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Cholera in Mexico:: The paradoxical benefits of the last pandemic

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006年第1期10卷 4-13页

作者： Sepúlveda, J Valdespino, JL García-García, L Coordinat Natl Inst Hlth Gen Directorate Hlth Res Policies Mexico City 01900 DF Mexico Natl Inst Publ Hlth Unit TB Mexico City 14000 DF Mexico

Objectives: To describe the impact of preventive and control measures in Mexico prior to, and during, the cholera epidemic of 1991-2001. Methods: When cholera appeared in Latin America in January 1991, the Mexican government considered that it represented a national security problem. Therefore, actions were implemented within the health sector (e.g. epidemiological surveillance, laboratory network and patient care) and other sectors (public education and basic sanitation). Results: The first case occurred in Mexico in June 1991. The incidence rate remained below 17.9 per 100 000 inhabitants and affected mainly rural areas. The last cholera report occurred in 2001. The disease never became endemic. The population benefited not only from acquisition of knowledge about preventive measures, but also from modification of risky practices and from reinforcement of city and municipal drinking water supplies. Conclusion: control strategies had an overall impact in decreasing diarrheal mortality among children under five years of age. Additionally the country did not suffer from a decrease in tourism or economic consequences. This experience can be considered as the operationalization of a new public health system spanning multi-sectorial activities, involving community participation, political will and with impact on public health and economic issues. (C) 2005 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： cholera control program Mexico Vibrio cholerae

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Epidemiological surveillance of ovine hydatidosis in Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia Argentina, 1997-1999

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VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY 2006年第3-4期138卷 377-381页

作者： Zanini, Fabian Gonzalo, Roberto Perez, Hector Aparici, Ines Soto, Ximena Guerrero, Juvenal Cerrone, Gloria Elissondo, Celina Programa Control Hidatidosis & Zoonosis Tierra Fu RA-9420 Rio Grande Tierra Fuego Argentina Hosp Reg RA-9420 Rio Grande Tierra Fuego Argentina Matadero Municipal Dept Inspecc RA-9420 Rio Grande Tierra Fuego Argentina Univ Buenos Aires Fac Farm & Bioquim Catedra Genet & Biol Mol RA-1113 Buenos Aires DF Argentina Univ Mar del Plata CONICET Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat Lab Zoonosis Parasitarias RA-7600 Mar Del Plata Argentina

Cystic echinococcosis is the most prevalent zoonosis in Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina, with important economic, productive and public health consequences. The present work was performed to determine the ovine prevalence in Tierra del Fuego. Argentina, as well as to evaluate the quality of diagnostic systems in slaughterhouses. Moreover, genetic analyses to characterize the strain of Echinococcus granulosus involved in the region were done. The first actions to perform a diagnosis of the epidemiological situation of hydatidosis in Tierra del Fuego were done between 1976 and 1977. A canine prevalence of 80% and an ovine prevalence of 55% results were obtained. Since 1979 the control program of Hydatidosis of Tierra del Fuego was implemented. It was based on semiannual canine anthelmintic treatment with praziquantel at dose of 5 mg/kg, and complemented with sanitary education and canine and ovine epidemiological surveillance. During May 1997-January 1999: 5916 sheep coming from 20 farms of the programmatic area were evaluated. In the lamb category, hydatid cysts were not found. In the adults category, 62 infected animals were found (3.2%). The ovine prevalence was 1.1% and there was 100% of coincidence between diagnosis in the slaughterhouse, re-inspection in the laboratory and histopathological study. The marked decrease in the prevalence observed for sheep infection evidenced a destabilization of the biological cycle of the parasite. This could be explained by the application of a control program with uninterrupted systematic actions. Polymerase chain reaction-ribosomal ITS-1 DNA (rDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO 1) gene were used to characterize E. granulosus isolates collected from different regions of Tierra del Fuego to determine which genotypes occurred in this region. The results revealed the presence of the G1 genotype (sheep-dog strain). Thi

