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Efficient and Secure Blockchain consensus algorithm for Heterogeneous Industrial Internet of Things Nodes Based on Double-DAG

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2024年第4期20卷 6300-6312页

作者： Chen, Yourong Zhang, Yang Zhuang, Yubo Miao, Kelei Pouriyeh, Seyedamin Han, Meng Zhejiang Shuren Univ Coll Informat Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310015 Peoples R China Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Comp Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310000 Peoples R China Kennesaw State Univ Coll Comp & Software Engn Marietta GA 30060 USA

With the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) continuing to expand, lots of data collection, exchange, and authentication generated from an increasing number of access devices is required with heterogeneity, multidimension, and multiobjective networks as its characteristics. However, traditional IIoT systems are vulnerable to security challenges, such as data leakage, theft, and tampering. As one of the most promising solutions, blockchain has played an essential role in ensuring security and transparency in the IIoT. But there are still some challenges that prevent the secure and effective implementation of blockchain-based IIoT systems in consensus security, consensus efficiency, and consensus application. To address these problems, we propose an effective security blockchain consensus algorithm for heterogeneous IIoT nodes aiming to defend against the consensus attack and improve consensus efficiency. First, we design a blockchain-based IIoT system architecture. Then, we present an identity authentication and transformation protocol to defend against consensus attacks. Furthermore, we introduce a method for constructing communication directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and transaction set DAGs to enhance transaction throughput. Based on these two DAGs, we propose an efficient and security consensus algorithm (DAG-D). DAG-D employs transaction sets instead of single transactions or blocks, leveraging communication DAG propagation to swiftly confirm transaction set DAGs based on parent transactions for associated confirmation. Experimental results show that our proposed DAG-D outperforms DAG-M, DAG-Avalanche, and DAG-CoDAG, regarding transaction throughput, transaction latency, and communication overhead.

关键词： Industrial Internet of Things Blockchains Security consensus algorithm Authentication Throughput Informatics Blockchain consensus algorithm directed acyclic graphs (DAG) industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

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Modeling and Sensitivity Study of consensus algorithm-Based Distributed Hierarchical Control for DC Microgrids

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID 2016年第3期7卷 1504-1515页

作者： Meng, Lexuan Dragicevic, Tomislav Roldan-Perez, Javier Vasquez, Juan C. Guerrero, Josep M. Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark Comillas Pontifical Univ Sch Engn Madrid 28015 Spain

Distributed control methods based on consensus algorithms have become popular in recent years for microgrid (MG) systems. These kind of algorithms can be applied to share information in order to coordinate multiple distributed generators within a MG. However, stability analysis becomes a challenging issue when these kinds of algorithms are used, since the dynamics of the electrical and the communication systems interact with each other. Moreover, the transmission rate and topology of the communication network also affect the system dynamics. Due to discrete nature of the information exchange in the communication network, continuous-time methods can be inaccurate for this kind of dynamic study. Therefore, this paper aims at modeling a complete dc MG using a discrete-time approach in order to perform a sensitivity analysis taking into account the effects of the consensus algorithm. To this end, a generalized modeling method is proposed and the influence of key control parameters, the communication topology, and the communication speed are studied in detail. The theoretical results obtained with the proposed model are verified by comparing them with the results obtained with a detailed switching simulator developed in Simulink/Plecs.

关键词： consensus algorithm dc microgrids dc/dc converters discrete-time (DT) modeling distributed hierarchical control

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Blockchain Assisted Data Edge Verification With consensus algorithm for Machine Learning Assisted IoT

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 55370-55379页

作者： Vaiyapuri, Thavavel Shankar, K. Rajendran, Surendran Kumar, Sachin Acharya, Srijana Kim, Hyunil Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz Univ Coll Comp Engn & Sci Al Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci Saveetha Sch Engn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 602105 India South Ural State Univ Big Data & Machine Learning Lab Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia Kongju Natl Univ Dept Convergence Sci Gongju Si 32588 Chungcheongnam South Korea

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in daily life. They are utilized in various sectors like healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation. The main challenges related to IoT devices are the potential for faults to occur and their reliability. In classical IoT fault detection, the client device must upload raw information to the central server for the training model, which can reveal sensitive business information. Blockchain (BC) technology and a fault detection algorithm are applied to overcome these challenges. Generally, the fusion of BC technology and fault detection algorithms can give a secure and more reliable IoT ecosystem. Therefore, this study develops a new Blockchain Assisted Data Edge Verification with consensus algorithm for Machine Learning (BDEV-CAML) technique for IoT Fault Detection purposes. The presented BDEV-CAML technique integrates the benefits of blockchain, IoT, and ML models to enhance the IoT network's trustworthiness, efficacy, and security. In BC technology, IoT devices that possess a significant level of decentralized decision-making capability can attain a consensus on the efficiency of intrablock transactions. For fault detection in the IoT network, the deep directional gated recurrent unit (DBiGRU) model is used. Finally, the African vulture optimization algorithm (AVOA) technique is utilized for the optimal hyperparameter tuning of the DBiGRU model, which helps in improving the fault detection rate. A detailed set of experiments were carried out to highlight the enhanced performance of the BDEV-CAML algorithm. The comprehensive experimental results stated the improved performance of the BDEV-CAML technique over other existing models with maximum accuracy of 99.6%.

