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COMPREHENSIVE, YET COMPUTATIONALLY SIMPLE, DIRECT DIGITAL control-SYSTEM DESIGN TECHNIQUE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1978年第12期125卷 1383-1395页

作者： KNOWLES, JB Atomic Energy Establishment Control & Instrumentation Division United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Dorchester UK

As a result of the enormous impact of microprocessors, electronic engineers, with sometimes only a cursory background in control theory, are being involved in direct-digital-control (d.d.c.) system design. There appears to be a real need for an easily understood and simply implemented comprehensive design technique for single-input d.d.c. systems. This is the objective of this largely tutorial paper, which assembles for the first time information that is widely scattered in the control-engineering literature. The proposed design technique provides, first of all, a simple calculation that ensures that the data sampling rate is consistent with the control system's accuracy specification or the fatigue life of its actuators. Pulsed transfer-function design for a plant controller is based on two simple rules and a few standard frequency-response curves, which are easily computed once and for all time. Structural resonances are eliminated by digital notch filters, the pole-zero locations of which are directly related to the frequency and bandwidth of an oscillatory mode; this is exactly as with analogue networks. In addition a computationally simple formula gives an upper bound on the amplitude of the control error (deviation) component due to multiplicative rounding effects in the digital computer; this thereby enables the selection of a suitable machine wordlength or machine. A distinct advantage of the proposed design technique is that its implementation does not necessarily involve a complex computer-aided-design facility. This aspect is confirmed by a class-2 design example in the text. Furthermore, the frequency-domain design curves are a versatile design tool in that they can also be used to design conventional 3-term digital controllers, or to translate a working analogue controller into its digital counterpart.

关键词： control system CAD frequency response curves CAD direct digital control digital controllers control system analysis and synthesis methods control system synthesis frequency domain design control engineering computing digital notch filters

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DESIGN OF HIERARCHICAL COMPUTER control-SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANT .2. DEVELOPMENT OF HIERARCHICAL controlS FOR A MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATOR

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1978年第11期125卷 1299-1306页

作者： SANDOZ, DJ WONG, O MASSEY UNIV DEPT IND MANAGEMENT & ENGNPALMERSTON NORTHNEW ZEALAND

A generalised control algorithm is developed for application to industrial processes. The algorithm can cater for multivariable interactions, time delays and environmental disturbances. It is proposed as a fundamental building block for the development of hierarchical control schemes. The algorithm is a feature of a c.a.d. facility for the modelling, design and implementation of hierarchical computer controls. The facility incorporates interactive graphics as a major design aid. Application to a multiple-effect evaporator is described. It is demonstrated that the techniques have realistic potential for useful practical application.

关键词： multiple effect evaporator environmental disturbances evaporation interactive graphics Industrial applications of IT control technology and theory control applications in food processing industries Multivariable control systems hierarchical systems industrial plant multivariable interactions control engineering computing control system analysis and synthesis methods industrial computer control Food industry food processing industry control system CAD multivariable control systems hierarchical computer control systems generalised control algorithm time delays

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NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF A PERFORMANCE INDEX FOR IMPROVED SYSTEM RESPONSE

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1978年第7期125卷 698-700页

作者： SMITH, JR STRINGFELLOW, DC VICKERS LTD DIV DESIGN & PROJECT SWINDON WILTSHIRE ENGLAND

The paper describes a computer program for the systematic numerical predetermination of a performance indexJ=∫∞0(xtQx+u2)dtsuch that the synthesised feedback controller that minimisesJresults in a controlled system with satisfactory eigenvalues that all lie to the left of the set {s|s=α, α≤0} in the complex plane. The computer algorithm, which is based on the derivatives of the eigenvalues with respect to the coefficients ofQ, may be used in isolation or can be included in an overall synthesis procedure. Examples illustrating the method are included.

