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Modeling the movements of cowbirds: Application towards management at the landscape scale

Natural Resource Modeling 2002年第1期15卷 111-131页

作者： Harper, Steven J. Westervelt, James D. Shapiro, Ann-Marie Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia Aiken SC 29802 Drawer E United States U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories Champaign IL 61821 United States

Brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) reduces the reproductive success of two endangered bird species at Fort Hood, Texas. A successful management program has focused on trapping cowbirds at feeding locations, grassland areas almost always associated with the presence of cattle. To enhance the efficacy of this effort, we developed an individual-based model that predicted visitation rates by cowbirds to all potential feeding locations at Fort Hood and the surrounding landscape. Utilizing GRASS-GIS and SWARM, the model incorporated the spatial arrangement of habitats, daily movements of cattle, and daily movements of cowbirds from their breeding sites to feeding locations. We simulated four types of movements by cow-birds as they searched for cattle: 1) random walk, 2) direct return to previous locations (i.e., memory), 3) return to previous locations with en route assessment (i.e., memory with limited perception of the current state of the system), and 4) omniscience. Straight-line distances between breeding and feeding locations for cowbirds that used the memory-with-perception rule were similar to independent telemetry results, and total search distances for this movement type approached those of omniscience. Both movement distance measures were inversely related to perception distance. Maps of cowbird visits to feeding areas differed among movement rules but were not strongly affected by the density of breeding cow-birds. Maps also identified locations where trapping efforts could reduce parasitism within specific areas known to support endangered species. While it seems plausible that cowbirds are able to remember foraging locations and to perceive their surroundings as they travel, additional studies are needed to document their cognitive abilities. By simulating movements of individual cowbirds across a dynamic landscape, model results may help to strengthen ongoing cowbird control efforts. © 2002 Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium.

关键词： Brood parasitism Brown-headed cowbird Conservation management control program Endangered species Geographic information system Gis Individual-based model Landscape ecology Spatial model

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Ovine Echinococcus granulosus transmission dynamics in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina, 1980-1999

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VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY 2001年第4期98卷 263-272页

作者： Larrieu, E Costa, MT Cantoni, G Alvarez, R Cavagion, L Labanchi, JL Bigatti, R Araya, D Herrero, E Alvarez, E Mancini, S Cabrera, P Prov Council Publ Hlth RA-8500 Viedma Rio Negro Argentina Natl Univ Fac Vet Sci La Pampa Argentina UDELAR Fac Vet Montevideo Uruguay

In this work, the impact of a hydatidosis control programme for dogs on the intermediate ovine host was specifically analysed to determine the levels of prevalence achieved and the dynamics of parasite transmission, as well as to evaluate the quality of diagnostic systems in slaughterhouses. A field study was conducted in four slaughterhouses (Valcheta, Los Menucos, Jacobacci, Bariloche) that process animals coming from all the departments within the work area. The control programme for dogs entailed treating dogs with 5 mg/kg praziquantel at 2-month intervals for 20 years. Sample size was determined with a 10% error margin and a 95% significance level. Harvested viscera (liver, lungs, kidneys) were preserved in 5% formaldehyde and sent to the laboratory for diagnostic confirmation of both positive and negative specimens. The 61% initial prevalence dropped to 18.3% at the end of the 10-year period, observed differences proving significant (Chi-square = 15.454, P = 0.00). There were statistically significant increases in infection prevalence with age (Pearson's Chi-square = 133.61, P = 0,00), Overall, 37.2% of hydatidosis cases diagnosed in slaughterhouses were considered non-hydatid by histological study. On the other hand, 1.1% of those diagnosed as healthy were found to be infected with hydatidosis. The number of hydatid cysts per animal increased with age: 0.04 in lambs and 1,22 in adults (linear regression equation, -0.0539 + 0.0127 x age), whereas the average for the whole period was 3.7% in lambs and 20.5% in adults. Viability studies indicated that 63.8% of parasitised animals had viable cysts, out of which 53.3% were fertile. Diagnosis of infection in sheep made by means of an adjusted statistical design and with histological confirmation of the presumptive diagnosis made in slaughterhouses demonstrated the flaws of the official systems for epidemic surveillance of hydatidosis. However, there was no overall significant difference in slaughterhouse and labora

关键词： hydatidosis prevalence in sheep control program Echinococcus granulosus

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A result analysis of Chinese TB control program with a support from the World Bank conducted in Jinghe county

