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Ruminant brucellosis in Upper Egypt (2005-2008)

PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2011年第3-4期101卷 173-181页

作者： Hegazy, Y. M. Molina-Flores, B. Shafik, H. Ridler, A. L. Guitian, F. J. Kafrelsheikh Univ Vet Coll Dept Anim Med Kafr Al Sheikh Egypt Spanish Agcy Int Cooperat & Dev Egyptian Spanish Project Control Brucellosis Uppe Cairo Egypt Minist Agr & Land Reclamat Gen Org Vet Serv Cairo 12311 Egypt Food & Agr Org United Nations Reg Anim Hlth Ctr N Africa Tunis 1002 Tunisia Massey Univ Inst Vet Anim & Biomed Sci IVABS Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand Univ London Royal Vet Coll Dept Vet Clin Sci Vet Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Grp N Mymms AL9 7TA Herts England

Brucellosis is endemic among humans and ruminant in Egypt and recent reports suggest that its incidence may be increasing. In this study we describe the frequency of brucellosis among different ruminant species in Upper Egypt and its spatial distribution using the data generated by a large-scale control campaign undertaken between 2005 and 2008. A total of 120,090 individual animals of different ruminant species were tested during the campaign. The true proportions of brucellosis were estimated as 0.79% (Cl: 0.71%-0.87%), 0.13% (Cl: 0.08%-0.18%), 1.16% (1.05%-1.27%) and 0.44% (0.34%-0.54%) among cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats respectively. We estimated that 0.2% (Cl: 0.16%-0.23%) of households in the study area keep at least one seropositive animal. Spatial autocorrelation of the proportions of seropositive households and seropositive animals was assessed using Global Univariate Moran's I and Local Univariate LISA. These analyses showed that the distribution of seropositive animals has considerable spatial heterogeneity with clustering in the northern governorates of the study area. Our results show that brucellosis is widespread and heterogeneously distributed in Upper Egypt. At the current level of available resources it is very unlikely that test and slaughter could be implemented with the intensity needed to be effective and other control measures that could replace or complement the test and slaughter policy in place should be considered. Also, this study illustrates some of the challenges faced by bilateral projects that have to accommodate an externally funded intervention with an ongoing national official disease control program. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brucellosis control program Households Ruminants Spatial analysis Upper Egypt

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Salmonella level of Danish swine herds based on serological examination of meat-juice samples and salmonella occurrence measured by bacteriological follow-up

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999年第3-4期40卷 277-292页

作者： Christensen, J Baggesen, DL Soerensen, V Svensmark, B Danish Vet Lab DK-1790 Copenhagen V Denmark Federat Danish Pig Producers & Slaughterhouses DK-8620 Kjellerup Denmark

Analyses of data collected in the Danish Salmonella control program in swine herds were conducted to assess the association between bacteriological and serological findings (including the degree to which changing serological status over time modulated the relationship) and to assess the degree to which type of swine operation and age group affected the relationship between bacteriological and serological findings. Although serological status was significantly associated with bacteriological prevalence of salmonella enterica in swine herds, the association was clarified by adding information on the change in serological status over time and the age group being tested. salmonella infection assessed by serological tests at a single time-point and data on age group tested would allow better targeting and managing control programs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： pig-microbiological diseases Salmonella enterica control program ELISA bacteriology surveillance

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Congenital syphilis re-emerging

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JOURNAL DER DEUTSCHEN DERMATOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT 2008年第4期6卷 269-272页

作者： Simms, Ian Broutet, Nathalie WHO Controlling Sexually Transmitted & Reprod Tract Infect Dept Reprod Hlth & Res CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland Hlth Protect Agcy Ctr Infect London England

Worldwide, of the 12 million people infected with syphilis every year, two million are pregnant women. An estimated 50% of these pregnancies will end in fetal or perinatal death, low birth weight babies or babies born with congenital syphilis. The World Health Organization is developing control strategies for the developing world. Cases of congenital syphilis are costly to health care systems but can be prevented through antenatal screening and treatment. The evolving European syphilis epidemic has resulted in an increased incidence of infection in reproductive age women and the emergence of cases of congenital syphilis. This reflects a failure of prenatal care delivery systems as well as syphilis control programs.

