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context-oriented Behavioral programming

INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2021年 133卷 106504-106504页

作者： Elyasaf, Achiya Ben Gurion Univ Negev Dept Software & Informat Syst Engn Beer Sheva Israel

context: Modern systems require programmers to develop code that dynamically adapts to different contexts, leading to the evolution of new context-oriented programming languages. These languages introduce new software-engineering challenges, such as: how to maintain the separation of concerns of the codebase? how to model the changing behaviors? how to verify the system behavior? and more. Objective: This paper introduces context-oriented Behavioral programming (COBP) - a novel paradigm for developing context-aware systems, centered on natural and incremental specification of context-dependent behaviors. As the name suggests, we combine behavioral-programming (BP) - a scenario-based modeling paradigm - with context idioms that explicitly specify when scenarios are relevant and what information they need. The core idea is to connect the behavioral model with a data model that represents the context, allowing an intuitive connection between the models via update and select queries. Combining behavioral-programming with context-oriented programming brings the best of the two worlds, solving issues that arise when using each of the approaches in separation. Methods: We begin with providing abstract semantics for COBP and two implementations for the semantics, laying the foundations for applying reasoning algorithms to context-aware behavioral programs. Next, we exemplify the semantics with formal specifications of systems, including a variant of Conway's Game of Life. Then, we provide two case studies of real-life context-aware systems (one in robotics and another in IoT) that were developed using this tool. Throughout the examples and case studies, we provide design patterns and a methodology for coping with the above challenges. Results: The case studies show that the proposed approach is applicable for developing real-life systems, and presents measurable advantages over the alternatives - behavioral programming alone and context-oriented programming alone. Conclusio

关键词： Behavioral programming Scenario-based programming programming paradigm context awareness context-oriented programming context-oriented Behavioral programming

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programming language implementations for context-oriented self-adaptive systems

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2022年第0期143卷 106789-106789页

作者： Cardozo, Nicolas Mens, Kim Univ Andes FLAG Lab Syst & Comp Engn Dept Bogota Colombia Catholic Univ Louvain ICTEAM Louvain La Neuve Belgium

context: The context-oriented programming paradigm is designed to enable self-adaptation, or dynamic behavior modification of software systems, in response to changes in their surrounding environment. contextoriented programming offers an adaptation model, from a programming language perspective, that maintains a clean modularisation between the application and adaptation logic, as well as between the components providing adaptations. Objective: We use three implementation techniques for context-oriented programming languages to assess their appropriateness to foster self-adaptive systems. These approaches take advantage of the capabilities offered by the host programming language to realize self-adaptation as proposed by context-oriented languages. Method: We evaluate each of these approaches by assessing their modularity and complexity when defining adaptations, and by comparing their run-time performance on a simple benchmark. Results: Our results show a higher modularity than that for common architecture based self-adaptive systems, while maintaining comparable performance. Conclusion: We conclude that context-oriented programming is an appropriate paradigm to realize self adaptation.

关键词： context-oriented programming Self-adaptive systems Language engineering programming language abstractions

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programming in a context-aware language

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JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING 2019年第12期75卷 7750-7764页

作者： Bodei, Chiara Degano, Pierpaolo Ferrari, Gian-Luigi Galletta, Letterio Univ Pisa Dipartimento Informat Pisa Italy IMT Sch Adv Studies Lucca Italy

In the times of mobility and pervasiveness of computing, contextual information plays an increasingly crucial role in applications. This kind of information becomes a first class citizen in context-oriented programming (COP) paradigm. COP languages provide primitive constructs for easily writing applications that adapt their behaviour depending on the evolution of their operational environment, namely the context. We present these new constructs, the issues and the challenges that arise, reporting on our recent work on MLCoDa. It is a declarative language specifically designed for adaptation and equipped with a clear formal semantics and analysis tools. We will discuss some experiments done with a preliminary implementation of MLCoDa. Through them we will show how applications and context interactions can be better specified, analysed and controlled.

关键词： Adaptive software context-oriented programming Datalog

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Implementing Babylonian/S by Putting Examples Into contexts Tracing Instrumentation for Example-based Live programming as a Use Case 11

Implementing Babylonian/S by Putting Examples Into Contexts ...

