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Petri net models of discrete logics used in control algorithms developed in ladder diagram language

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2023年第7-8期124卷 2597-2612页

作者： Carlos Quezada, Jose Flores, Ernesto Banos, Esperanza Quezada, Victor Autonomous Univ Hidalgo State High Sch Tizayuca Km 2-5 Highway Tizayuca Pachuca Tizayuca 43800 Hidalgo Mexico

control algorithms for programmable logic controllers are still developed based on the experience of those responsible for control in the industry. The IEC-61131-3 standard considers five programming languages: Ladder Diagram, Structured Text, Function Block Diagram, Instruction List, and Sequential Function Diagram, which use different function blocks to develop control algorithms. Within the control algorithms for discrete event systems, there are two types of blocks: those with discrete inputs and outputs, and those with discrete and analog inputs and discrete output. Of the latter, the present research shows the analysis and formal model of the blocks including the problems of accumulation of tokens and the restoration of the coils. This proposal includes logical blocks of timers, counters, positive and negative transition detectors and bistable elements, which, together with the AND, OR, AND-OR, contact lock, auto-loop and Set-Reset logics, can be modeled and analyzed control algorithms with a greater degree of complexity. This guarantees the safety of workers as well as machines.

关键词： control algorithms Discrete event system Function block diagram language Ladder diagram language Petri nets Programmable logic controller Structured text language

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The Significance of Fuzzy Logic Based control algorithms in Shaping Energy Management Strategies for Electric Vehicles: An In-Depth Analysis

The Significance of Fuzzy Logic Based Control Algorithms in ...

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International Conference on Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems (INFUS)

作者： Cakir, Emre Hanilci, Furkan Kuyu, Yigit Cagatay Karsan Automot R&D Dept Bursa Turkiye

ISBN: (纸本)9783031671913;9783031671920

The energy required to overcome the inertia moment of the electric motor, especially during rapidmovements of electric vehicles, brings about uneven current characteristics on lithium-ion batteries. This situation can have negative effects on the driving range, performance, and battery state of health value of the vehicle. Therefore, energy management strategies in electric vehicles play a critical role in overcoming these challenges and optimizing the system. Energy management strategies in electric vehicles are planned approaches developed to optimize battery usage. These strategies regulate the energy flow to improve vehicle performance and optimize range based on factors such as driver demands, road conditions, and energy consumption. To regulate these flows, energy management strategies operate under the dominance of specific control algorithms. Many articles in the literature focus on these control theories, with particular emphasis on fuzzy logic-based control methods due to their flexibility and diversity in structures. The aim of this study is to comprehensively understand fuzzy logic-based control algorithms and examine their role in energy management strategies in electric vehicles from a broad perspective. The framework created could serve as a comprehensive resource for engineers and researchers working in the field of electric vehicles for quick decision-making.

关键词： Fuzzy Logic control algorithms Energy Management Strategies Electric Vehicles

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Review of Reinforcement Learning-Based control algorithms in Artificial Pancreas Systems for Diabetes Mellitus Management 18

Review of Reinforcement Learning-Based Control Algorithms in...

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18th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI)

作者： Denes-Fazakas, Lehel Fazakas, Gyozo Dates Eigner, Gyorgy Kovacs, Levente Szilagyi, Laszlo Obuda Univ Univ Res & Innovat Ctr Physiol Controls Res Ctr Budapest Hungary Obuda Univ John von Neumann Fac Informat Biomat & Appl Artificial Intelligence Inst Budapest Hungary Obuda Univ Appl Informat & Appl Math Doctoral Sch Becsi St 96-B H-1034 Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9798350329537;9798350329520

The escalating prevalence of diabetes mellitus presents a pressing global health challenge, with projections indicating a further rise in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes cases. While type 1 diabetes necessitates external insulin administration due to pancreatic insufficiency, type 2 diabetes may also require insulin supplementation, albeit in lesser amounts. Traditional insulin delivery methods, involving multiple daily injections, can be burdensome for patients, particularly those with type 1 diabetes, which requires higher insulin doses. To mitigate these challenges, researchers have developed artificial pancreas systems-a closed-loop approach capable of automatically measuring blood glucose levels and administering insulin. These systems integrate insulin pumps with continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) to maintain glycemic control. However, the effectiveness of these systems heavily depends on the control algorithm employed. While conventional control engineering algorithms have been predominant, recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the exploration of AI-based controllers, particularly those leveraging reinforcement learning (RL). RL-based algorithms, categorized as semi-supervised learning, demonstrate promise in adapting to individual patient dynamics without the need for labeled data. This review investigates the utilization of various mathematical models, such as UVA/PADOVA, Bergman's minimal, and Hovorka models, in conjunction with RL-based algorithms in diabetes management. By examining existing research findings, we elucidate the efficacy of RL-based approaches in patient-specific learning and offer insights into future directions for optimizing diabetes management strategies.