关键词： syphilis congenital connatal control program

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Evidence of ongoing brucellosis in livestock animals in North West Libya

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JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2017年第4期7卷 285-288页

作者： Al-Griw, Huda H. Kraim, Elfurgani Salem Farhat, Milad E. Perrett, Lorraine L. Whatmore, Adrian M. Tripoli Univ Fac Vet Med Dept Microbiol & Parasitol Tripoli Libya Natl Ctr Anim Hlth Dept Microbiol Tripoli Libya APHA Dept Bacteriol OIE WHO FAO Brucellosis Reference Lab Woodham Lane Weybridge KT15 3NB Surrey England

Animal brucellosis is thought to be present in small ruminants, cattle, and camels in Libya, particularly in the west coastal strip. Before the system collapsed due to political unrest in 2011, prevalence of the disease did not exceed 0.2% in cattle, 0.1% in camels, 8.3% in sheep, and 14.8% in goats. The aim of this study was to highlight outbreaks of disease that took place during the 18-month period from November 2014 to April 2016. A total of 1612 serum samples, collected opportunistically from 29 herds in 12 different localities in the northwest region of Libya, were investigated for brucellosis. The samples were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test, and confirmed with either indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the case of sheep, and/or a serum agglutination test, followed with a complement fixation test, in the case of cattle and camels. Our results showed the highest rates of brucellosis seropositivity in goats (33.4%) and sheep (9.2%). The overall percentage of brucellosis seropositivity was 21%. The high level of brucellosis identified by this study, particularly in small ruminants, strongly suggests re-emergence of the disease in the region. Re-evaluation of intervention measures applied to the control of brucellosis is highly recommended. (C) 2017 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

关键词： Brucellosis control program Libya Livestock

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Simulation of alternatives for the Dutch Johne's disease certification-and-monitoring program

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2004年第1期62卷 1-17页

作者： Weber, MF Groenendaal, H van Roermund, HJW Nielen, M Anim Hlth Serv NL-7400 AA Deventer Netherlands Wageningen Univ Farm Management Grp NL-6709 KN Wageningen Netherlands Inst Anim Sci & Hlth Quantitat Vet Epidemiol NL-8200 AB Lelystad Netherlands

To identify optimal method(s) for certification and subsequent monitoring of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map)-unsuspected herds, certification-and-monitoring schemes were studied using a stochastic simulation model ("JohneSSim"). JohneSSim simulated the within-herd transmission and economic aspects of Map in closed Dutch dairy herds. The model was validated with field observations on Map-unsuspected herds. The current Dutch certification-and-monitoring schemes were compared with 11 alternative schemes in which individual and pooled fecal culture, ELISA, Johnin-intradermal test and gamma-IFN ELISA were used, varying the test frequency, tested age group and number of tested animals. On reaching the 'Map-free' status with the standard certification scheme, 11% of the simulated herds were not truly Map-free. Therefore, the designation 'Map-free' should be changed into, for instance, 'low-risk Map'. In the most-attractive alternative certification scheme, the 'Map-free' status was reached after four herd examinations (at 2-year intervals) consisting of serial testing of all cattle > 2 years of age with a pooled fecal culture and individual fecal culture of positive pools. This scheme resulted in lower total and annual discounted costs and a lower animal-level prevalence at reaching the 'Map-free' status compared to the standard scheme, assuming that there was no new introduction of the infection. Schemes to monitor the 'Map-free' status were compared, assuming that this status was reached with the standard certification scheme. In comparison to the standard monitoring scheme, none of the alternative monitoring schemes resulted in both a lower animal-level prevalence of undetected pre-existing Map infections in closed herds, and lower median annual discounted costs. Results of the model were very sensitive to the assumed sensitivity of the fecal culture test and to management measures that prevent within-herd transmission of Map. If these preventive measu

关键词： cattle paratuberculosis Monte Carlo simulation certification monitoring control program

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AIR-POLLUTION - DIFFERENT VIEW

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WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION 1979年第1期11卷 115-127页

作者： ELLSAESSER, HW 4293 Stanford Way 94550 Livermore CA U.S.A.