关键词： performance index optimal control control system analysis and synthesis methods Other topics in systems theory eigenvalues control system analysis computing FORTRAN IV Optimal control computer algorithm synthesised feedback controller numerical determination control engineering computing computer program

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DIGITAL COMPUTATION OF FREQUENCY-RESPONSE

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1978年第3期125卷 244-245页

作者： ROGERS, GJ IOANNIDES, AC Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southampton Southampton UK

A method of computing frequency response from a state-space system model is given. Two applications of the method are discussed. The first shows its use in a situation where the system transfer function is more difficult to obtain than are the state equations, and the second illustrates the computation process in a system with pure time delays.

关键词： multivariable control systems frequency response transfer function control system analysis and synthesis methods control system analysis computing pure time delays delays Multivariable control systems state space system model control engineering computing linear systems state-space methods digital computation

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ONLINE control OF GENERATOR TRANSIENT STABILITY BY MINICOMPUTER

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1977年第3期124卷 252-258页

作者： MOYA, OEO CORY, BJ UNIV CHILE DEPT ELECT SANTIAGO CHILE UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL DEPT ELECT ENGN ASCOT BERKSHIRE ENGLAND

A bang-bang control scheme to improve system recovery after large disturbances is derived from a linear-system model. Consideration is given to the practical constraints imposed on the state and control variables of a typical power plant. The implementation of the method is carried out on a laboratory micromachine working online with a digital PDP 8 computer. Results are favourably compared to those shown by other studies performed by digital simulation despite the simlicity of the model used to obtain the basic control law.

关键词： transients transient stability Power system management, operation and economics bang bang control scheme synchronous generator synchronous generators Synchronous machines stability linear system model Power engineering computing control engineering computing control of electric power systems online control by minicomputer digital computer laboratory micromachine online operation direct digital control bang-bang control power plant power system computer control system recovery improvement after large disturbances

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SENSITIVITY METHOD FOR ONLINE OPTIMIZATION OF A SYNCHRONOUS-GENERATOR EXCITATION controlLER

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1977年第7期124卷 631-638页

作者： WINNING, DJ ELSHIRBEENY, EHT THOMPSON, EC MURRAYSMITH, DJ UNIV GLASGOW DEPT ELECTR & ELECT ENGN GLASGOW G12 8QQ SCOTLAND

The paper describes a technique for the optimisation of the parameter settings of the excitation controller of a synchronous machine which is suitable for on-site use. The optimisation method is based on an integral squarederror criterion, and involves the use of parameter sensitivity functions to estimate the parameter changes needed to alter system responses to approach some predetermined or desirable form. The computation of the parameter sensitivity functions is achieved by a direct method, which does not demand explicit identification of the controlled system and which yields the sensitivity functions of all output variables to all adjustable parameters from the results of a single-step test. The technique may be implemented using a small digital computer. The paper includes the results of simulation studies on unsynchronised and on loaded generators, together with results of micromachine experiments.

关键词： online optimisation micromachine experiments single step test synchronous generators Synchronous machines parameter setting optimisation control engineering computing control of electric power systems digital computer controllers synchronous generator excitation controller control system analysis and synthesis methods parameter sensitivity functions control system analysis computing Optimal control computation optimal control control system synthesis integral squared error criterion

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ESTIMATION OF STATES DURING REFINING IN ELECTRIC-ARC-FURNACE STEELMAKING

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1977年第2期124卷 161-166页

作者： BOLAND, FM NICHOLSON, H UNIV SHEFFIELD DEPT CONTROL ENGNSHEFFIELD S1 3JDYORKSHIREENGLAND

The commercial incentives to obtain improved control of the steelmaking process in the electric-arc furnace are presented, and the progress made in applying computer control is reviewed. The development of a mathematical model of the refining process is shown to be restricted by the complex metallurgical nature of the process and the deficiency of existing plant instrumentation. The ability of a mathematical model, evolved from theoretical considerations, to simulate, accurately, a limited class of operating practice is demonstrated. A compromise between complexity and implied certainty of the model is obtained by a reduction in the dimension of the model state vector, and by the introduction of a white-Gaussian-noise process to account for the effect of the ignored states and the hypotheses on which the model is developed. Techniques developed recently for obtaining noisecorrupted measurements of the carbon content and temperature of the process are investigated, and the statistics of the uncertainty of these measurements is determined. The implementation of the extended Kalman filter for online state estimation is considered, and the operation of the filter under varied conditions of uncertainty is discussed. A technique for controlling divergence of the filter algorithm is presented, and the results of simulations indicate that estimates of the states can be obtained to the accuracy required for the design of a refining control strategy.

