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Dutch bovine viral diarrhea virus control program: Evaluation 2018-2023

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2025年第3期108卷 2780-2794页

作者： Strous, E. E. C. Bisschop, P. I. H. van Schaik, G. Mars, M. H. Waldeck, H. W. F. Scherpenzeel, C. G. M. de Roo, B. Wever, P. Santman-Berends, I. M. G. A. Royal GD NL-7418 EZ Deventer Netherlands Univ Utrecht Fac Vet Med Dept Populat Hlth Sci NL-3584 CL Utrecht Netherlands

Since 2018, Dutch dairy farmers have been obliged to opt for 1 of 4 routes to achieve bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) freedom in the national BVDV eradication program. This observational study evaluated efficacy of the total BVDV program using indicators such as the number of persistently infected (PI) cattle, the percentage of dairy herds with a BVDV-free status, and the percentage of BVDV-free dairy herds with evidence of introduction of BVDV, as well as a cost calculation per route. The Dutch BVDV program appeared to successful, as the percentage of BVDV-free dairy herds increased from 59% at the start of the program to 89% by the end of 2023. The number of PI detected each quarter declined from 500 PI in the third quarter of 2019 to PI in the last quarter of 2023. The percentage BVDV-free dairy herds with evidence of (re)introduction of BVDV decreased from 1.29% per quarter in the first year of the mandatory program to 0.25% per quarter by the end 2023. In Europe, BVDV control program designs are often tailored to the country's specific situation, such the prevalence at the start of eradication, risk profile of country or herd, desired speed of eradication, and available funds. These results show that the Dutch approach, in which multiple routes can be followed toward BVDV freedom, is successful.

关键词： BVDV control program eradication dairy cattle

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Risk factors for the introduction of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the context of a mandatory control program in Dutch dairy herds

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JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2025年第1期108卷 821-834页

作者： Bisschop, P. I. H. Strous, E. E. C. Waldeck, H. W. F. van Duijn, L. Mars, M. H. Santman-Berends, I. M. G. A. Wever, P. van Schaik, G. Royal GD NL-7400 AA Deventer Netherlands Univ Utrecht Fac Vet Med Dept Populat Hlth Sci NL-3508 TD Utrecht Netherlands

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a common viral disease in cattle, causing economic losses in naive herds where the virus is introduced. In the Netherlands, a BVDV control program has been in place from 1998 onward, evolving from voluntary to mandatory participation for dairy herds from April 2018 onward. Participation in the BVDV control program is not mandatory for nondairy farms. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for new introduction of BVDV into certified BVDV-free herds in the context of a national BVDV control program in dairy herds. In this retrospective case- control study, survey data were collected from 149 dairy farms that lost their BVDV-free status (case herds) and 148 matched dairy farms that maintained their BVDVfree status (control herds) between 2018 and 2021. The survey captured information about potential risk factors and herd characteristics in the 2 yr leading up to the loss of BVDV-free status (case herds, virus detection in at least one animal or when seroconversion was detected) or remaining BVDV-free (control herds). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression with a backward selection and elimination procedure were used to identify potential risk factors associated with losing BVDV-free status. Risk factors were quantified as an odds ratio (OR) with the associated 95% CI. The risk factor with the highest OR for losing BVDV-free status was purchasing cattle from herds without BVDV-free status (OR 1.25, CI 1.10- 1.41), followed by the farmer having another profession that resulted in contact with other cattle (OR 1.25, CI 1.06-1.47), housing young calves and adult cows in the same barn (OR 1.22, CI 1.08-1.38), having a permanent employee on the farm (OR 1.17, CI 1.04-1.31), having a group calving pen (OR 1.16, CI 1.03-1.32), escaped cattle from other farms that mingled with own cattle (OR 1.16, CI 1.01-1.33), and nearest distance to a nondairy farm (OR 1.15, CI 1.03-1.28). Although the BVDV status of most dairy herds

关键词： bovine viral diarrhea virus risk factors control program the Netherlands

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control program structure of humanoid robot

Control program structure of humanoid robot

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28th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial-Electronics-Society

作者： Aramaki, S Shirouzu, H Kurashige, K Kinoshita, T Fukuoka Univ Fac Engn Fukuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0780374746