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11th International Workshop on context-oriented programming (COP)

作者： Rein, Patrick Lincke, Jens Ramson, Stefan Mattis, Toni Niephaus, Fabio Hirschfeld, Robert Univ Potsdam Hasso Plattner Inst Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450368636

Based on context-oriented programming (COP), we implemented source code instrumentation for example-based live programming in a modular way. These tools provide programmers with feedback on the dynamic program behavior by showing traced values of example invocations of a program. For that, we have to trace intermediate, expression-level runtime states during the execution of an example. As the instrumentation is only intended to improve tool support, the default behavior of the system must not be altered. In this paper, we demonstrate how context-oriented programming can be used to keep the execution of examples separate from the default behavior even in the presence of expression-level behavior variations. We illustrate our approach by implementing Babylonian programming using contextS2 in Squeak/Smalltalk. Based on the implementation, we compare our COP-based Smalltalk implementation to the module-rewriting-based implementation for JavaScript.

关键词： context-oriented programming example-based live programming use case Squeak/Smalltalk

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On context-Orientation in Aggregate programming 4

On Context-Orientation in Aggregate Programming

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IEEE 4th International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self* Systems (FAS*W)

作者： Casadei, Roberto Pianini, Danilo Salvaneschi, Guido Viroli, Mirko Univ Bologna ALMA MATER STUDIORUM Cesena Italy Tech Univ Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781728124063

context-awareness plays a central role in self-adaptive software. By a programming perspective, context is often used implicitly, and context-aware code is fragmented in the codebase. In context-oriented programming, instead, context is considered a first-class citizen and is explicitly used to modularise context-sensitive functionality and behavioural variability. In this paper, we reflect on the role of context in collective adaptive systems, by a discussion from the special perspective of a macro paradigm, Aggregate programming, which supports the specification of collective behaviour by a global perspective through functional compositions of field computations. In particular, we consider the abstractions exposed in context-oriented and Aggregate programming, suggest potential synergies in both directions, and accordingly take the first steps towards a combined design.

关键词： aggregate programming context-oriented programming collective adaptive systems context-aware systems

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contextErlang: A language for distributed context-aware self-adaptive applications

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2015年 102卷 20-43页

作者： Salvaneschi, Guido Ghezzi, Carlo Pradella, Matteo Tech Univ Darmstadt Software Technol Grp D-64289 Darmstadt Germany Politecn Milan DEIB DEEPSE Grp I-20133 Milan Italy

Self-adaptive software modifies its behavior at run time to satisfy changing requirements in a dynamic environment. context-oriented programming (COP) has been recently proposed as a specialized programming paradigm for context-aware and adaptive systems. COP mostly focuses on run time adaptation of the application's behavior by supporting modular descriptions of behavioral variations. However, self-adaptive applications must satisfy additional requirements, such as distribution and concurrency, support for unforeseen changes and enforcement of correct behavior in the presence of dynamic change. Addressing these issues at the language level requires a holistic design that covers all aspects and takes into account the possibly cumbersome interaction of those features, for example concurrency and dynamic change. We present contextERLANG, a COP programming language in which adaptive abstractions are seamlessly integrated with distribution and concurrency. We define contextERLANG's formal semantics, validated through an executable prototype, and we show how it supports formal proofs that the language design ensures satisfaction of certain safety requirements. We provide empirical evidence that contextERLANG is an effective solution through case studies and a performance assessment. We also show how the same design principles that lead to the development of contextERLANG can be followed to systematically design contextual extensions of other languages. A concrete example is presented concerning contextSCALA. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： context-oriented programming context Self-adaptive software Concurrency Distribution

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A type system for first-class layers with inheritance, subtyping, and swapping

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2019年 179卷 54-86页

作者： Inoue, Hiroaki Igarashi, Atsushi Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Informat Kyoto Japan

context-oriented programming (COP) is a programming paradigm to encourage modularization of context-dependent software. Key features of COP are layers modules to describe context-dependent behavioral variations of a software system and their dynamic activation, which can modify the behavior of multiple objects that have already been instantiated. Typechecking programs written in a COP language is difficult because the activation of a layer can even change objects' interfaces. Inoue et al. have informally discussed how to make JCop, an extension of Java for COP by Appeltauer et al., type-safe. In this article, we formalize a small COP language called contextFJ(<:) with its operational semantics and type system and show its type soundness. The language models main features of the type-safe version of JCop, including dynamically activated first-class layers, inheritance of layer definitions, layer subtyping, and layer swapping. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： context-oriented programming Dynamic layer composition First-class layers Layer inheritance Type systems

