic environments. Each player in the game aims to minimize its own time-varying cost function subject to a local action set. The action sets of all players are coupled through a shared convex inequality constraint. Each player can only have access to its own cost function, its own set constraint, and a local block of the inequality constraint, and can only communicate with its neighbors via a connected graph. Moreover, players do not have prior knowledge of their future cost functions. To address this problem, an online distributed algorithm is proposed based on consensus algorithms and a primal-dual strategy. The performance of the algorithm is measured by using dynamic regrets. Under mild assumptions on graphs and cost functions, we prove that if the deviation of the variational GNE sequence increases within a certain rate, then the regrets, as well as the violation of inequality constraint, grow sublinearly. A simulation is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.

关键词： Games Cost function Heuristic algorithms Distributed algorithms Power system dynamics consensus algorithm consensus distributed algorithm Nash equilibrium (NE) noncooperative game online algorithm

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Distributed Heuristic Adaptive Neural Networks With Variance Reduction in Switching Graphs

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2021年第7期51卷 3836-3844页

作者： Liu, Bo Ding, Zhengtao Univ Manchester Dept Elect & Elect Engn Manchester M13 9PL England

This article proposes a distributed adaptive training method for neural networks in switching communication graphs to deal with the problems concerned with massive data or privacy-related data. First, the stochastic variance reduced gradient (SVRG) is used for the training of neural networks. Then, the authors propose a heuristic adaptive consensus algorithm for distributed training, which adaptively adjusts the weighted connectivity matrix based on the performance of each agent over the communication graph. Furthermore, it is proved that the proposed distributed heuristic adaptive neural networks ensure the convergence of all the agents to the optimum with a single communication among connected neighbors after every training step, which is also suitable for switching graphs. This theorem is verified by the simulation, which gives the results that fewer iterations are required for all agents to reach the optimum using the proposed heuristic adaptive consensus algorithm, and the SVRG can greatly decrease the fluctuations caused by the stochastic gradient and improve its performance with only a little extra computational cost.

关键词： Neural networks Training consensus algorithm Convergence Topology Stochastic processes Computational modeling Adaptive consensus distributed training gradient descent neural networks

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Towards Reliable Medical Transactions for Blockchain based Healthcare Systems using Hybrid consensus Method 22

Towards Reliable Medical Transactions for Blockchain based H...

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Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Management & Machine Intelligence

作者： Arun Prasath Selvaraj Suresh Annamalai Department of Networking and Communications School of Computing SRM Institute of Science & Technology India Department of Networking and Communications SRM Institute of Science and Technology India

ISBN: (纸本)9781450399937

Blockchain technology opens the door to securing and protecting massive amounts of IoT data storage, improving decentralized storage applications, getting rid of centralized trust servers, and facilitating data accountability and traceability. A hybrid blockchain can be used to build a network where sensors communicate with a device that performs smart contracts and records all events on the blockchain. Actual clinical observation and treatment choices would be provided by alerting patients and medical professionals and keeping a safe history of who started these acts. The proposed work aggrandize blockchain consensus algorithm that combines the benefits of the PoW and PoA algorithms. These PoW-PoA hybrid consensus methods are simulated with Merkle tree creation focusing conditional contrast large item set tree. The PoW mining mechanism is effectively utilized in proposed system to control the block creation time. With PoA consensus technique, the user generates the real blocks. The validating nodes, which are arbitrary chosen as reliable entities, protect PoA blockchain. The Proof of Authority concept is a highly scalable system since it only requires a small number of block validators. Participants who have been pre-approved serve as the system's moderators and confirm blocks and transactions. According to results, the proposed method performs better than conventional consensus algorithm in terms of scalability, network throughput, and the quantity of blocks generated.

关键词： consensus algorithm IoT Smart contract Blockchain Healthcare Applications Hybrid Method

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A Blockchain-Based Incremental Update Supported Data Storage System for Intelligent Vehicles

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2021年第5期70卷 4880-4893页

作者： Yin, Yuyu Li, Youhuizi Ye, Bingyue Liang, Tingting Li, Yu Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China

With the development of autonomous driving and the Internet of Vehicles, vehicle data communication and data security become more and more important. Blockchain which has transparency, decentralization and immutability nature is treated as a promising approach to support intelligent vehicle systems. However, due to the high data update overhead, vulnerable raw data storage policy and inflexible consensus algorithm, traditional blockchain technologies are not suitable in modern vehicular systems. Hence, we propose, a blockchain data storage system that supports incremental data updating. Specifically, the system reduces the re-uploaded data size through smart contract and data partition to decrease the overhead. Besides, data replica and multi-data source addressing of index on the chain enhance the data reliability. In addition, an adaptive proof-of-work algorithm is developed, whose execution cost is dynamically adjusted based on nodes' behavior. It greatly improves the data record and updating efficiency. Comprehensive experimental results show that BUS can effectively improve the data updating efficiency with low overhead and fewer resources in intelligent vehicle scenarios.

关键词： Blockchain Memory consensus algorithm Reliability Smart contracts Security Indexes Adaptive proof-of-work blockchain data communication intelligent vehicles smart contract

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On Selfholding Attack Impact on Imperfect PoW Blockchain Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021年第4期8卷 3073-3086页

作者： Yang, Runkai Chang, Xiaolin Misic, Jelena Misic, Vojislav Kang, Hongyue Beijing Jiaotong Univ Beijing Key Lab Secur & Privacy Intelligent Trans Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Ryerson Univ Dept Comp Sci Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada

Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchain systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum are vulnerable to selfholding attack. The prior modeling-based works about this attack only considered Bitcoin and assumed that there were at most two honest pools in a perfect network (no natural fork in such networks). However, a blockchain network is imperfect due to block propagation delay, which can lead to forking. Moreover, there may be more than two pools under attack. This paper aims for a quantitative analysis of an imperfect PoW blockchain network system under selfholding attack. We develop a novel stochastic model and derive formulas to evaluate the effect of selfholding attack on miner revenue, system security and system performance. Our work can be used to analyze the scenario where there are any number of pools suffering selfholding attack in both Ethereum and Bitcoin. The model in this paper can capture the behaviors of a more realistic and more general scenario, compared with the existing models. Moreover, our model and formulas can also be applied to evaluate a blockchain system, which uses a similar reward mechanism and is vulnerable to selfholding attack. Our work can help design a more secure blockchain incentive mechanism and an in-pool reward mechanism.

关键词： Blockchains Bitcoin Security Analytical models System performance Statistical analysis consensus algorithm Markov processes Bitcoin ethereum markov model natural fork selfholding attack

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