关键词： filter algorithm Industrial processes Power applications in metallurgical industries mathematical model Metallurgical industries Industrial applications of IT simulations process control computerised control extended Kalman filter computer control state estimation steel manufacture control engineering computing arc furnace refining process Kalman filters control applications in metallurgical industries Simulation, modelling and identification arc furnaces steelmaking process Electric heating online state estimation operating practice

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FUNCTIONAL ITERATION FOR SOLVING NONLINEAR-SYSTEM EQUATIONS

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1977年第7期124卷 649-650页

作者： REDDY, DC REDDY, PK JAGAN, NC OSMANIA UNIV DEPT ELECTR & COMMUN ENGNHYDERABAD 500007ANDHRA PRADESHINDIA OSMANIA UNIV CTR COMPHYDERABAD 500007ANDHRA PRADESHINDIA OSMANIA UNIV DEPT ELECT ENGNHYDERABAD 500007ANDHRA PRADESHINDIA

Functional iteration has been very widely used for the solution of nonlinear system equations. Although sufficient conditions have been given for the iteration sequence to converge, a method to determine the precise number of iterations that are required is not to be found in the literature. The availability of such information would enhance, considerably, the utility of the method. Using the concept of ‘stop-growing terms’, an algorithm is now proposed which enables one to determine precisely the number of iterations that are required for the solution to converge to a predetermined degree of approximation.

关键词： functional iteration algorithm Nonlinear and functional equations (numerical analysis) iterative methods iteration sequence control engineering computing nonlinear systems stop growing term concept nonlinear system equations convergence of numerical methods Interpolation and function approximation (numerical analysis) Nonlinear control systems control engineering computing Numerical analysis

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APPLICATION OF A COMPUTER-controlLED FLOW-BOX RIG IN TEACHING AUTOMATIC-control

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1977年第5期124卷 485-487页

作者： RUTHERFORD, DA UNIV MANCHESTER INST SCI & TECHNOLCTR CONTROL SYSTMANCHESTER M60 1QDENGLAND

The requirement for a rig that can be used to support the teaching of automatic control to postgraduate students is discussed. The design and construction of the rig, which represents a paper-machine head box, is outlined. The application of the equipment to the subjects taught on an ***. course, to student project work, and to postgraduate research work is described.

关键词： Industrial processes Computer-aided instruction design process computer control Education and training control applications in wood-processing, pulp and paper industries student laboratory apparatus automatic control paper industry construction Industrial applications of IT paper machine head box student project work computer controlled flow box rig Paper and pulp industries control education and training control engineering computing teaching automatic control postgraduate students teaching research work

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AUTOMATIC COMPUTER control OF MANUFACTURE OF THIN-FILM OPTICAL-DEVICES

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS-LONDON 1976年第5期123卷 445-450页

作者： SANDOZ, DJ MASSEY UNIV DEPT IND MANAGEMENT & ENGNPALMERSTON NORTHNEW ZEALAND

This paper describes a project to investigate the feasibility of using a small digital computer to automatically control the manufacture of multilayer thin film optical interference devices. The manufacturing process and the computer control systems are described in detail and the results from a particular case study are presented. These results relate to the manufacture of a 5-layer antireflectance coating. The computer is shown to be able to control the process with precision and to have the potential for manufacturing devices toa consistent high quality.

关键词： optical filters vapour deposition Industrial applications of IT manufacturing process control applications in other industries Optical testing and workshop techniques optical films antireflectance coating computer control Servo and control devices optical film manufacturing processes control engineering applications of computers control engineering computing Spectral and other filters automatic control multilayer thin film Data handling and computation

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