A decade of study of the air pollution problem revealed so little support for an air pollution control program and the popular concensus that supports it that communication is difficult. An effort is made to state a m... 详细信息

关键词： control program Pollution Problem Pollution control program

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Pig Ascaris: An important source of human ascariasis in China

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INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012年第6期12卷 1172-1177页

作者： Zhou, Chunhua Li, Min Yuan, Keng Deng, Shoulong Peng, Weidong Nanchang Univ Coll Basic Med Dept Parasitol Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi Peoples R China Nanchang Univ Sch Life Sci & Food Engn Dept Biotechnol & Bioengn Nanchang 330031 Peoples R China Nanchang Inst Technol Nanchang 330099 Peoples R China Nanchang Univ Jiangxi Med Sci Res Inst Nanchang 330006 Peoples R China

The aim of the present study is to detect the frequency and distribution of cross infection and hybridization of human and pig Ascaris in China. Twenty high polymorphic microsatellite loci were selected to screen 258 Ascaris worms from humans and pigs from six provinces in China. The software programs STRUCTURE, BAPS and NEWHYBRIDS were used to determine the case of cross infection and hybridization of human and pig Ascaris. Results showed that cross infection was detected in all sampled locations and of the total 20 cross infection cases, 19 were indentified as human infections by pure-bred pig type Ascaris in contrast to only one case of pig infection by pure-bred human type Ascaris. Similar to the findings in cross infection, hybrid Ascaris was also detected in all locations and both host species and most of hybrids (95%) were detected from human host. The distribution of cross infection and hybrids showed significant difference between the two host species and among three categories of genotype in terms of G1, G2 and G3, and also between the south and north regions (for hybrids only). The results strongly suggest pig Ascaris as an important source of human ascariasis in endemic area where both human and pig Ascaris exist. In consideration of current control measures for human ascariasis targeting only infected people, it is urgently, needed to revise current control measures by adding a simultaneous treatment to infected pigs in the sympatric endemics. The knowledge on cross transmission and hybridization between human and pig Ascaris is important not only for public health, but also for the understanding of genetic evolution, taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Ascaris. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ascaris Cross infection Hybridization Microsatellites control program China

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Incidence of fecal excretion of &ITMycobacterium avium&IT subsp &ITparatuberculosis&IT in dairy cows before and after the enrolment in the Quebec voluntary program

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PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE 2017年 148卷 94-105页

作者： Arango-Sabogal, J. C. Pare, J. Labrecque, O. Cote, G. Roy, J. P. Buczinski, S. Wellemans, V. Fecteau, G. Univ Montreal Fac Med Vet Dept Sci Clin St Hyacinthe PQ J2S 8H5 Canada Agence Canadienne Inspect Aliments St Hyacinthe PQ J2S 7C6 Canada Minist Agr Pecheries & Alimentat Quebec Lab Epidemiosurveillance Anim Quebec St Hyacinthe PQ J2S 7X9 Canada Minist Agr Pecheries & Alimentat Quebec Direct Gen Lab & Sante Anim Quebec City PQ G1P 4S8 Canada

Paratuberculosis is a chronic and contagious enteric disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This disease of worldwide distribution is responsible for significant economic losses and the bacteria itself has been linked to human Crohn's disease. Paratuberculosis control programs focus on reducing MAP transmission by implementing better management practices that target infection routes. In Quebec, a Voluntary Paratuberculosis Prevention and control program (QVPPCP) was launched in 2007. The objectives of this prospective cohort study were threefold. The first was to describe the changes in the incidence of fecal excretion of MAP in cows born before and after farm enrolment in the QVPPCP. The second was to estimate the impact of the risk of within-herd transmission of MAP (measured by the risk assessment score (RAS)) on the incidence of fecal excretion of MAP. And the third was to evaluate the impact of calf rearing practices on the incidence of fecal excretion of MAP. Eighteen MAP-positive herds were visited annually from 2011 to 2015. At each visit, individual fecal samples from all adult cows were collected. MAP was cultured using liquid media and an automated system. A risk assessment questionnaire was completed upon enrolment in the QVPPCP and at each visit. The RAS of the farm was attributed to each cow according to its birthdate. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for the exposure variables. Herd clustering was taken into account using robust standard errors. A total of 2158 cows were included (cohort born before n = 919;cohort born after n = 1239). The incidence and hazard of fecal excretion were significantly lower for the cohort-after than the cohort-before (incidence rate ratio = 0.38;95% CI: 0.18-0.78 and HR = 0.48;95% CI: 0.23-0.98). The HR of fecal excretion for cows exposed to a high RAS was 2.20 times (95% CI: 1.21-3.99) that of cows exposed to a low RAS. Poor calving co

关键词： Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis Fecal excretion Dairy cattle Prevention control program Cox proportional hazards model

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Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES 2018年第6期65卷 1627-1640页

