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Predicate Pairing for program verification

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF logic programming 2018年第2期18卷 126-166页

作者： De Angelis, Emanuele Fioravanti, Fabio Pettorossi, Alberto Proietti, Maurizio G dAnnunzio Univ Chieti Pescara DEC Pescara Italy Univ Roma Tor Vergata DICII Rome Italy CNR IASI Rome Italy

It is well-known that the verification of partial correctness properties of imperative programs can be reduced to the satisfiability problem for constrained Horn clauses (CHCs). However, state-of-the-art solvers for constrained Horn clauses (or CHC solvers) based on predicate abstraction are sometimes unable to verify satisfiability because they look for models that are definable in a given class A of constraints, called A-definable models. We introduce a transformation technique, called Predicate Pairing, which is able, in many interesting cases, to transform a set of clauses into an equisatisfiable set whose satisfiability can be proved by finding an A-definable model, and hence can be effectively verified by a state-of-the-art CHC solver. In particular, we prove that, under very general conditions on A, the unfold/fold transformation rules preserve the existence of an A-definable model, that is, if the original clauses have an A-definable model, then the transformed clauses have an A-definable model. The converse does not hold in general, and we provide suitable conditions under which the transformed clauses have an A-definable model if and only if the original ones have an A-definable model. Then, we present a strategy, called Predicate Pairing, which guides the application of the transformation rules with the objective of deriving a set of clauses whose satisfiability problem can be solved by looking for A-definable models. The Predicate Pairing (PP) strategy introduces a new predicate defined by the conjunction of two predicates occurring in the original set of clauses, together with a conjunction of constraints. We will show through some examples that an A-definable model may exist for the new predicate even if it does not exist for its defining atomic conjuncts. We will also present some case studies showing that Predicate Pairing plays a crucial role in the verification of relational properties of programs, that is, properties relating two programs (such as

关键词： program verification constrained Horn clauses constraint logic programming program transformation relational properties of programs

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A multi-level approach to ubiquitous modeling and solving constraints in combinatorial optimization problems in production and distribution

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APPLIED INTELLIGENCE 2018年第5期48卷 1344-1367页

作者： Sitek, Pawel Wikarek, Jaroslaw Kielce Univ Technol Dept Control & Management Syst Kielce Poland

constraints, although ubiquitous in production and distribution planning, scheduling and control, often lead to inconsistencies in the decision-making process. The constraint-based modeling helps circumvent many organization-impacting issues. To address this, we developed a multi-level approach to the modeling and solving of combinatorial optimization problems. It is versatile and effective owing to the use of multi-level presolving and multiple paradigms, such as constraint programming, logic programming, mathematical programming and fuzzy logic, for their complementary strengths. The capability of this framework and its advantage over mathematical programming alone or over hybrid frameworks is shown in the illustrative example, in which combinatorial optimization is used as a benchmark to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Knowledge of the problem is stored in the form of facts.

关键词： constraint logic programming Mathematical programming constraint satisfaction problem ubiquitous modeling and solving constraints Presolving Hybrid methods Manufacturing and distribution

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A declarative constraint-based method for analyzing discrete genetic regulatory networks

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BIOSYSTEMS 2009年第2期98卷 91-104页

作者： Corblin, Fabien Tripodi, Sebastien Fanchon, Eric Ropers, Delphine Trilling, Laurent Univ Grenoble 1 Lab Tech Ingn Med & Complex Informat Math & Appli CNRS UMR 5525 F-38710 La Tronche France INRIA Grenoble Unite Rech F-38334 Montbonnot St Martin Saint Ismier France

Dynamical modeling has proven useful for understanding how complex biological processes emerge from the many components and interactions composing genetic regulatory networks (GRNs). However, the development of models is hampered by large uncertainties in both the network structure and parameter values. To remedy this problem, the models are usually developed through an iterative process based on numerous simulations, confronting model predictions with experimental data and refining the model structure and/or parameter values to repair the inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose an alternative to this gene rate-and-test approach. We present a four-step method for the systematic construction and analysis of discrete models of GRNs by means of a declarative approach. Instead of instantiating the models as in classical modeling approaches, the biological knowledge on the network structure and its dynamics is formulated in the form of constraints. The compatibility of the network structure with the constraints is queried and in case of inconsistencies, some constraints are relaxed. Common properties of the consistent models are then analyzed by means of dedicated languages. Two such languages are introduced in the paper. Removing questionable constraints or adding interesting ones allows to further analyze the models. This approach allows to identify the best experiments to be carried out, in order to discriminate sets of consistent models and refine our knowledge on the system functioning. We test the feasibility of our approach, by applying it to the re-examination of a model describing the nutritional stress response in the bacterium Escherichia coli. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Genetic Regulatory Networks Model building methods Declarative approach constraint logic programming Nutritional stress response Escherichia coli

