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control algorithms applied to active solar tracking systems: A review

SOLAR ENERGY 2020年 212卷 203-219页

作者： Fuentes-Morales, Rosa F. Diaz-Ponce, Arturo Pena-Cruz, Manuel, I Rodrigo, Pedro M. Valentin-Coronado, Luis M. Martell-Chavez, Fernando Pineda-Arellano, Carlos A. PICYT Ctr Invest Opt AC Unidad Aguascalientes Prol Constituc 607 Aguascalientes 20200 Aguascalientes Mexico CONACYT Ctr Invest Opt AC Unidad Aguascalientes Prol Constituc 607 Aguascalientes 20200 Aguascalientes Mexico Ctr Invest Opt AC Unidad Aguascalientes Prol Constituc 607 Aguascalientes 20200 Aguascalientes Mexico Univ Jaen Ctr Adv Studies Energy & Environm CEAEMA Jaen 23071 Spain Univ Panamer Fac Ingn Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer 101 Aguascalientes 20290 Aguascalientes Mexico

It is well known that concentrating solar power and concentrating photovoltaic technologies require high accuracy and high precision solar tracking systems in order to achieve greater energy conversion efficiency. The required tracking precision depends primarily on the acceptance angle of the system, which is generally tenths of a degree. control algorithms applied to active solar tracking systems command and manipulate the electrical signals to the actuators, usually electric motors, with the goal of achieving accurate and precise solar tracking. In addition, a solar tracking algorithms system must provide robustness against disturbances, and it should operate with minimum energy consumption. In this work, a systematic review of the control algorithms implemented in active solar tracking systems is presented. These algorithms are classified according to three solar tracking control strategies: open-loop, closed loop and combined openand closed-loop schemes herein called hybrid-loop. Their working principles as well as the main advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are analyzed. It is concluded that the most widely used solar tracking control strategy is closed-loop, representing 54.39% of all the publications consulted. On-off, fuzzy logic, proportional-integral-derivative and proportional-integral are the control algorithms most applied in active solar tracking systems, representing 57.02%, 10.53%, 6.14% and 4.39%, respectively.

关键词： Solar tracking control algorithm Open-loop Closed-loop Hybrid-loop

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Numerical modeling of heat transfer mechanism in remote sensing bulb of thermal expansion valves

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES 2025年 208卷

作者： Alam, Saima Gower, Blake Mueller, Norbert Michigan State Univ Dept Mech Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA

Thermal management of automotive systems has garnered a lot of focus in recent times to improve the energy efficiency of vehicles and address the challenge of global warming. In combustible fuel vehicles, the heat pump compressor is driven by the engine power which leads to changes in operating condition of the cycle while the vehicle is in motion. In electric vehicles, a combined thermal management strategy handles both cabin and battery pack cooling/heating depending on the ambient conditions and power requirements by adjusting refrigerant flow rates and flow directions with sophisticated valves. Irrespective of the vehicle type, effective variable refrigerant flow control is prerequisite to ensure optimum thermal comfort with minimum energy. Thermal expansion valves (TXV) are the most widely used method for regulating mass flow rate of refrigerant during the expansion step of the vapor compression cycle based on the principle of trying to maintain a fixed degree of superheat at the evaporator outlet. Conventional models of the thermal expansion valve ignore the time lag between fluctuation of temperature at the evaporator outlet and the corresponding change in pressure of the TXV remote sensing bulb, treating the valve as an instantaneous element during transient operation. This paper presents a novel method for determining the temperature profile and time constant of the remote sensing bulb response using numerical methods, in an attempt to capture the dynamics of thermal expansion valve in active heat pump cycle. Finite difference method was used to solve for the conduction heat transfer between the bulb and the heat exchanger outlet tube in perfect thermal contact applying the necessary boundary conditions. This improved modeling approach will be helpful in better prediction of the dynamic behavior of thermal expansion valves and how it influences the evaporative heat exchanger performance during transient operations to determine control algorithm and strategi