In this paper, the new control program structure for humanoid robot which consists of multi-CPU, multi-OS and multi-task is described. And, the method for planning action from multiple sensor information by using the Production system is also described. Task program has hierarchical structure like as human being has conscious action and unconscious action. Our design concept is generality of task. We want to make a control program independently on the architecture of a robot and other tasks. We also want to make software architecture simple. Task program is divided into three levels. Tasks must communicate each other. However, if one task can communicate another task at random, the amount of communication increases exponentially Therefore, we made a rule of task in order to make the amount of communication linearly increase. On the other hand, a robot must determine next action from multiple sensor information. We introduced the reasoning mechanism of Production system for determining next action. It becomes easy to determine next action from multiple sensor input by using this method. We could make a robot grasp a block by using this method and simulator, and we confirmed the effectiveness of methods mentioned above.

关键词： control program Humanoid Parallel processing Production system

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The new classification system for slaughter-pig herds in the Danish Salmonella surveillance-and-control program

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2002年第1-2期53卷 133-146页

作者： Alban, L Stege, H Dahl, J Danish Bacon & Meat Council Natl Comm Pig Prod DK-1609 Copenhagen V Denmark Danish Vet Lab DK-1790 Copenhagen V Denmark

The Danish surveillance-and-control program for Salmonella in slaughter pigs was introduced in 1995. The key element of the program is a quick and correct identification of herds with high seroprevalence. After 5 years, the classification scheme was evaluated-and a revision was made. Data from two Salmonella screenings including a total of 1902 slaughter pig herds were used. For each herd, information was available on Salmonella status based on both microbiology and serology. Based on analyses of these data, suitable changes in the scheme were identified and their effect estimated by use of data from the Danish Salmonella Database including all herds in 2000. The classification scheme has been adjusted on the following points. (1) The sampling has been simplified into 60, 75, or 100 samples per herd per year depending on herd size. This means more-precise estimates for the seroprevalence among smaller herds. (2) Herds with an annual kill <200 finishers will not form part of the surveillance;this leaves 1.6% of the slaughter pigs outside the surveillance scheme. (3) The cut-off for individual meat-juice samples has been reduced from OD% 40 to OD% 20-doubling the number of positive samples. (4) The results of the previous 3 months' serological samples will be weighed 0.6:0.2:0.2 (the immediate month counting three times as much as the previous months), and the weighed average is called the "serological Salmonella index" for slaughter pig herds. A herd with an increasing seroprevalence will be assigned to a higher Salmonella level more-quickly under the new scheme. (5) A herd will be assigned monthly to one of three levels. The limit between Levels 1 and 2 has been set to greater than or equal toindex 40, and the limit between Levels 2 and 3 to greater than or equal toindex 70. If the Danish swine producers are interested, a Level 0 may be introduced (consisting of seronegative herds as an indication of a negligible Salmonella prevalence). The classification scheme was

关键词： pig Salmonella enterica control program sample size detection level herd classification

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On the systematic method of conditional control program execution by a PLC

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BULLETIN OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-TECHNICAL SCIENCES 2016年第1期64卷 161-170页

作者： Milik, A. Chmiel, M. Hrynkiewicz, E. Silesian Univ Technol Gliwice Inst Elect 16 Akad St PL-44100 Gliwice Poland

The paper presents an original idea of the selective control program execution that allows significant response time reduction. The exhaustive analysis of the PLC program performance is given. An analytic approach explains the idea of the selective control program evaluation and gives the requirements for its feasibility. There is presented a systematic and formal method of program analysis based on a data flow graph approach. The method generates acyclic graph from the control program that is subject of optimization, variable allocation and instruction generation. The graph approach allows determining variables dependencies and task partitioning required by selective program execution. The method utilize the hardware supported variable changes detection. It is transparent for system operation and enables evaluation of blocks that require update.