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Planning a teacher staff competence structure robust to unexpected personnel absence

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2019年第13期52卷 2740-2745页

作者： Szwarc, Eryk Bocewicz, Grzegorz Irena-Bach-Dabrowska Dept. of Computer Science and Management Koszalin University of Technology Poland Finance and Management Faculty WSB University of Gdansk al. Grunwaldzka 238A Gdansk80-266 Poland

Teachers' absences are a common disruption to the provision of academic courses. They make it necessary to modify teacher assignment, which amounts to finding suitable substitutions. Sometimes it happens that the competences of the available teachers, with given constraints, e.g. teaching hour limits, are not sufficient to find an admissible assignment modification. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a so-called robust teaching staff competence structure. In the case of teachers' absences, a robust competence structure is a structure that allows one to find a modification of the assignment under every possible scenario of disruption. In other words, the following question is considered: does there exist, and if so, what is the competence structure robust to the disruption caused by an unexpected personnel absence? The number of potential solution variants is related to the number of competences that can be improved. For each variant, there could exist many cases of teacher absence (absence of one teacher, two teachers, etc.). Moreover, for these, there could also exist many assignment modification variants. This an NP-hard problem. In the context of the scale of problems encountered in practice, searching for solutions using well-known algorithms (based on an exhaustive search) is a time-consuming process which does not guarantee that an admissible solution will be found. In the present study, a sufficient condition is proposed, the fulfilment of which guarantees the existence of a non-empty set of admissible solutions. Declarative modelling and computer implementation in the form of constraint logic programming (CLP) have been applied. The potential of the proposed solution is illustrated with examples. © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： logic programming Computer programming languages NP hard Personnel Robustness (control systems) Academic course Computer implementations constraint logic programming Declarative modelling Sufficient condition Teacher absence Teacher assignment Teaching staff

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Modular Primal-Dual Fixpoint logic Solving for Temporal Verification

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON programming LANGUAGES-PACMPL 2023年第POPL期7卷 2111-2140页

作者： Unno, Hiroshi Terauchi, Tachio Gu, Yu Koskinen, Eric Univ Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan RIKEN AIP Tokyo Japan Waseda Univ Tokyo Japan Stevens Inst Technol Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

We present a novel approach to deciding the validity of formulas in first-order fixpoint logic with background theories and arbitrarily nested inductive and co-inductive predicates defining least and greatest fixpoints. Our approach is constraint-based, and reduces the validity checking problem of the given first-order-fixpoint logic formula (formally, an instance in a language called mu CLP) to a constraint satisfaction problem for a recently introduced predicate constraint language. Coupled with an existing sound-and-relatively-complete solver for the constraint language, this novel reduction alone already gives a sound and relatively complete method for deciding mu CLP validity, but we further improve it to a novel modular primal-dual method. The key observations are (1) mu CLP is closed under complement such that each (co-)inductive predicate in the original primal instance has a corresponding (co-)inductive predicate representing its complement in the dual instance obtained by taking the standard De Morgans dual of the primal instance, and (2) partial solutions for (co-)inductive predicates synthesized during the constraint solving process of the primal side can be used as sound upper-bounds of the corresponding (co-)inductive predicates in the dual side, and vice versa. By solving the primal and dual problems in parallel and exchanging each others partial solutions as sound bounds, the two processes mutually reduce each others solution spaces, thus enabling rapid convergence. The approach is also modular in that the bounds are synthesized and exchanged at granularity of individual (co-)inductive predicates. We demonstrate the utility of our novel fixpoint logic solving by encoding a wide variety of temporal verification problems in mu CLP, including termination/non-termination, LTL, CTL, and even the full modal mu-calculus model checking of infinite state programs. The encodings exploit the modularity in both the program and the property by expressing each loo

关键词： temporal verification fixpoint logics constraint logic programming

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Predicting building facade structures with multilinear Gaussian graphical models based on few observations

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COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS 2015年第Nov.期54卷 68-81页

作者： Loch-Dehbi, Sandra Pluemer, Lutz Univ Bonn Inst Geodesy & Geoinformat Bonn Germany