关键词： Thermal expansion valve Remote sensing bulb Degree of superheat Finite difference method Heat pump Heat exchanger control algorithm

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Developing an algorithm Limiting the Longitudinal Acceleration of an Electric Vehicle

VEHICLES

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VEHICLES 2025年第1期7卷 7-7页

作者： Antonyan, Akop Klimov, Aleksandr Buchkin, Andrey Keller, Andrey Shadrin, Sergey Makarova, Daria Furletov, Yury Skolkovo Innovat Ctr KAMAZ Innovat Ctr Bolshoi Blvd 62 Moscow 121205 Russia Moscow Polytech Univ Ground Transportat & Technol Complexes Dept Bolshaya Semyonovskaya St 38 Moscow 107023 Russia Sociocenter Tverskoy Blvd 13Str 1 Moscow 123104 Russia

The electric traction drive is increasingly being applied as a device providing traction force on driving wheels. This is due to its reliable torque transmission to the driving wheels, step-less regulation of the traction force on the driving wheels depending on the driving conditions, and increased design capabilities. In terms of power, the electric traction drive has maximum torque at low speeds, which internal combustion engines lack. This property of the electric drive is not applied in urban vehicles, as not all passengers are comfortable with intensive acceleration. In modern vehicles with an electric traction drive, the maximum acceleration can be limited by software, which is the focus of this study. This paper aims to develop an algorithm capable of recognizing when the permissible longitudinal acceleration exceeds the limit and generating an action to maintain the acceptable acceleration level. The electric traction drive of a large-class electric bus was used as a control object. An algorithm and a control law are hereby developed, which reduce longitudinal acceleration using PI control. Both simulation modeling and full-scale tests on the electric bus were carried out to evaluate the performance and efficiency of the algorithm. In this paper, the authors also introduce the cumulative velocity concept and prove the operability and efficiency of the developed method.

关键词： electric bus traction electric drive longitudinal acceleration PI controller control algorithm

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A quadrupole-based approach for integrated building simulation and energy-efficient load control

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES 2025年 210卷

作者： Berrabah, Soukayna Degiovanni, Alain El Maakoul, Anas Bouhssine, Zineb Bakhouya, Mohamed Int Univ Rabat Coll Engn & Architecture LERMA Lab Parc Technopolis Sala Al Jadida 11100 Morocco

This paper is an extension of our previous work in which an exact analytical method was used to model the transient heat transfer behavior in buildings. The method concerns a quadrupole-based approach (QD), where a general equation is set for each zone's heat balance to obtain either temperature or heat rates. The proposed model proved its ability to accurately account for indoor thermal masses with short computation time. In this work, we are aiming to further validate the ability of the quadrupole-based method to model such combined effects as thermal mass, direct solar gain windows, internally generated heat, infiltration, and more particularly, setback thermostat control, with heating and cooling control inside a single zone by developing a convenient algorithm. For this, two reference cases from the Building Energy Simulation Test (BESTEST), reported in ANSI/ ASHRAE standard 140, are selected: the 640 case (light-weighted materials) and 940 case (heavy-weighted materials). Results of the simulations in terms of annual energy demand as well as power peaks have been compared between the QD-based algorithm and other whole building simulation programs. For a more accurate analysis, results of our developed algorithm have been compared to those issued from EnergyPlus (EP) alone, in reference to the BESTEST methodology, by generating monthly energy demand, power peaks as well as annual energy demands. Indeed, some discrepancies have been noticed since both models use different algorithms. However, our model has been successfully validated by the BESTEST methodology and proved its efficiency in terms of defining the required exact power that needs to be deployed. In addition to this, the algorithm can be immediately used in real physical control regardless of the type of heating device.