关键词： Diabetes Mellitus Artificial Pancreas Insulin Delivery Continuous Glucose Monitoring Reinforcement Learning control algorithms Patient-Specific Learning Mathematical Models Semi-Supervised Learning Glycemic control

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Specifying and Model Checking Distributed control algorithms at Meta-level

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 2022年第12期65卷 2998-3019页

作者： Ha Thi Thu Doan Ogata, Kazuhiro Univ Freiburg Programming Languages Dept Georges Kohler Allee Geb 079 D-79110 Freiburg Germany Japan Adv Inst Sci & Technol Sch Informat Sci 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 9231292 Japan

This paper proposes an approach to the specification and model checking of a large, important class of distributed algorithms called control algorithms (CAs), which are superimposed on underlying distributed systems (UDSs). The approach is based on rewriting logic by moving from its object level to the meta-level. We introduce the idea of specifying CAs as meta-programs that take the specifications of UDSs and automatically generate the specifications of the UDSs on which the CAs are superimposed (UDS-CAs). Due to many options, such as network topologies, even fixing the number of each kind of entities, such as mobile support stations (MSSs) and mobile hosts (MHs) in a mobile checkpointing algorithm, there are many instances of a UDS. To address the problem, we generate all possible initial states of a UDS for a fixed number of each kind of entities such that some constraints, such as MSSs strongly connected with a wired network, are fulfilled and conduct model checking for each of the initial states. We demonstrate the usefulness by reporting on a case study where a counterexample is found for some specific initial states but not for the other initial states, detecting a subtle flaw lurking in a mobile checkpointing algorithm.

关键词： distributed algorithms control algorithms meta-programming formal specification model checking

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Software System for Modeling Nanosatellites Motion control algorithms Using a Planar Air-Bearing Testbed

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Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations 2023年第3期15卷 384-400页

作者： Kozin, F.A. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation

Abstract: This article describes a software system for algorithms modeling nanosatellite motion control on a laboratory facility with an aerodynamic table. The structure of the program, mathematical models of motion, and algorithms for controlling the motion and navigation of nanosatellite mockups on a plane are described. The software system communicates between the station and onboard computers of the mockups on the table, the mockups receive information on the position on the aerodynamic table based on the results of camera image processing. Before the experiments, preliminary calibration tests are carried out to determine the disturbances acting on the table and estimate the values of the control forces of the actuators. Experiments on the autonomous mockup motion in group flight tasks are conducted on the stand and various approaches to actively remove space debris are tested. © 2023, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

关键词： aerodynamic table control algorithms formation flying motion simulation nanosatellite software system

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Advancements in control algorithms and Key Components for Self-Balancing Electric Unicycles: A Comprehensive Review 3

Advancements in Control Algorithms and Key Components for Se...

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3rd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications, ICIMIA 2023

作者： Kuntal, Vishnu Kumar, Ritik Soni, Hrithik Sagarmani Mishra, Shourya Singh, Shailesh Kumar Choudhury, Bishub Dronacharya Group of Institutions Uttar Pradesh Greater Noida201306 India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350343632

Self-balancing electric unicycles have gained significant attention in recent years as a novel and efficient means of personal transportation. This comprehensive review focuses on the recent developments in electric unicycles highlighting key components and sensors utilized in self-balancing electric unicycles which provide essential feedback for the control algorithms. The study explores the application of popular control algorithms such as PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative), LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator), ADRC (Active Disturbance Rejection control), and adaptive control algorithms, etc. In the context of self-balancing electric unicycles. This study evaluates the benefits and challenges associated with these control algorithms, including their stability, responsiveness, robustness, and adaptability to different riding conditions. Moreover, the review delves into control algorithms specifically designed for gyroscopic control. The findings indicate that selecting key components based on design requirements is vital to constructing a unicycle that is simultaneously safe, stable, cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly. LQR and ADRC algorithms are found highly effective in enhancing control performance in electric unicycles. When it comes to gyroscopic control, PID controllers, Kalman filters, Complementary filters, and adaptive control algorithms have proven to be effective and efficient in self-balancing electric unicycles. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： control algorithms controller design electric unicycles gyroscope

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Deep learning and control algorithms of direct perception for autonomous driving

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APPLIED INTELLIGENCE 2021年第1期51卷 237-247页