关键词： control program PLC LD IL FPGA compiler control program optimization PLC programming flow graph

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Hawaiian Residents' Preferences for Miconia control program Attributes Using Conjoint Choice Experiment and Latent Class Analysis

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010年第2期45卷 250-260页

作者： Chan-Halbrendt, Catherine Lin, Tun Yang, Fang Sisior, Gwendalyn Natl Pk Management Off Yunnan Prov Forestry Dept Kunming Yunnan Peoples R China Univ Hawaii Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA Asian Dev Bank E Asia Dept Manila Philippines

Invasive species control or eradication is an important issue. On the islands of Hawaii, this problem is exceedingly evident when it comes to Miconia calvescens (Miconia). Adequate funding is needed to control or eradicate this invasive plant, but with the limited amount of funding available for the fight against Miconia, it is important to make sure that the fund is being spent in a way that addresses the needs or preferences of the Hawaiian residents. Using the conjoint choice experiment method, we designed a survey that would measure the Hawaiian residents' willingness to support Miconia control program attributes. The attributes focused on were cost, biodiversity loss, extent of spread and soil erosion. Latent class approach was used to assess the surveyed population to see the different preferences by individual classes. The results show three different classes or groups of individuals with varying preferences for a control program of which cost and erosion were the top preferred attributes among the classes. These groups were defined by their socio-demographics of income, the length of residency and exposure to farming/gardening activities. Even with a preference for lower cost, a group showed willingness to pay more ($2.40) for a program that reduces erosion from high to low. Finally, the biodiversity attribute had very low consideration from a majority of the respondents showing the need for educating the public regarding its importance in preserving the unique environment in Hawaii.

关键词： Miconia Hawaii Conjoint choice experiment Valuation Latent class analysis control program

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A quantitative risk assessment of the public health impact of the Finnish Salmonella control program for broilers

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 2005年第1期102卷 21-35页

作者： Maijala, R Ranta, J Seuna, E Pelkonen, S Johansson, T Natl Vet & Food Res Inst Dept Risk Assessment Helsinki 00581 Finland Natl Vet & Food Res Inst Dept Bacteriol Helsinki 00581 Finland Natl Vet & Food Res Inst Dept Kuopio Helsinki 00581 Finland

In order to study the public health effects of the Finnish Salmonella control program (FSCP), a quantitative risk assessment model of Salmonella from slaughtered broiler flocks to consumers was developed. Based on the model, approximately 0.21% of domestically produced broiler meat mass was contaminated with Salmonella (95% probability interval 0.05-0.48%). This model was combined to the model on primary production of broilers. By this way, the effect of eliminating breeder flocks from production which have tested positive for Salmonella and heat-treating the meat of detected positive broiler flocks on public health could be simulated. Based on the whole model, if detected positive breeder flocks were not removed this would result in 1.0-2.5 more reported human cases compared to the expected number of cases under current FSCP (95% predictive interval). Without heat treatment of meat the increase would be 2.9-5.4-fold and without both interventions 3.8-9.0-fold. In scenarios with one grandparent or five parent flocks infected, the combined effect of these two interventions was 9.3-25.8-fold and 4.9-11.7-fold compared to the baseline level under each scenario, respectively. The scenario analyses suggest that with a higher infection level, inclusion of both interventions will be more effective than either of the interventions alone. Replacement of half of the current retail broiler meat by meat with 20-40% contamination could result in 33-93 times more human cases compared to the expected value under current situations. On the basis of the model, the interventions applied in FSCP clearly protect the public health. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Salmonella quantitative risk assessment control program broiler heat treatment

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Development of the Dutch Johne's disease control program supported by a simulation model

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2003年第1期60卷 69-90页

作者： Groenendaal, H Nielen, M Hesselink, JW Univ Penn New Bolton Ctr Sch Vet Med Ctr Anim Hlth & Productiv Kennett Sq PA 19348 USA Anim Hlth Serv NL-7400 AA Deventer Netherlands Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr Dept Farm Management NL-6700 HB Wageningen Netherlands

