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modelling and control Tank Testing Validation for Attenuator Type Wave Energy Converter-Part I: Experiment Setup and control-oriented modelling

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 2023年第3期14卷 1747-1757页

作者： Liao, Zhijing Sun, Tao Al-Ani, Mustafa Jordan, Laura-Beth Li, Guang Wang, Zhenchun Belmont, Michael Edwards, Christopher Univ Manchester Sch Engn Manchester M13 9PL England Ocean Univ China Coll Engn Qingdao 266100 Peoples R China Toshiba Europe Ltd Bristol Res & Innovat Lab Bristol BS1 4ND England Univ Edinburgh FloWave Ocean Energy Res Facil Kings Bldg Edinburgh EH9 3BF Scotland Yanshan Univ Sch Elect Engn Qinhuangdao 066004 Hebei Peoples R China Univ Exeter Exeter EX4 4QF England

Advanced non-causal optimal control strategies have been demonstrated to significantly improve the energy output of a scale physical model of an attenuator type wave energy converter (WEC) by tank testing experiments using FloWave tank facilities in Edinburgh supported by Wave Energy Scotland's control project. The results are reported in a series of three papers, summarizing the tank testing setup, dynamic modelling, and validation of both linear non-causal optimal control (LNOC) and model predictive control (MPC) in regular and irregular waves. Compared with an optimally tuned passive damping control, both LNOC and MPC can significantly improve the energy output, by between 10% to 460%, using irregular waves with low to medium magnitude and peak periods ranging from 1.7 s to 2.8 sat 1/20(th) scale, as shown in Part II and Part III papers. These controllers also show robust performance in spread waves and side waves which are normally encountered in real sea conditions. Furthermore, the control technologies can be transferred to other types of WECs. The results pave the way for the sea trial testing and full control system validation involving the electricity generation stage and power conditioning stage. This Part I paper will focus on the tank testing setup, the passive damping control experimental results, and the control-oriented models for the WEC. Two state-space models derived respectively from the hydrodynamic model and system identification of experimental data, are validated and compared for use on the controller designs to be presented in Part II and Part III.

关键词： Wave energy converter control-oriented modelling system identification wave tank testing

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Optimal control of wave energy systems considering nonlinear Froude-Krylov effects: control-oriented modelling and moment-based control

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NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 2022年第3期109卷 1777-1804页

作者： Faedo, N. Giorgi, G. Ringwood, J., V Mattiazzo, G. Politecn Torino Marine Offshore Renewable Energy Lab Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn Turin Italy Maynooth Univ Ctr Ocean Energy Res Dept Elect Engn Maynooth Kildare Ireland

Motivated by the relevance of so-called nonlinear Froude-Krylov (FK) hydrodynamic effects in the accurate dynamical description of wave energy converters (WECs) under controlled conditions, and the apparent lack of a suitable control framework effectively capable of optimally harvesting ocean wave energy in such circumstances, we present, in this paper, an integrated framework to achieve such a control objective, by means of two main contributions. We first propose a data-based, control-oriented, modelling procedure, able to compute a suitable mathematical representation for nonlinear FK effects, fully compatible with state-of-the-art control procedures. Secondly, we propose a moment-based optimal control solution, capable of transcribing the energy-maximising optimal control problem for WECs subject to nonlinear FK effects, by incorporating the corresponding data-based FK model via moment-based theory, with real-time capabilities. We illustrate the application of the proposed framework, including energy absorption performance, by means of a comprehensive case study, comprising both the data-based modelling, and the optimal moment-based control of a heaving point absorber WEC subject to nonlinear FK forces.

