DOE-2 building energy simulations were conducted to determine if there were practical architectural and control strategy solutions that would enable electrochromic (EC) windows to significantly improve Visual comfort ...
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DOE-2 building energy simulations were conducted to determine if there were practical architectural and control strategy solutions that would enable electrochromic (EC) windows to significantly improve Visual comfort without eroding energy-efficiency benefits. EC windows were combined with overhangs since opaque overhangs provide protection from direct sun which EC windows are unable to do alone. The window wall was divided into an upper and lower aperture so that various combinations of overhang position and control strategies could be considered. The overhang was positioned either at the top of the upper window aperture or between the upper and lower apertures. Overhang depth was varied. EC control strategies were fully bleached at all times, modulated based on incident vertical solar radiation limits, or modulated to meet the design work plane illuminance with daylight. The EC performance was compared to a state-of-the-art spectrally selective low-e window with the same divided window wall, window size, and overhang as the EC configuration. The reference window was also combined with an interior shade which was manually deployed to control glare and direct sun. Both systems had the same daylighting control system to dim the electric lighting. Results were given for south-facing private offices in a typical commercial building. In hot and cold climates such as Houston and Chicago, EC windows with overhangs can significantly reduce the average annual daylight glare index (DGI) and deliver significant annual energy use savings if the window area is large. Total primary annual energy use was increased by 2-5% for moderate-area windows in either climate but decreased by 10% in Chicago and 5% in Houston for large-area windows. Peak electric demand can be reduced by 7-8%) for rnoderate-area windows and by 14-16% for large-area windows in either climate. Energy and peak demand reductions can be significantly greater if the reference case does not have exterior shading or
Legged robots, as one kind of mobile robots, can be used for tasks too dangerous or difficult for human to perform, eg, planetary exploration, disaster salvation and anti-terrorism action. Consequently, the issues of ...
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Legged robots, as one kind of mobile robots, can be used for tasks too dangerous or difficult for human to perform, eg, planetary exploration, disaster salvation and anti-terrorism action. Consequently, the issues of legged robots, including mechanical structure, stability analysis and control algorithms, have become an important research direction in the field of robotics in recent years. This paper surveys the current status with respect to legged robots, and describes the existent research approaches in terms of mechanical structure, stability analysis and control algorithms of legged robots. To conclude, this paper proposes the problems to be solved and discusses the future development of legged robots.
A semiactive mechanism, called a VDSA (variable damping semiactive device), is proposed to reduce the seismic response of structures. It is composed of two fixed-orifice viscous fluid dampers installed in the form of ...
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A semiactive mechanism, called a VDSA (variable damping semiactive device), is proposed to reduce the seismic response of structures. It is composed of two fixed-orifice viscous fluid dampers installed in the form of a V whose top ends are attached to a floor and their lower ends to a collar that moves along a vertical rod. By varying the VDSA position one obtains an optimal instantaneous damping added to the structure. The position of the moving end is calculated with an algorithm based on a variation of the instantaneous optimal control theory which includes a generalized LQR (linear quadratic regulator) scheme. This modified algorithm, referred to as Qv, is based on the minimization of a performance index J quadratic in the state vector, the control force vector, and an absolute velocity vector. Two variants of the algorithm are used to present numerical simulations of the controlled seismic response of a single and a MDOF (multi-degree-of-freedom) structure.
We present a new algorithm of the two-level control for a singularly perturbed system. If the mathematical model of the controllable dynamic system has a singular perturbation, it can be reduce with the help of hierar...
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We present a new algorithm of the two-level control for a singularly perturbed system. If the mathematical model of the controllable dynamic system has a singular perturbation, it can be reduce with the help of hierarchical controls that can be obtained with Tikhonov's theorem. This is the stabilization of the adjoining system around an equilibrium point and to stabilize the desired movement through the use of a simplified system. In this paper, we present the application of the stabilization and the control algorithm of an aeronautics problem.