关键词： hydatidosis prevalence in sheep control program Echinococcus granulosus

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AUTOMATION IN BUILDINGS AND FORMAL METHODS

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2006年第19期39卷 105-110页

作者： Pavel Burget Ondrej Sprdlík Richard Ŝusta DCE-Prague: Department of Control Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Prague Czech Republic DCE-Prague

The paper presents a case study based on our practical model of energy saving in a small building equipped by an industrial distributed control system. First, we overview our model built over LonWorks networking platform and then we discuss increasing the reliability of control programs by formal methods. Their possible application is demonstrated by the example of verifying the control program for a solar space heating. We show that some safety verifications are performable without constructing a whole hybrid model. Finally, we discuss the results achieved up to date. The principles presented in this case study are applicable on a general level for other similar systems.

关键词： automatic control distributed control control program programmable logical controllers model formal methods case study

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COMPACT PLC WITH EVENT-DRIVEN program TASKS EXECUTION

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2006年第17期39卷 99-104页

作者： Mirosław CHMIEL Edward HRYNKIEWICZ Adam MILIK Institute of Electronics Silesian University of Technology Akademicka 16 44-100 Gliwice POLAND

The paper presents modified idea of program execution in the programmable Logic controllers (PLCs). Instead of serial cyclic execution is proposed event sensitive cyclic execution. Proposed approach to program execution allow for selective execution of program blocks or tasks provided calculation condition for this part has changed since last time. Proposed method can be implemented as software modification or as hardware accelerated solution. The most important part of the idea is task or subprogram triggering condition computation. Different method of program optimization are discussed. Finally hardware implementation of event triggered system is presented.

关键词： programmable Logic controller Central Processing Unit control program Scan Time Throughput Time

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Improving of concurrent operation of the Bit-Byte PLC CPU

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2006年第21期39卷 132-137页

作者： Miroslaw Chmiel Edward Hrynkiewicz Institute of Electronics Silesian University of Technology Akademicka 16 44-100 Gliwice POLAND

Abstract The paper presents new hardware solutions for bit-byte PLC CPU which are oriented on maximum utilisation of the capabilities of two-processor architecture of the CPU. The structure should enable the processors to work in concurrent mode as far as it is possible and minimise the situations, when one processor has to wait for the other. Every of the processors is an autonomous unit, that communicates with the other only for the purpose of process data exchange, required for proper operation of the CPU as a whole.

关键词： programmable Logic controller Central Processing Unit Bit-Byte Structure of CPU control program Scan Time Throughput Time Concurrent Operation

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Protection for software in measuring instruments

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COMPUTER STANDARDS & INTERFACES 2005年第2期27卷 101-104页

作者： Vobornik, A Univ W Bohemia KET Plzen 30614 Czech Republic

A protection of measuring instrument control programs and control system data against unauthorized change is necessary for provision of functionality of entire measuring instrument. Cyclic codes or hashing functions can be used as such protection. Application of the MD5 hashing function is illustrated on practical example. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： control program cyclic code digital signature hashing function

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control program structure of humanoid robot

Control program structure of humanoid robot

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28th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial-Electronics-Society

作者： Aramaki, S Shirouzu, H Kurashige, K Kinoshita, T Fukuoka Univ Fac Engn Fukuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0780374746

In this paper, the new control program structure for humanoid robot which consists of multi-CPU, multi-OS and multi-task is described. And, the method for planning action from multiple sensor information by using the Production system is also described. Task program has hierarchical structure like as human being has conscious action and unconscious action. Our design concept is generality of task. We want to make a control program independently on the architecture of a robot and other tasks. We also want to make software architecture simple. Task program is divided into three levels. Tasks must communicate each other. However, if one task can communicate another task at random, the amount of communication increases exponentially Therefore, we made a rule of task in order to make the amount of communication linearly increase. On the other hand, a robot must determine next action from multiple sensor information. We introduced the reasoning mechanism of Production system for determining next action. It becomes easy to determine next action from multiple sensor input by using this method. We could make a robot grasp a block by using this method and simulator, and we confirmed the effectiveness of methods mentioned above.