关键词： Nonlinear hydrodynamics Wave energy converter Optimal control System identification control-oriented modelling Froude-Krylov forces

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control-oriented modelling of three-way catalytic converter for fuel-to-air ratio regulation in spark ignited engines

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART D-JOURNAL OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING 2019年第14期233卷 3758-3774页

作者： Guardiola, Carlos Climent, Hector Pla, Benjamin Real, Marcelo Univ Politecn Valencia CMT Motores Term Camino Vera S-N E-46022 Valencia Spain

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a grey-box model of three-way catalytic converter, which is capable of estimating the oxygen storage level to aid the fuel-to-air ratio control in spark ignited engines. As it is well-known, the prime parameter that drives the transient dynamics in current three-way catalytic converter is their capability to store a certain amount of oxygen, then allowing to oxidize some pollutant species such as carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons even at rich conditions during short periods of time. Since oxygen storage level is considered a good indicator of the catalyst state but it cannot be directly measured, a model based real-time capable estimation like the one proposed in this paper could be valuable. The model accounts for oxygen storing as well as oxidation and reduction of the main species involved, taking as inputs fuel-to-air equivalence ratio, air mass flow, temperature and gas composition at three-way catalyst inlet. From these inputs, oxygen storage level and brick temperature are calculated as model states, which finally provide the gas composition downstream of the catalyst as output. In addition, a simplified model of narrowband lambda sensor is included, it provides a voltage from gas composition at the outlet of the catalyst and allows to assess the model behaviour by comparison with the on-board lambda sensor measurements. Finally, the validation of the model performance by means of experimental test as well as different practical cases, where the benefits of oxygen storage level estimation plays a key role, are introduced.

关键词： Spark ignited engine control-oriented modelling fuel-to-air ratio control three-way catalyst

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Generalised control-oriented modelling framework for multi-energy systems

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APPLIED ENERGY 2019年 235卷 320-331页

作者： Long, Sebastian Marjanovic, Ognjen Parisio, Alessandra Univ Manchester Sch Elect & Elect Engn Manchester Lancs England

A requirement for new sources of flexibility in meeting energy demand and the growing interest in the interaction between energy sectors have drawn attention to multi-energy systems, which can offer numerous benefits, e.g. providing flexibility to counteract the intermittency of renewable generation and increase energy efficiency. In order to maximise these benefits, advanced control methods are required. The model predictive control methodology is a promising candidate for such applications as it is capable of incorporating economic and operational objectives whilst respecting various technical, regulatory and environmental constraints. In order to implement such a control strategy effectively, it is necessary to develop appropriate system models. This paper presents a novel generalised modelling framework for multi-energy systems that is particularly well suited, though not limited to, predictive control applications. The proposed approach is capable of representing energy converter arrangements of arbitrary complexity containing multiple energy vectors, as well as multi-directional energy flow, multi-generation and multi-mode devices, a wide range of controllable producers/consumers, energy storage and flexible loads. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated using a representative case study based on three buildings at the University of Manchester where the developed model is incorporated into a model predictive control scheme. The simulation results show how the controller minimises the cost of purchasing energy whilst satisfying operational constraints, and managing various types of flexible demand.

关键词： Model predictive control control-oriented modelling Multi-energy systems Demand-side management

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Novel direct injection electro-hydraulic model-based controller for high efficiency internal combustion engines

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH 2025年第2期26卷 255-273页

作者： Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo Viscione, Davide Silvagni, Giacomo Ravaglioli, Vittorio Corti, Enrico Bianchi, Gian Marco De Cesare, Matteo Stola, Federico Univ Bologna Dipartimento Ingn Industriale Alma Mater Studiorum DIN Viale Risorgimento 2 I-40121 Bologna Italy Marelli Europe SPA Bologna Italy

During the past years, automotive industries developed several technologies suitable to increase efficiency and reduce emissions from Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). Among them, the adoption of high-pressure injection systems is considered crucial to optimize air-fuel mixture formation. However, the use of these technologies also promotes the formation of particulate matter (PM Particulate Matter), which is a direct result of charge stratification and fluid film on the cylinder walls. Therefore, to obtain a proper mixture formation without the risk of wall impingement, the utilization of consecutive injections is mandatory. Since modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) systems are typically characterized by electrical-actuated injectors connected to a single high-pressure rail, a deep understanding of electrical and hydraulic effects among two close injection events becomes essential. This paper analyzes the combinations of electrical and hydraulic effects that occur in a high-pressure GDI system performing multiple injections. By using a specifically developed open vessel flushing bench, the injection system has been characterized in terms of pressure wave propagation as well as electrical distortions of the driving current profile of the injectors. The analysis of the experimental data has allowed for the calibration of the residual magnetization characteristic map in addition to the development of a pressure wave propagation control-oriented model. Finally, a Magnetization and Pressure Wave (MPW) correction strategy, easily implementable on an Electronic control Unit (ECU) without the need for additional sensors, has been proposed. By running the MPW strategy, the error between the actual and expected injected mass has been reduced below 5% in all tested conditions.