This paper presents a new approach for the prediction of substructures in building facades based on sparse observations. We automatically generate a small number of most likely hypotheses and provide probabilities for each of them. Probability density functions of model parameters which in most cases are non Gaussian and multimodal are learned from training data and approximated by Gaussian mixtures. Relations between model parameters are represented by non-linear constraints. For stochastic reasoning we design and apply a special kind of Bayesian networks which involves both discrete as well as continuous variables, a scenario which often suggests the use of approximate inference which however is infeasible in the face of a huge number of competing model hypotheses. In order to be able to scan huge model spaces avoiding the pitfalls of approximate reasoning and to exploit the potential of both observations and models, we combined Bayesian networks with constraint logic programs. We designed a method which breaks down the problem into a feasible number of subproblems for which exact inference can be applied. We illustrate our approach with building facades and demonstrate that particularly for buildings with strong symmetries number and position of windows can be deduced on the basis of ground plans alone. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 3D city models CityGML Stochastic reasoning Hybrid Bayesian networks constraint logic programming

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Concurrent constraint programming:A Language and Its Execution Model

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Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology 2003年第1期12卷 37-41页

作者：廖乐健曹元大 Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Information Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China

To overcome inefficiency in traditional logic programming, a declarative programming language COPS is designed based on the notion of concurrent constraint programming (CCP). The improvement is achieved by the adoption of constraint-based heuristic strategy and the introduction of deterministic components in the framework of CCP. Syntax specification and an operational semantic description are presented.

关键词： concurrent constraint programming constraint satisfaction constraint logic programming

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A declarative semantics for CLP with qualification and proximity

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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF logic programming 2010年第4-6期10卷 627-642页

作者： Rodriguez-Artalejo, Mario Romero-Diaz, Carlos A. Univ Complutense Fac Informat Dept Sistemas Informat & Computac E-28040 Madrid Spain

Uncertainty in logic programming has been investigated during the last decades, dealing with various extensions of the classical LP paradigm and different applications. Existing proposals rely on different approaches, such as clause annotations based on uncertain truth values, qualification values as a generalization of uncertain truth values, and unification based on proximity relations. On the other hand, the CLP scheme has established itself as a powerful extension of LP that supports efficient computation over specialized domains while keeping a clean declarative semantics. In this paper we propose a new scheme SQCLP designed as an extension of CLP that supports qualification values and proximity relations. We show that several previous proposals can be viewed as particular cases of the new scheme, obtained by partial instantiation. We present a declarative semantics for SQCLP that is based on observables, providing fixpoint and proof-theoretical characterizations of least program models as well as an implementation-independent notion of goal solutions.

关键词： constraint logic programming qualification domains and values proximity relations

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An Authoring Platform for CSCL Script Definition 7th

An Authoring Platform for CSCL Script Definition

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7th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (LCT)

作者： Papasalouros, Andreas Chatzimichalis, George Univ Aegean Karlovassi 83200 Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9783030505059;9783030505066

Computer Supported Collaborative Learning scripts define pedagogically effective practices for organizing collaborative activities. This paper presents a novel platform for defining CSCL scripts. This platform is composed of the following components: a) a formal language named COSTLy for the specification of CSCL scripts based on logic and constraints, b) a visual environment that facilitates the authoring of scripts, based on the formal language, and c) a mechanism that translates the abstract definitions of scripts into constraint logic programs, thus implementing group formation and task distribution of actual scenario instances. The expressiveness of the proposed language was evaluated. Also the results of a usability evaluation of the proposed platform are reported in the paper. It was shown that university students were able to use the platform in order to describe CSCL scripts of high complexity.

关键词： Authoring platform Learning activity representation CSCL scripts constraint logic programming

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A novel approach to decision support and optimization of group job handling for multimodal processes in manufacturing and services

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2015年第3期28卷 2115-2120页

作者： Sitek, P. Wikarek, J. Department of Control and Management Systems Kielce University of Technology Poland

This study deals with decision support system and optimization of parallel handling of groups of jobs. All jobs in a group should be delivered at the same time after processing. The authors present a novel hybrid approach, which includes the modelling of the problem in the integrated environment, composed of MP (Mathematical programming) and CLP (constraint logic programming). In addition to the iterative algorithm for solving the hybrid model under dynamic emergence of new orders, the paper proposes the transformation and linearization of the model in CLP/MP environment. Opportunity to ask questions and receive quick answers, taking into account any constraints, conditions and dynamics, constitutes an invaluable support to the manager. The paper proposes new CLP-based functionalities and an illustrative example with the model for service providers (a restaurant). © 2015, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision support systems Artificial intelligence Computer circuits Computer programming languages Iterative methods logic programming Manufacture Mathematical programming Optimization constraint logic programming Decision supports Dynamic emergence Group processing Integrated environment Iterative algorithm Multi modal Service provider

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