作者： Srinivasan, Sreenidhi Easterling, Laurel Rimal, Bipin Niu, Xiaoyue Maggie Conlan, Andrew J. K. Dudas, Patrick Kapur, Vivek Penn State Univ Dept Anim Sci University Pk PA 16802 USA Penn State Univ Huck Inst Life Sci University Pk PA 16802 USA Penn State Univ Eberly Coll Sci Dept Stat University Pk PA 16802 USA Univ Cambridge Dept Vet Med Dis Dynam Unit Cambridge England

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease of cattle that impacts productivity and represents a major public health threat. Despite the considerable economic costs and zoonotic risk consequences associated with the disease, accurate estimates of bTB prevalence are lacking in many countries, including India, where national control programmes are not yet implemented and the disease is considered endemic. To address this critical knowledge gap, we performed a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis to estimate bTB prevalence in cattle in India and provide a foundation for the future formulation of rational disease control strategies and the accurate assessment of economic and health impact risks. The literature search was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and identified 285 cross-sectional studies on bTB in cattle in India across four electronic databases and handpicked publications. Of these, 44 articles were included, contributing a total of 82,419 cows and buffaloes across 18 states and one union territory in India. Based on a random-effects (RE) meta-regression model, the analysis revealed a pooled prevalence estimate of 7.3% (95% CI: 5.6, 9.5), indicating that there may be an estimated 21.8 million (95% CI: 16.6, 28.4) infected cattle in India-a population greater than the total number of dairy cows in the United States. The analyses further suggest that production system, species, breed, study location, diagnostic technique, sample size and study period are likely moderators of bTB prevalence in India and need to be considered when developing future disease surveillance and control programmes. Taken together with the projected increase in intensification of dairy production and the subsequent increase in the likelihood of zoonotic transmission, the results of our study suggest that attempts to eliminate tuberculosis from humans will require simultaneous consideration of bTB control in cattle population in countries such as India.

关键词： bovine tuberculosis buffaloes cattle control program cows India meta-analysis prevalence review

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Ovine Echinococcus granulosus transmission dynamics in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina, 1980-1999

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VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY 2001年第4期98卷 263-272页

作者： Larrieu, E Costa, MT Cantoni, G Alvarez, R Cavagion, L Labanchi, JL Bigatti, R Araya, D Herrero, E Alvarez, E Mancini, S Cabrera, P Prov Council Publ Hlth RA-8500 Viedma Rio Negro Argentina Natl Univ Fac Vet Sci La Pampa Argentina UDELAR Fac Vet Montevideo Uruguay

In this work, the impact of a hydatidosis control programme for dogs on the intermediate ovine host was specifically analysed to determine the levels of prevalence achieved and the dynamics of parasite transmission, as well as to evaluate the quality of diagnostic systems in slaughterhouses. A field study was conducted in four slaughterhouses (Valcheta, Los Menucos, Jacobacci, Bariloche) that process animals coming from all the departments within the work area. The control programme for dogs entailed treating dogs with 5 mg/kg praziquantel at 2-month intervals for 20 years. Sample size was determined with a 10% error margin and a 95% significance level. Harvested viscera (liver, lungs, kidneys) were preserved in 5% formaldehyde and sent to the laboratory for diagnostic confirmation of both positive and negative specimens. The 61% initial prevalence dropped to 18.3% at the end of the 10-year period, observed differences proving significant (Chi-square = 15.454, P = 0.00). There were statistically significant increases in infection prevalence with age (Pearson's Chi-square = 133.61, P = 0,00), Overall, 37.2% of hydatidosis cases diagnosed in slaughterhouses were considered non-hydatid by histological study. On the other hand, 1.1% of those diagnosed as healthy were found to be infected with hydatidosis. The number of hydatid cysts per animal increased with age: 0.04 in lambs and 1,22 in adults (linear regression equation, -0.0539 + 0.0127 x age), whereas the average for the whole period was 3.7% in lambs and 20.5% in adults. Viability studies indicated that 63.8% of parasitised animals had viable cysts, out of which 53.3% were fertile. Diagnosis of infection in sheep made by means of an adjusted statistical design and with histological confirmation of the presumptive diagnosis made in slaughterhouses demonstrated the flaws of the official systems for epidemic surveillance of hydatidosis. However, there was no overall significant difference in slaughterhouse and labora

关键词： hydatidosis prevalence in sheep control program Echinococcus granulosus

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