关键词： GDI system multiple injections residual magnetization pressure fluctuations injected fuel mass variation control-oriented modelling

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Data-Based In-Cylinder Pressure Model with Cyclic Variations for Combustion control: An RCCI Engine Application

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ENERGIES 2024年第8期17卷 1881页

作者： Vlaswinkel, Maarten Willems, Frank Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Mech Engn Control Syst Technol NL-5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands TNO Mobil & Built Environm Powertrains Dept NL-5700 AT Helmond Netherlands

Cylinder-pressure-based control is a key enabler for advanced pre-mixed combustion concepts. In addition to guaranteeing robust and safe operation, it allows for cylinder pressure and heat release shaping. This requires fast control-oriented combustion models. Over the years, mean-value models have been proposed that can predict combustion metrics (e.g., gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPg), or the crank angle where 50% of the total heat is released (CA50)) or models that predict the full in-cylinder pressure. However, these models are not able to capture cycle-to-cycle variations. The inclusion of the cycle-to-cycle variations is important in the control design for combustion concepts, like reactivity-controlled compression ignition, that can suffer from large cycle-to-cycle variations. In this study, the in-cylinder pressure and cycle-to-cycle variations are modelled using a data-based approach. The in-cylinder conditions and fuel settings are the inputs to the model. The model combines principal component decomposition and Gaussian process regression. A detailed study is performed on the effects of the different hyperparameters and kernel choices. The approach is applicable to any combustion concept, but is most valuable for advance combustion concepts with large cycle-to-cycle variation. The potential of the proposed approach is successfully demonstrated for a reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine running on diesel and E85. The average prediction error of the mean in-cylinder pressure over a complete combustion cycle is 0.051 bar and of the corresponding mean cycle-to-cycle variation is 0.24 bar2. This principal-component-decomposition-based approach is an important step towards in-cylinder pressure shaping. The use of Gaussian process regression provides important information on cycle-to-cycle variation and provides next-cycle control information on safety and performance criteria.

关键词： internal combustion engine combustion modelling control-oriented modelling eigenpressure Gaussian process regression

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Hybrid solar and hydrogen energy system 0-D model for off-grid Hybrid solar and hydrogen energy system 0-D model for off-grid sustainable power system: A case in Italy sustainable power system: A case in Italy

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY 2024年 92卷 1108-1120页

作者： Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo Silvagni, Giacomo Ravaglioli, Vittorio Corti, Enrico Moro, Davide Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna DIN Dept Ind Engn I-40121 Bologna Italy

Off-grid solar systems are one of the most promising solutions for achieving complete grid independence. Off-grid solar systems are one of the most promising solutions for achieving complete grid independence. However, the storage of large amounts of energy produced in the summer through solar panels becomes crucial However, the storage of large amounts of energy produced in the summer through solar panels becomes crucial to reach this goal and hydrogen, as a zero-CO2 energy carrier, could play a pivotal role. This paper presents a to reach this goal and hydrogen, as a zero-CO2 energy carrier, could play a pivotal role. This paper presents a case study on the integration and simulation of solar energy and hydrogen technologies in an off-grid energy case study on the integration and simulation of solar energy and hydrogen technologies in an off-grid energy plant for a teaching buildings complex in Italy. A 0-D virtual energy plant model has been developed aimed at plant for a teaching buildings complex in Italy. A 0-D virtual energy plant model has been developed aimed at estimating the net energy production and hydrogen consumption/production rates using different inputs of estimating the net energy production and hydrogen consumption/production rates using different inputs of irradiance (monthly average, daily) and energy demand (constant and variable daily consumption levels) in the irradiance (monthly average, daily) and energy demand (constant and variable daily consumption levels) in the buildings. The outcome of the analysis identifies the most convenient configuration of the plant in terms of sizing buildings. The outcome of the analysis identifies the most convenient configuration of the plant in terms of sizing and device interactions for achieving complete grid independence, and the impact of different inputs on the plant and device interactions for achieving complete grid independence, and the impact of different inputs on the plant performance. performan