关键词： Transient heat transfer Quadrupole-based approach BESTEST cases Building thermal performance control algorithm

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Physiological simulation of atrial-ventricular mechanical interaction in male rats during the cardiac cycle

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PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2025年第1期477卷 159-167页

作者： Balakin, Alexandr Protsenko, Yuri Russian Acad Sci Ural Branch Inst Immunol & Physiol 106 Pervomayskaya St Ekaterinburg 620049 Russia

Adequate assessment of the contribution of the different phases of atrial mechanical activity to the value of ejection volume and pressure developed by the ventricle is a complex and important experimental and clinical problem. A new method and an effective algorithm for controlling the interaction of isolated rat right atrial and right ventricular strips during the cardiac cycle were developed and tested in a physiological experiment. The presented functional model is flexible and has the ability to change many parameters (temperature, pacing rate, excitation delay, pre- and afterload levels, transfer length, and force scaling coefficients) to simulate different types of cardiac pathologies. For the first time, the contribution of the duration of the excitation delay of the right ventricular strips to the amount of work performed by the muscles during the cardiac cycle was evaluated. Changes in the onset of atrial systole and the delay in activation of ventricular contraction may lead to a reduction in cardiac stroke volume, which should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease and in resynchronization therapy.

关键词： Ventricle Atrium Interaction Physiological mode of contraction control algorithm

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Analysis of a novel PVT dryer using a sustainable control approach

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RENEWABLE ENERGY 2025年 245卷

作者： Bayrak, Fazli Aktas, Mustafa Aktas, Ahmet Sevik, Seyfi Aktekeli, Burak Guven, Yaren Gazi Univ Grad Sch Nat & Appl Sci Ankara Turkiye Gazi Univ Technol Fac Energy Syst Engn Ankara Turkiye Hitit Univ Vocat Sch Tech Sci Elect & Energy Corum Turkiye Bilecik Seyh Edebali Univ Osmaneli Vocat Sch Worker Hlth & Safety TR-11500 Bilecik Turkiye

This study aimed to improve a product-focused approach for enhancing electrical and drying efficiency by utilizing a novel photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector and a temperature control algorithm, as opposed to existing fixed implementations. Apple slices were dried in the variable air volume PVT dryer (VAVPVTD) and constant air volume PVT dryer (CAVPVTD) for desirable drying efficiency at varying air velocities. The performance of the VAVPVTD, which provides homogeneous cooling with the novel design and controls the air volume according to the surface temperature of the PV with the created algorithm, was compared to the CAVPVT. While the average surface temperature of PVT in high air volume CAVPVTD (CAVPVTD-HAV) was 5.76 % and 5.63 % lower daily, respectively, the values in VAVPVTD were 7.15 % and 4.26 % lower compared to CAVPVTD. The maximum electrical efficiency was found to be 12.51 %, 11.96 %, and 12.57 % on days 1, 3 and 4, respectively. In terms of average thermal efficiencies, Day 3's highest value was 39.05 % in CAVPVT, while Day 3's lowest value was 28.67 % in VAVPVT. Although VAV control significantly increases the electrical efficiency in PVT, the thermal efficiency was lower compared to CAVPVT. Despite the uniform temperature distribution and the favorable impact of the VAV control application on electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency was adversely impacted based on the temperature that was chosen.

关键词： PV PVT PVT dryer control algorithm Variable air volume Apple drying

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Grid forming inverters using reduced order-based luenberger observer for power control

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2025年 241卷

作者： Akwasi, Amoh Mensah Chen, Haoyong Liu, Junfeng South China Univ Technol Sch Automat Sci & Engn Guangzhou 510641 Peoples R China South China Univ Technol Sch Elect Power Guangzhou 510641 Peoples R China

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are devices that transform DC electricity from renewable energy sources into gridacceptable AC power, therefore improving power system stability in contemporary electrical grids. In this study, the Reduced Order-Based Luenberger Observer (ROLO) technique is proposed as a unique way to regulate power in GFM. By simplifying the system while retaining essential dynamics, this reduced-order method minimizes computational overhead and enhances real-time performance during the occurrence of uncertainties and disturbances. The grid's voltage and current can be accurately predicted by the Luenberger observer proposed here, which is essential for a steady and coordinated power injection into the grid. Firstly, this research creates a mathematical model of the GFM system that includes control of current and voltage with a reduced-order observer technique. Secondly, the proposed ROLO is modeled as the power generation control algorithm, which incorporates the estimations of grid voltage and current. Through simulations, the efficacy of the proposed method is comprehensively assessed and contrasted with alternative observer-based approaches and conventional control techniques, including proportional-integral (PI) control. The simulation results demonstrate that ROLO significantly improves the GFM system's power control accuracy under various operating conditions, including grid disruptions and sudden power demand fluctuations.