Pléiades High Resolution Programme aims at realising a new class of optical observation system, characterised by imaging performances in the range of one meter resolution, large image fields and increased agility...
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Pléiades High Resolution Programme aims at realising a new class of optical observation system, characterised by imaging performances in the range of one meter resolution, large image fields and increased agility. The main feature of the Attitude control System (ACS) is to rely on a new type of actuator: a cluster of 4 control Moment Gyros (CMGs). The use of CMGs allows to reach high agility performances to meet the requirements induced by demanding imaging missions. This paper presents the design, development status and performances of the Pléiades-HR ACS based on a CMGs-cluster.
The Galileo In Orbit Verification (IOV) program, consisting of 4 spacecrafts, is the first step towards an European satellite-based navigation system. The main objective of the IOV phase is to verify the proper functi...
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The Galileo In Orbit Verification (IOV) program, consisting of 4 spacecrafts, is the first step towards an European satellite-based navigation system. The main objective of the IOV phase is to verify the proper functioning of the overall system before starting the next step - Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) - where the full deployment of 30 Galileo satellites will be performed. This paper gives an overview of the Galileo IOV Attitude and Orbit control (AOC) function with the focus being put on the spacecraft attitude control. The AOC is a part of the Avionics subsystem, manufacturing of which has been subcontracted to Astrium. The article also describes the overall requirements on the control system, the AOC hardware and operational architecture as well as selected details on the AOC algorithms with corresponding test results.
Two suboptimum control methods are compared. One is the currently popular state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) method and the other is based on the quasi-optimum control method developed by the author in the 1960...
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Two suboptimum control methods are compared. One is the currently popular state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) method and the other is based on the quasi-optimum control method developed by the author in the 1960's. Both methods are applied to a nonlinear dynamic system with a quadratic performance criterion. Both methods include the special case of a “mildly” nonlinear process, giving rise to 4 methods to be compared. After presenting a brief summary of the theory, two applications are developed in which each of the variations of the two methods are applied and the results compared. It is concluded that has advantages and disadvantages, but most problems are amenable to treatment by at least one of them.
The paper intends to present goals and preliminary results of the ARFLEX Project (Adaptive Robots for Flexible Manufacturing Systems), a three-year project funded by the European Commission aiming at applying the most...
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The paper intends to present goals and preliminary results of the ARFLEX Project (Adaptive Robots for Flexible Manufacturing Systems), a three-year project funded by the European Commission aiming at applying the most advanced control technologies to radically innovate a class of products – industrial robots – where these technologies did not yet find full application. The system concept, the optical system and of the new superior level of tool pose control are presented. Calibration issues are discussed in details as well as the development of an embedded solution to be standardized and flexible enough for exploitation and adoption in different robotic applications.
This paper describes approach based on active scripts models that controls and restrict personnel activities on controlling technological processes. Script provides sharing personnel control roles by their decision ma...
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This paper describes approach based on active scripts models that controls and restrict personnel activities on controlling technological processes. Script provides sharing personnel control roles by their decision making level, it makes selection of control cases, coordinates different executors and controls task achievement. The development of the scheme controls with application of active technological scripts is presented. A description of HEPS (Human Error Protection System) application package is given, that is developed on the basis of suggested approach and traditional SCAD A.
A three leveled event production model and scheme of control elaborated on that model is proposed in this paper. Scheme of control is presented as a flow of events and commands in structure of technologically controll...
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A three leveled event production model and scheme of control elaborated on that model is proposed in this paper. Scheme of control is presented as a flow of events and commands in structure of technologically controlled object, automation system, SCAD A, event model, human - operator. Abilities of system's protection from human errors are shown that are provided by personnel action restrictions which introduced as dialog schemes. Dialog of operator with agent is proposed. Solver of the agent is based on ontology of object domain; it allows to execute coordination of processes using logical analysis of the experience accumulated in ontology.
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