关键词： Internet of Things Fault detection Logic gates Blockchains Security Tuning consensus algorithm Blockchain consensus algorithm fault detection deep learning hyperparameter tuning

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consensus algorithm Based on Subject Credit 2022

Consensus Algorithm Based on Subject Credit

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11th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications, ICSCA 2022

作者： Gong, Bei Ning, Zhenhu Li, Wenjing Tu, Shanshan School of Information Science and Technology Zhengzhou Normal University Henan Zhengzhou450044 China Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450385770

The efficiency of the existing PBFT consensus algorithm in the alliance chain will become very low after the network nodes reach a certain scale, and the number of nodes in the network is fixed and lack of dynamics. Because food merchants need to be added dynamically in the food traceability system, the classical PBFT consensus algorithm is not applicable in the food safety traceability system. To solve this problem, this paper improves the PBFT consensus algorithm based on subject credit to adapt to the traceability scenario of food supply chain. In the aspect of node expansion, a node expansion mechanism is proposed to increase the dynamics and flexibility of the network on the premise of ensuring the network scale;In view of the random selection of the master node in the original PBFT consensus algorithm, which may lead to the insecurity of the master node, a master node selection mechanism based on credit is designed to enhance the security of the master node and improve the success rate of the consensus process. © 2022 ACM.

关键词： PBFT security consensus algorithm

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A Large-Scale Node Lightweight consensus algorithm of Blockchain for Internet of Things

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2024年第22期11卷 37170-37186页

作者： Zhuang, Yubo Chen, Yourong Zhang, Xudong Ren, Tiaojuan Han, Meng Alam, Muhammad Hong, Zhen Zhejiang Univ Technol Coll Informat Engn Hangzhou 310023 Peoples R China Zhejiang Shuren Univ Coll Informat Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310015 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Comp Sci & Technol Hangzhou 310000 Peoples R China London South Bank Univ Sch Engn London SE1 0AA England

In order to solve the problems in the blockchain consensus algorithm, such as slow consensus speed, high resource consumption, and low consensus security due to excessive large-scale node data volume and Byzantine attacks in the Internet of Things (IoT) system, we propose a large-scale node lightweight consensus algorithm of blockchain for IoT (LNLCA). First, a transaction set construction mechanism is proposed to improve consensus efficiency and security. The mechanism packages multiple data monitored by IoT nodes into data transactions, and builds the transaction set. Then, it constructs nonconflict subsets and conflict subsets. Second, an adjacent parent node sampling and response mechanism is proposed to reduce the consumption of communication resources. The new transaction set selects nearby parent nodes based on the time distance summation method and collaborates to batch verify each transaction in the transaction set. Finally, an efficient consistent consensus based on transaction set directed acyclic graph (DAG) is proposed to quickly vote for each transaction in the transaction set, thereby constructing the transaction set DAG for batch uploading to the chain, and achieving a secure and lightweight consensus on IoT data. The experimental results show that no matter how the number of Byzantine nodes changes, LNLCA can improve transaction throughput, and reduce transaction delay and communication overhead, which outperforms the credit-delegated Byzantine fault tolerance, Avalanche, and Hashgraph.

关键词： Internet of Things consensus algorithm Blockchains Peer-to-peer computing Delays Data security Data privacy Blockchain directed acyclic graph (DAG) Internet of Things (IoT) large-scale nodes lightweight consensus

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A Novel GLS consensus algorithm for Alliance Chain in Edge Computing Environment

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2020年第10期65卷 963-976页

作者： Huijuan Wang Jiang Yong Qingwei Liu Alan Yang Information Security Department of the First Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security of China Beijing100084China College of NBC Defense Beijing100084China Amphenol Assemble Tech HoustonTX 77070USA

Edge computing devices are widely *** important issue that arises is in that these devices suffer from security *** deal with it,we turn to the blockchain *** note in the alliance chain need rules to limit write *** chain can provide security management functions,using these functions to meet the management between the members,certification,authorization,monitoring and *** article mainly analyzes some requirements realization which applies to the alliance chain,and introduces a new consensus algorithm,generalized Legendre sequence(GLS)consensus algorithm,for alliance *** algorithms inherit the recognition and verification efficiency of binary sequence ciphers in computer communication and can solve a large number of nodes verification of key distribution *** the alliance chain,GLS consensus algorithm can complete node address hiding,automatic task sorting,task automatic grouping,task node scope confirmation,task address binding and stamp ***,the GLS consensus algorithm increases the difficulty of network malicious attack.