关键词： Luenberger observer Grid-forming inverters Reduced order Power regulation control algorithm

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PRECISE FLIGHT-PATH control USING A PREDICTIVE algorithm

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 1991年第5期14卷 936-942页

作者： JUNG, YC HESS, RA University of California Davis Davis California 95616

Generalized predictive control describes an algorithm for the control of dynamic systems in which a control input is generated that minimizes a quadratic cost function consisting of a weighted sum of errors between desired and predicted future system output and future predicted control increments. The output predictions are obtained from an internal model of the plant dynamics. A design technique is discussed for applying the single-input/single-output generalized predictive control algorithm to a problem of longitudinal/vertical terrain-following flight of a rotocraft. By using the generalized predictive control technique to provide inputs to a classically designed stability and control augmentation system, it is demonstrated that a robust flight-path control system can be created that exhibits excellent tracking performance.

关键词： Precise Flight Path control Stability and control Augmentation System Single Input Single Output Rotorcrafts control algorithm Airspeed Closed Loop Transfer Function Flight control System Optimal control Feedback Loop

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algorithm design of an hybrid system embedding influence of soil for dynamic vibration control

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SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 2015年 74卷 79-88页

作者： Baratta, A. Corbi, I. Corbi, O. Univ Naples Federico II Dept Struct Engn & Architecture Naples Italy

The paper outlines an approach for improving the effectiveness and reliability of base isolation devices in civil engineering structures that undergo exceptional dynamic conditions. The strategy consists of designing the passive device in such a way to take into account the not-negligible soil-structure interaction effects. At this stage, the isolator is, then, designed in such a way to be optimally tuned on the basis of the characteristics of the structure and of the soil at the site. Anyway limits intrinsic in the effectiveness of the passive device cannot be completely overcome even when embedding in the design the influence of the soil filtering on the structural response. Therefore, at the second stage, an active vibration device is coupled to the basic isolator, which is, in turn, optimally designed for minimizing the structural response and control costs. The overall presented approach definitively produces an effective hybrid control base isolation, already optimized for the specific structure and soil in its passive component, and able to concentrate the active control effort only on the frequency ranges where it is required. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Structural dynamics control algorithm Base isolation Hybrid device Soil-structure interaction Optimization

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algorithm for autonomous longitude and eccentricity control for geostationary spacecraft

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2003年第3期26卷 483-490页

作者： Emma, BP Pernicka, HJ San Jose State Univ San Jose CA 95139 USA Univ Missouri Rolla MO 65409 USA

To lower satellite orbital maintenance cost, spacecraft designers are seeking flight software that provides more autonomy. Longitude and eccentricity are good candidates for autonomous control of geostationary spacecraft. The algorithm presented couples longitude control with eccentricity control. Longitude drift is modeled as one-degree-of-freedom motion and controlled with a quadratic equation predicting the subspacecraft Earth reference longitude after a predetermined amount of time. After formulation of the basic longitude control algorithm, addition of a differential corrections scheme resulted in an improved longitude error of +/-0.015degrees longitude. Finally, implementation of longitude control and two-part maneuvers for eccentricity control successfully met the desired mission constraints. The algorithms developed form the basis for preparation of flight software for a geostationary spacecraft scheduled to launch in the next few years.

关键词： Spacecrafts Earth Satellites control algorithm Orbital Period Right Ascension Communications Satellite Stationkeeping Maneuvers Orbital Elements Active control

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