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中国初级卫生保健 1999年第5期13卷 21-21页

作者： Deng Wei DENG Yibin Wang Yimin

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Salmonella level of Danish swine herds based on serological examination of meat-juice samples and salmonella occurrence measured by bacteriological follow-up

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999年第3-4期40卷 277-292页

作者： Christensen, J Baggesen, DL Soerensen, V Svensmark, B Danish Vet Lab DK-1790 Copenhagen V Denmark Federat Danish Pig Producers & Slaughterhouses DK-8620 Kjellerup Denmark

Analyses of data collected in the Danish Salmonella control program in swine herds were conducted to assess the association between bacteriological and serological findings (including the degree to which changing serological status over time modulated the relationship) and to assess the degree to which type of swine operation and age group affected the relationship between bacteriological and serological findings. Although serological status was significantly associated with bacteriological prevalence of salmonella enterica in swine herds, the association was clarified by adding information on the change in serological status over time and the age group being tested. salmonella infection assessed by serological tests at a single time-point and data on age group tested would allow better targeting and managing control programs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： pig-microbiological diseases Salmonella enterica control program ELISA bacteriology surveillance

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controlling canine hip dysplasia in Finland

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999年第2期42卷 121-131页

作者： Leppänen, M Saloniemi, H Univ Helsinki Dept Clin Vet Sci Anim Hyg Fac Vet Med Helsingin 00140 Yliopisto Finland

The aim of the study was to evaluate the Finnish Kennel Club's hip-dysplasia screening and control programs. As a retrospective study, records of kip-dysplasia screening of 69,349 dogs in 22 breeds that were born in 1988-1995 were analyzed and compared to data from prior to 1988. In most breeds, no significant changes in dysplasia prevalence could be found. Ln English cocker spaniels, golden and Labrador retrievers and Rottweilers a significant decrease - but in boxers, Dobermans, German Shepherd dogs and rough collies a significant increase - in prevalence was detected. In flat-coated retrievers overall prevalence increased - but the prevalence of severe hip-dysplasia decreased significantly during the study period. The present control program has not resulted in fast progress. Selecting against hip-dysplasia cannot be expected to be very effective, when based only on mass selection on phenotypic observations, predicted breeding values based on progeny testing would probably give better results. Also, breeders' compliance and commitment to programs is not always high and other selection criteria in breeding are thought to be more important. Modern society has high demands for animal welfare and consumer issues, and breeders and kennel societies should pay more attention to health issues in breeding pedigreed dogs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： dog hip-dysplasia control program effectiveness

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VHDL behavioral ATPG and fault simulation of digital systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 1998年第2期34卷 428-447页

作者： Chen, CIH Noh, TH Wright State Univ Dept Elect Engn Dayton OH 45435 USA Def Elect Supply Ctr Dayton OH 45444 USA

Due to the increasing level of integration achieved by Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) technology, traditional gate-level fault simulation is becoming more complex, difficult, and costly. Furthermore, circuit designs are increasingly being developed through the use of powerful VLSI computer-aided design (CAD) synthesis tools which emphasize circuit descriptions using high-level representations of functional behavior, rather than physical architectures and layout. Behavioral fault simulation applied to the top functional level models described using a hardware description language offers a very attractive alternative to these problems. A new way to simulate the behavioral fault models using the hardware description language (HDL), such as VHDL, is presented. Tests were generated by carrying out the behavioral fault simulation for a few circuit models. For comparison, a gate-level fault simulation on the equivalent circuit, produced via a synthesis tool, was used. The performance analysis shows that a very small number of test patterns generated by the behavioral automatic test pattern generation (ATPG)/fault simulation system detected around 98 percent of the testable gate-level faults that were detected by random test.

关键词： VLSI automatic test software fault diagnosis hardware description languages high level synthesis integrated circuit testing logic testing VHDL behavioral ATPG VLSI CAD synthesis behavioral fault models control program digital systems fault mapper fault s Logic testing Integrated circuit testing fault simulation automatic test software Digital system Fault diagnosis Very large scale integration program control very high density lipoproteins test pattern high level synthesis automatic test pattern generation

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DIABETES SERVICE MANAGEMENT-TRAINING AND THE NEED FOR A PATIENT PERSPECTIVE - A L0-YEAR EVOLUTION OF TRAINING STRATEGIES AND GOALS

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PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 1995年第1-3期26卷 209-213页