关键词： Alliance chain consensus algorithm GLS data local sharing arithmetic cross-correlation

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Model-Free Event-Triggered consensus algorithm for Multiagent Systems Using Reinforcement Learning Method

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2022年第8期52卷 5212-5221页

作者： Long, Mingkang Su, Housheng Zeng, Zhigang Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Artificial Intelligence & Automat Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Educ Minist China Key Lab Image Proc & Intelligent Control Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

In this article, we study the consensus issues of multiagent systems (MASs) without any information of the system model by using the reinforcement learning (RL) method and event-based control strategy. First, we design an adaptive event-based consensus control protocol using the local sampled state information so that the consensus errors of all agents are uniformly ultimately bounded. The validity of the above event-triggered adaptive control protocol is confirmed by excluding the Zeno behavior within finite time. Then, based on the RL approach, we present a model-free algorithm to get the feedback gain matrix, and accomplish constructing the adaptive event-triggered control strategy without the knowledge of model information. Distinct with the existing related works, this RL-based event-triggered adaptive control algorithm only relies on the local sampled state information, irrelevant to any model information or global network information. Finally, we provide some examples to demonstrate the validity of the above adaptive event-based consensus algorithm.

关键词： Adaptation models consensus algorithm Heuristic algorithms Protocols Computational modeling Multi-agent systems Adaptive control consensus event triggered model-free algorithm multiagent systems (MASs) reinforcement learning (RL)

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Blockchain-based digitization of land record through trust value-based consensus algorithm

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PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第6期14卷 3540-3558页

作者： Yadav, Amrendra Singh Kushwaha, Dharmender Singh Motilal Nehru Natl Inst Technol Allahabad Dept Comp Sci & Engn Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India

The real estate markets currently hold and contribute a fair share of any country's gross domestic product. In real estate transactions, stamp duties produce income that adds to the government funds. However, the transactions in real estate may be subjected to forgery through fraudulent papers or activities. Many reforms have been proposed but distributed ledger technology offers solution to most of these issues. A traditional proof-of-work consensus causes an overhead of a large number of message exchanges, which takes a much longer time. This leads to an increased number of utilized blocks for storing transactions, and the required computational power is enormous. This article proposes a blockchain-based system for digitizing transactions in real estate that mitigates the possibility of falsifying documents and other fraudulent activities. The article also proposes a consensus algorithm, which reduces overhead transmissions by around 50% for multicasting nodes. The proposed consensus approach has been compared with five prominent approaches: proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, delegated-proof-of-stake, load-balanced, and a trust-based approach. The comparative assessment deduces that the proposed consensus process is faster than the compared approaches. The overhead of message exchange communication decreases by up to 50.30% compared to the traditional proof-of-work approach.

关键词： Peer-to-peer Blockchain InterPlanetary file system (IPFS) consensus algorithm Trust value Property transaction Distributed ledger technology

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Enhancing the performance of the blockchain consensus algorithm using multithreading technology

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AIN SHAMS ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2021年第3期12卷 2709-2716页

作者： Samy, Hossam Tammam, Ashraf Fahmy, Ahmed Hasan, Bahaa Arab Acad Sci Technol & Maritime Transport Comp Engn Dept Cairo Egypt ISEC Cairo Egypt ASC & Founder Arab Secur Conf Cairo Egypt

Blockchain is one of the most powerful and promising technologies nowadays in the IT industry, One of Blockchain's main features is the presence of a consensus algorithm, which is responsible for maintaining the security and integrity of the entire blockchain network where all the nodes participating in the network reach a certain agreement. However, some algorithms like the Proof-of-Work require very high energy consumption to reach a single agreement by solving a puzzle and provides a low throughput (3-7 transactions/second), thus, it may not be very reliable in blockchain solutions. In this paper, we aim to provide a reliable choice for different business use-cases by proposing a modification in the Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerance voting-based algorithm that provides a higher throughput (up to 1140 tx/s), which will be very important to be used in the use case called a letter of credit which is a part of trade finance (relation between exporter, importer and the bank institutions). (C) 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

关键词： Blockchain Byzantine fault tolerance Business consensus algorithm Throughput

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Imp Raft:a consensus algorithm based on Raft and storage compression consensus for IoT scenario

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The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 2020年第3期27卷 53-61页

作者： Li Wenzheng He Mingsheng Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China

In order to meet various challenges in the Internet of things(IoT),such as identity authentication,privacy preservation of distributed data and network security,the integration of blockchain and IoT became a new trend in recent *** the key supporting technology of blockchain,the consensus algorithm is a hotspot of distributed system *** present,the research direction of the consensus algorithm is mainly focused on improving throughput and reducing ***,when blockchain is applied to IoT scenario,the storage capacity of lightweight IoT devices is limited,and the normal operations of blockchain system cannot be *** solve this problem,an improved version of Raft(Imp Raft)based on Raft and the storage compression consensus(SCC)algorithm is proposed,where initialization process and compression process are added into the flow of ***,the data validation process aims to ensure that blockchain data cannot be tampered *** is obtained from experiments and analysis that the new proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the size of the blockchain and the storage burden of lightweight IoT devices.

关键词： consensus algorithm Kafl Internet of things(IoT) blockchain

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