作者： Lee, Der-Hau Chen, Kuan-Lin Liou, Kuan-Han Liu, Chang-Lun Liu, Jinn-Liang Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Electrophys Hsinchu Taiwan Natl Tsing Hau Univ Inst Computat & Modeling Sci Hsinchu Taiwan

We propose an end-to-end machine learning model that integrates multi-task (MT) learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and control algorithms to achieve efficient inference and stable driving for self-driving cars. The CNN-MT model can simultaneously perform regression and classification tasks for estimating perception indicators and driving decisions, respectively, based on the direct perception paradigm of autonomous driving. The model can also be used to evaluate the inference efficiency and driving stability of different CNNs on the metrics of CNN's size, complexity, accuracy, processing speed, and collision number, respectively, in a dynamic traffic. We also propose new algorithms for controllers to drive a car using the indicators and its short-range sensory data to avoid collisions in real-time testing. We collect a set of images from a camera of The Open Racing Car Simulator in various driving scenarios, train the model using this dataset, test it in unseen traffics, and find that it outperforms earlier models in highway traffic. The stability of end-to-end learning and self driving depends crucially on the dynamic interplay between CNN and control algorithms. The source code and data of this work are available on our website, which can be used as a simulation platform to evaluate different learning models on equal footing and quantify collisions precisely for further studies on autonomous driving.

关键词： Self-driving cars Autonomous driving Deep learning Image perception control algorithms

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Optimization of control algorithms for an Energy Efficient Frequency Converter

Optimization of Control Algorithms for an Energy Efficient F...

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IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ElConRus)

作者： Korolev, Vitalii V. Gapchenko, Yulia A. St Petersburg Electrotech Univ LETI Dept Robot & Automat Prod St Petersburg Russia Togliatti State Univ Tolyatti Russia

Modern frequency converters have the necessary and sufficient level of functionality. Their further improvement is on the way to increasing energy efficiency. The article discusses the optimization of intelligent syst... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781665404761

关键词： frequency converter control algorithms electric drive modeling of electrical systems electrical engineering and electric power industry

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Implementation of MPC and PID control algorithms to the Artificial Pancreas for Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Implementation of MPC and PID Control Algorithms to the Arti...

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IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies (ICMLANT)

作者： Matamoros-Alcivar, Esther Ascencio-Lino, Tanya Fonseca, Rigoberto Villalba-Meneses, Gandhi Tirado-Espin, Andres Barona, Lorena Almeida-Galarraga, Diego Univ Yachay Tech Sch Biol Sci & Engn San Miguel De Urcuqui Ecuador Autonomous Metropolitan Univ Iztapalapa Mexico Univ Yachay Tech Sch Math & Computat Sci San Miguel De Urcuqui Ecuador Escuela Politec Nacl Dept Informat & Ciencias Comp Quito Ecuador

ISBN: (纸本)9781665449502

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) patients live with the need for insulin replacement for life. Closed-loop therapies or Artificial Pancreas consist of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump, a continuous glucose monitoring sensor, and a control algorithm. It automatically adjusts insulin infusion in real time, functioning as a healthy pancreas would regulate glucose levels through the administration of hormones with little or no user input. The control algorithms widely used for artificial pancreas development are Model Predictive control (MPC) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and these are adapted to help TD1M patients to regulate their blood glucose levels. The development of the artificial pancreas has to consider disturbances such as meal intake and physical activity. These disturbances can be unannounced which can bring blood glucose levels down and cause hypoglycemia. Therefore, in this work, two control algorithms are compared facing meal intake and exercise to compensate for the effects of exercise and food and avoid hypoglycemia.

关键词： Artificial Pancreas Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Exercise control algorithms

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Tension control algorithms used in electrical wire manufacturing processes: a systematic review

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COGENT ENGINEERING 2024年第1期11卷

作者： Ofosu, Robert Agyare Zhu, Huangqiu Jiangsu Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhenjiang Peoples R China

Most manufactured electrical cables suffer from reductions in their physical, mechanical and electrical properties. These setbacks are mainly attributed to the improper control of wire tension during the cable manufacturing process. Hence, this paper systematically reviewed different control algorithms involved in controlling tension in moving webs, which include conventional control, advanced control, observer-based control, artificial intelligence-based control and hybrid control techniques. Thus, the review provided information about existing tension control techniques in moving webs, including their strengths and weaknesses. It was observed in this review that although a significant research effort has been made on web tension control systems, a thorough literature review is still lacking. It was concluded that controller optimisation using hybrid control algorithms is gaining popularity in web tension control due to their improved control response. Hence, its application in wire tension control can better help cable manufacturers improve the quality of manufactured cables.

关键词： Cable manufacturing control algorithms motor drive parameter variations tension control

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