作者： ROSENQVIST, U KAROLINSKA INST DEPT INT HLTH & SOCIAL MEDDIV SOCIAL MEDS-17283 SUNDBYBERGSWEDEN

In 1977, the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare published guidelines for comprehensive care of patients with diabetes. The Stockholm County (1.6 million inhabitants) responded and opened a Diabetes Education and Training Centre, LUCD, in 1979. The goal was to reduce the impact of long-term complications. The centre should translate available knowledge about diabetes care into clinical practice, promoting a shift of patients and resources to the primary health care sector. Follow-up studies and new knowledge have changed the short-term training strategies;the long-term goal has remained unchanged. Current work is concentrated on training of staff, improving methods to support better patient learning, aiding organisational changes, and supporting large-scale interventions aimed at both patients, staff and the public. The patient can realize the goals. Knowledge and demands expressed by persons with diabetes are necessary for improvements of diabetes care. The skilled patient is also a guarantee for continuity of care. Regular follow-up of diabetes services was an important impetus for progressive change of short-term training strategies.

关键词： DIABETES control program TRAINING OUTCOME

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SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS ERADICATION program IN POULTRY BREEDER FLOCKS IN THE NETHERLANDS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1994年第1-2期21卷 171-178页

作者： EDEL, W Central Veterinary Public Health Inspectorate Rijswijk The Netherlands

Results of a Salmonella enteritidis eradication programme in poultry breeder flocks in The Netherlands in 1989-1992 are presented. A top-down approach was performed, which means if infection is cleared out from the top end (breeding stock), and good hygiene standards are maintained throughout the industry, the infection will be progressively cleared from the whole of the national stock. Each year all poultry breeder flocks (approx. 2300) were screened for the presence of S. enteritidis by bacteriological examination of caecal droppings until 1 April 1992. After that date, screening was carried out with a 'double-antibody sandwich blocking' (DAS blocking) ELISA-method. Treatment of S. enteritidis-positive flocks, even in production, with Baytril(R) (enrofloxacin) and competitive exclusion flora turned out to be a good alternative for slaughtering these flocks. The top-down approach seems to be succesful also in relation to S. enteritidis infection in humans in The Netherlands, since no further increase of human infections has been observed during the last 3 years.

关键词： SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS POULTRY control program ELISA ANTIBIOTIC PLUS CE TREATMENT

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EXPERIENCE OF A 10-YEAR USE OF COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION TREATMENT AS PART OF THE SALMONELLA control program IN SWEDEN

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1992年第3-4期15卷 287-291页

作者： WIERUP, M WAHLSTROM, H ENGSTROM, B NATL VET INST UPPSALASWEDEN

In Sweden, competitive exclusion (CE) treatment has been used since 1981 as a part of the national control programme for Salmonella. According to the programme all broiler flocks are tested for Salmonella before slaughter thus providing an evaluation of CE treatment. The CE culture used is mainly for the two consecutive flocks raised in a unit after a Salmonella-infected flock has been identified. During the period 1981-1990 CE culture has been given to 179 flocks, involving 3.82 million chickens. Only one of the treated flocks was found to be Salmonella-positive. A special study during a period when Salmonella was spread by contaminated feed demonstrated that CE treatment was effective in controlling Salmonella under field conditions. A likely contributory factor is that the hatcheries in Sweden can be claimed to be Salmonella-free. In addition, the control programme and related action, have led to a very low incidence of Salmonella in broiler chickens. A nationwide study carried out in 1990 demonstrated that less than 1% of broiler chickens was contaminated with Salmonella after slaughter.

关键词： SALMONELLA COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION POULTRY control program

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THE USE OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS - ATTEMPTS AT STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY

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ACTA TROPICA 1992年第1期51卷 45-63页

作者： JENKINS, JM HATZ, C SWISS TROP INST SOCINSTR 57CH-4002 BASELSWITZERLAND

This paper summarises the conclusions of a workshop held in Cairo in 1990 to discuss the standardization of the use of diagnostic ultrasound in schistosomiasis. For epidemiological purposes, it is very important that ultrasound examinations should be carried out and recorded in a standardized way, in order to ensure that results obtained in different places and at different times can be compared. The workshop did not attempt to produce final recommendations, but it did make tentative proposals in a form suitable for field testing. The paper discusses the general problems involved in carrying out and recording ultrasound examinations in a standardized way. The special points involved in assessing lesions due to the three main forms of schistosomiasis are then considered in detail. Methodology that can be used in epidemiological work with large numbers of people is emphasised.

关键词： SCHISTOSOMIASIS ULTRASOUND STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY control program

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