关键词： control program Humanoid Parallel processing Production system

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Detection of BVDV persistently infected animals in Belgium: Evaluation of the strategy implemented

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2005年第1-2期72卷 121-125页

作者： Letellier, C De Meulemeester, L Lomba, M Mijten, E Kerkhofs, P Vet & Agrochem Res Ctr Dept Virol B-1180 Brussels Belgium Assoc Reg Sante & Identificat Anim Ciney Belgium Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen Belgium

Until now, no official bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) control program has been implemented in Belgium. The only legislation dealing with the detection of BVDV-infected animals concerns the purchase of animals. A strategy of control, based on the identification and elimination of persistently infected (PI) animals and the vaccination of cows before insemination has been designed in both the Northern and the Southern part of the country. The strategy of detection of PI animals relies on PCR testing of pools of blood. Individual blood samples corresponding to the positive pools are then tested by BVDV-antigen ELISA. A first evaluation of the measures already applied in Belgium is presented. Data obtained in 2003 are presented and discussed regarding the validation of the laboratory strategy, the prevalence of positive herds, the genotype of circulating viruses, the outcome of antigen positive animals and the need for improvement of the current legislation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： BVDV control program RT-PCR ELISA

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The new classification system for slaughter-pig herds in the Danish Salmonella surveillance-and-control program

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2002年第1-2期53卷 133-146页

作者： Alban, L Stege, H Dahl, J Danish Bacon & Meat Council Natl Comm Pig Prod DK-1609 Copenhagen V Denmark Danish Vet Lab DK-1790 Copenhagen V Denmark

The Danish surveillance-and-control program for Salmonella in slaughter pigs was introduced in 1995. The key element of the program is a quick and correct identification of herds with high seroprevalence. After 5 years, the classification scheme was evaluated-and a revision was made. Data from two Salmonella screenings including a total of 1902 slaughter pig herds were used. For each herd, information was available on Salmonella status based on both microbiology and serology. Based on analyses of these data, suitable changes in the scheme were identified and their effect estimated by use of data from the Danish Salmonella Database including all herds in 2000. The classification scheme has been adjusted on the following points. (1) The sampling has been simplified into 60, 75, or 100 samples per herd per year depending on herd size. This means more-precise estimates for the seroprevalence among smaller herds. (2) Herds with an annual kill <200 finishers will not form part of the surveillance;this leaves 1.6% of the slaughter pigs outside the surveillance scheme. (3) The cut-off for individual meat-juice samples has been reduced from OD% 40 to OD% 20-doubling the number of positive samples. (4) The results of the previous 3 months' serological samples will be weighed 0.6:0.2:0.2 (the immediate month counting three times as much as the previous months), and the weighed average is called the "serological Salmonella index" for slaughter pig herds. A herd with an increasing seroprevalence will be assigned to a higher Salmonella level more-quickly under the new scheme. (5) A herd will be assigned monthly to one of three levels. The limit between Levels 1 and 2 has been set to greater than or equal toindex 40, and the limit between Levels 2 and 3 to greater than or equal toindex 70. If the Danish swine producers are interested, a Level 0 may be introduced (consisting of seronegative herds as an indication of a negligible Salmonella prevalence). The classification scheme was

关键词： pig Salmonella enterica control program sample size detection level herd classification

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The challenges and strategies in schistosomiasis control program in China

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ACTA TROPICA 2002年第2期82卷 279-282页

作者： Chen, XY Minist Hlth Dept Dis Control Beijing 100044 Peoples R China

in spite of the great achievements gained in the national schistosomiasis control program during the last 5 decades, serious challenges for the control program exist due to the impact of biological factors, environmental facts and limitation of scientific technology, as well as shortages of socio-economic development in the endemic areas. This paper reviewed the experiences of the national control program, then the author considered it essential to put forward a newly sustainable strategy with an emphasis on the areas with high endemicity of schistosomiasis, on poverty-stricken areas, especially in the Western part of the People's Republic of China. when taking into account both the opportunities and challenges of the future. It is expected that the schistosomiasis control program with a sustainable strategy would promote local economic development in the People's Republic of China. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

关键词： schistosomiasis strategy socio-economic development control program China

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