In the foreseeable future, escalating energy production and consumption will rapidly deplete finite fossil fuel resources and cause significant ecological damage. Despite substantial progress in developing renewable e...
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In the foreseeable future, escalating energy production and consumption will rapidly deplete finite fossil fuel resources and cause significant ecological damage. Despite substantial progress in developing renewable energy and power generation technologies over the past decade, carbon dioxide emissions continue to surge at an alarming rate. This underscores the necessity of a holistic approach to energy generation, one that considers the entire power sector and its interconnected factors. The concept of energy systems integration highlights the potential synergies among diverse energy systems, offering significant benefits for both consumers and producers. Trigeneration and cogeneration, notable established technologies, can simultaneously produce multiple forms of energy framework. Integrated Energy Systems (IESs) show great promise in reducing energy consumption, diversifying fuel sources, and providing cleaner energy alternatives. Optimizing these systems requires a variety of strategies tailored to specific objectives. This study presents different optimization approaches aimed at enhancing system performance, both with and without constraints, each characterized by distinct methodologies and comprehensive statistical analyses. Optimization techniques in this domain are broadly categorized as constrained and unconstrained, each offering unique advantages and applications. Furthermore, the research delves into the expanding field of evolutionary computing and its potential applications in optimizing IESs. These applications include combined heat and power (CHP), combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP), and the integration of renewable energy sources. Traditional optimization methods are gradually being supplanted by evolutionary computing techniques due to their effectiveness in addressing complex optimization challenges. Modern heuristic algorithms play a crucial role in optimizing specific components of energy systems. Unlike Particle Swarm Optimization (PS
Sex differences in the impact of exposure to air pollution have been reported previously and epidemiological studies indicate that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) effects on nonaccidental death are modified by sex;how...
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Sex differences in the impact of exposure to air pollution have been reported previously and epidemiological studies indicate that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) effects on nonaccidental death are modified by sex;however, the results are not conclusive. To introduce a new method incorporating the monotone nonlinear relationship between PM2.5 and deaths to reveal the sex difference in the relationship, we illustrated the use of the constrained generalized additive model (CGAM) to investigate the sex difference in the effects of PM2.5 on nonaccidental deaths in Shanghai, China. Information on daily non-accidental deaths, air pollution, meteorological data, and smoking prevalence between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2014 was obtained in Shanghai. The CGAM was used to assess the association of interaction between sex and daily PM2.5 concentrations with daily nonaccidental deaths, adjusting for weather type and smoking rate. A 2-week lag analysis was conducted as a sensitivity analysis. During the study period, the total number of non-accidental deaths in Shanghai was 336,379, with a daily mean of 163 deaths and 144 deaths for men and women, respectively. The average daily concentration of PM2.5 in Shanghai was 55.0 mu g/m(3) during the same time period. Women showed a lower risk for non-accidental death (risk ratio (RR) = 0.892, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.802-0.993). Compared with men, the risk for nonaccidental death in relation to increasing PM2.5 concentration was smaller in women (RR = 0.998, 95% CI: 0.996-1.000, per 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5 concentration. The difference is consistent during the two lag weeks and more obvious when adjusting for the interaction between PM2.5 concentration and smoking prevalence. The effects of PM2.5 on daily nonaccidental death are different between men and women in Shanghai, China, and women tend to have a lower risk. The underlying mechanisms of the sex difference of PM2.5 effects on death need further investigation.
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