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An open implementation for context-oriented layer composition in contextJS

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2011年第12期76卷 1194-1209页

作者： Lincke, Jens Appeltauer, Malte Steinert, Bastian Hirschfeld, Robert Univ Potsdam Hasso Plattner Inst Software Architecture Grp Potsdam Germany

context-oriented programming (COP) provides dedicated support for defining and composing variations to a basic program behavior. A variation, which is defined within a layer, can be de-/activated for the dynamic extent of a code block. While this mechanism allows for control flow-specific scoping, expressing behavior adaptations can demand alternative scopes. For instance, adaptations can depend on dynamic object structure rather than control flow. We present scenarios for behavior adaptation and identify the need for new scoping mechanisms. The increasing number of scoping mechanisms calls for new language abstractions representing them. We suggest to open the implementation of scoping mechanisms so that developers can extend the COP language core according to their specific needs. Our open implementation moves layer composition into objects to be affected and with that closer to the method dispatch to be changed. We discuss the implementation of established COP scoping mechanisms using our approach and present new scoping mechanisms developed for our enhancements to Lively Kernel. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： contextJS context-oriented programming Open implementations Dynamic adaptation Scope

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Semantics for consistent activation in context-oriented systems

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2015年 58卷 71-94页

作者： Cardozo, Nicolas Gonzalez, Sebastian Mens, Kim Van Der Straeten, Ragnhild Vallejos, Jorge D'Hondt, Theo Catholic Univ Louvain ICTEAM B-1348 Louvain La Neuve Belgium Vrije Univ Brussel Software Languages Lab B-1050 Brussels Belgium

context: context-oriented programming languages provide dedicated programming abstractions to define behavioral adaptations and means to combine those adaptations dynamically according to sensed context changes. Some of these languages feature programming abstractions to explicitly define interaction dependencies among contexts. However, the semantics of context activation and the meaning of dependency relations have been described only informally, which in some cases has led to incorrect specifications, faulty implementations and inconsistent system behavior. Objective: With the aim of avoiding faulty implementations and inconsistencies during system execution, this paper proposes both a formal and run-time model of contexts, context activation and context interaction. Method: As a formal and computational basis, we introduce context Petri nets, a model based on Petri nets, which we found to match closely the structure of contexts in context-oriented systems. The operational semantics of Petri nets permits the modeling of run-time context activations. Existing Petri net analyses allow us to reason about system properties. As validation, we carried out small and medium-sized case studies. Results: In the cases explored, context Petri nets served effectively as underlying run-time model to ensure that declared context interaction constraints remain consistent during context manipulation. Moreover, context Petri nets enabled us to analyze certain properties regarding the activation state of particular contexts. Conclusion: context Petri nets thus proved to be appropriate to encode and manage the semantics of context activation, both formally and computationally, so as to preserve the consistency of context-oriented systems. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： context-oriented programming Self-adaptiveness Program semantics Petri nets Dynamic behavior adaptation

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Method safety mechanism for asynchronous layer deactivation

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2018年 156卷 104-120页

作者： Kamina, Tetsuo Aotani, Tomoyuki Masuhara, Hidehiko Igarashi, Atsushi Ritsumeikan Univ Kyoto Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Tokyo Japan Kyoto Univ Kyoto Japan

context-oriented programming (COP) enhances the modularity of context-dependent behavior in context-aware systems, as it provides modules to implement context-dependent behavior (layers) and composes them dynamically in a disciplined manner (layer activation). We propose a COP language that enables layers to define base methods, while the layers can be asynchronously activated and deactivated. Base methods in layers enhance modularity because they extend the interface of classes without modifying original class definitions. However, calling such a method defined in a layer is problematic as the layer may be inactive when the method is called. We address this problem by introducing a method lookup mechanism that uses the static scope of method invocation for COP;i.e., in addition to currently activated layers, the layer where the method invocation is written, as well as the layers on which that layer depends, are searched during method lookup. We formalize this mechanism as a small calculus referred to as contextFJ and prove its type soundness. We implement this mechanism in ServalCJ, a COP language that supports asynchronous, as well as synchronous, layer activation. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： context-oriented programming Layer-introduced base method contextFJ ServalCJ

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