The development of a simulation model, 'JohneSSim', was part of a research program aimed at designing a national Johne's disease control program for The Netherlands. Initially, the focus was mainly directed towards different compulsory 'test-and-cull' strategies. However, the results from the JohneSSim model showed that eradication of Johne's disease based on such strategies would not be possible within 20 years and that it was also economically unattractive. However, improved calf management seemed to be more effective in reducing the prevalence within the same time period. Simulation of a strategy using an 'ideal test' (80% sensitivity in all infected animals) showed a considerably faster decrease in prevalence. However, this strategy proved to be economically unattractive because of the high culling rate of (young) test-positive animals. The simulation model was also adapted to study beef cow herds. However, the results indicated that none of the strategies were able to reduce the mean true prevalence to almost zero for such herds. Only strategies based on 'separation of calves and adult animals' proved to significantly reduce the prevalence but such a strategy is unpractical and uneconomic for Dutch beef cow herds. Due to this finding and the relative low number of Dutch beef cow farms, first priority has been given to the development of a Johne's disease control program for dairy farms. Based on the results of the 'JohneSSim' model, the new national voluntary Johne's disease control program for dairy, Paratuberculosis program Netherlands (PPN), started in September 2000. The PPN is based on a stepwise improvement of calf hygiene, with little dependency on 'test and culling'. The model results indicated that, if dairy farmers consistently carried out the necessary management adaptations, PPN considerably decreased prevalence and that it was economically more attractive than any previous plans. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： cattle Johne's disease control program simulation model decision-support

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Epizootiology of Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Presentation of an Industry control program

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AVIAN DISEASES 2008年第1期52卷 1-7页

作者： Dufour-Zavala, Louise Georgia Poultry Lab Network Oakwood GA 30566 USA

Despite improved biosecurity and vaccination programs in recent years, infectious laryngotracheitis continues to emerge in the field on a regular basis in poultry producing states. Evidence is mounting that most field outbreaks are caused by viruses indistinguishable from chicken-embryo-origin vaccine strains and, for that reason, broiler outbreaks are often referred to in the field as "vaccinal laryngotracheitis'' ( VLT). Cooperative industry programs are described, in which the poultry industry, along with government, laboratories, and other sectors involved with poultry live production work together to control and contain VLT outbreaks. These programs take into account many epizootiologic aspects of the disease and, when diligently followed, are successful in most instances at keeping the numbers of cases low and the outbreaks under control. The programs include the rapid diagnosis of the disease, the use of geographic information system technology, biosecurity, vaccination, and communications between all stakeholders.

关键词： laryngotracheitis control program epizootiology vaccination biosecurity

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Attitudes of Canadian dairy farmers toward a voluntary Johne's disease control program

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JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2010年第4期93卷 1491-1499页

作者： Sorge, U. Kelton, D. Lissemore, K. Godkin, A. Hendrick, S. Wells, S. Univ Guelph Dept Populat Med Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada Ontario Minist Agr Food & Rural Affairs Elora ON N0B 1S0 Canada Western Coll Vet Med Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada Univ Minnesota Dept Vet Populat Med St Paul MN 55108 USA

The success of Johne's disease (JD) control programs based on risk assessment (RA) depends on producers' compliance with suggested management practices. One objective of this study was to describe the perception of participating Canadian dairy farmers of the impact of JD, the RA process, and suggested management strategies. The second objective was to describe the cost of changes in management practices following the RA. A telephone survey was conducted with 238 dairy farmers in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. The producers agreed to participate in this follow-up study after they had been enrolled in an RA-based voluntary JD control program and had tested their herd with the JD milk ELISA test in 2005 to 2007. The majority of farms had no JD test-positive cows and, although some producers thought they had experienced the economic impact of JD, many did not see JD as a current problem for their herd. The majority of producers enrolled in this program because they were concerned that Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis could be perceived by consumers as a cause for Crohn's disease in humans, which could lead to altered purchasing behavior of milk and milk products. Fifty-two farm-specific recommendations had been made after the initial RA. Although the producers generally liked the program and found the recommendations reasonable and feasible, on average only 2 of 6 suggestions made specifically to them were implemented. The recommendation with the highest compliance was culling of JD test-positive cows. The main reasons for noncompliance were that the dairy producer did not believe a change of management practices was necessary or the available barn setting or space did not allow the change. Producers were generally uncomfortable estimating time and monetary expenses for management changes, but found that several suggested management practices actually saved time and money. In addition, 39% of the producers that implemented at le

关键词： perception dairy farmer Johne's disease control program

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