关键词： Hydrogen power plant Off-grid power plant control-oriented modelling Italy case study Sizing and modelling framework

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Experimental characterization of the injected mass variation in a high-pressure GDI injector operating with a multiple injection strategy

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH 2024年第4期25卷 631-646页

作者： Viscione, Davide Brancaleoni, Pier Paolo Silvagni, Giacomo Ravaglioli, Vittorio Bianchi, Gian Marco Moro, Davide De Cesare, Matteo Stola, Federico Alma Mater Studiorum Univ Bologna Dipartimento Ingn Industriale Viale Risorgimento 2 I-40136 Bologna Italy Marelli Europe SpA Bologna Italy

Increasingly stringent limits to pollutants released by Internal Combustion Engines pushed the automotive research to develop technologies to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Higher injection pressures are beneficial to accelerate the atomization phase, reducing the particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. However, the spray protrusion inside the combustion chamber is enhanced and, consequently, the generation of a thick wall film, which tends to increase the latter emissions. Thus, multiple-injection strategies might be beneficial for both the atomization rate and the spray penetration, owing to a stratified charge inside the chamber. This paper investigates the effect of the adoption of multiple-injection strategies on the behaviour of a GDI injector operating in high injection pressure conditions. The resulting injected mass is influenced by electrical phenomena on the excitation circuit, which mainly depend on the relative time between the end of the first injection and the start of the following. Hence, the total amount of fuel injected with the multiple-injection pattern will differ from its nominal value. In this work, a specific experimental layout was developed to characterize the behaviour of the injector in different operating conditions and quantify the deviation between actual and nominal injected mass. The impact of the magnetized coils on the overall injected mass has been captured referring to the modification of the shape of the driving current profile with respect to the nominal one. Then, a correlation which considers the electric charge variation on the coils has been implemented to model the phenomenon and, consequently, to counterbalance the electro-magnetic effect on the injected mass. The resulting strategy successfully allowed to reduce the difference between the actual and target fuel mass from up to 30% to almost 5%, owing to its implementation on the injection control system to automatically correct the injection comma

关键词： GDI system multiple injections residual magnetization injected fuel mass variation control-oriented modelling

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modelling three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH 2021年第2期22卷 640-651页

作者： Real, Marcelo Hedinger, Raffael Pla, Benjamin Onder, Christopher Univ Politecn Valencia CMT Motores Term Camino Vera S-N Valencia 46022 Spain Swiss Fed Inst Technol Inst Dynam Syst & Control Zurich Switzerland

This article introduces a physical model of a three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions. Computational cost is an important factor, particularly when the modelling is oriented to the development of engine control strategies. That is why a one-dimensional one-channel real-time capable model is proposed. The present model accounts for two phases, gas and solid, respectively, considering not only the heat transfer by convection between both, but also the water vapour condensation and evaporation in the catalyst brick, which plays a key role during engine cold-start. Moreover, the model addresses the conductive heat flow, heat losses to the environment and exothermic reactions in the solid phase, as well as the convective heat flow in the gas phase. Regarding the chemical model, the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is considered by means of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Three layers make up the model structure from a kinetic point of view, bulk gas, washcoat pores and noble metal in the catalyst surface. The model takes fuel-to-air ratio, exhaust gas mass flow, temperature, pressure and gas composition as inputs, providing the thermal distribution as well as the species concentration along the converter.

关键词： control-oriented modelling three-way catalyst after-treatment systems catalyst warm-up engine cold-start

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A control strategy for incremental profile forming

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JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 2022年 79卷 142-153页

作者： Nakahata, Ryo Seetharaman, Satyanarayana Srinivasan, Krishnaswamy Tekkaya, A. Erman Ohio State Univ Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn Columbus OH 43210 USA TU Dortmund Inst Forming Technol & Lightweight Components D-44227 Dortmund Germany

Incremental profile forming (IPF) allows the flexible manufacture of metallic tubular structures with crosssectional profiles that vary along their length, but its geometric accuracy is limited currently by exclusive reliance upon machine control of the process. Procedures for on-line sensing of process attributes and post-process sensing of part geometry, using laser triangulation sensors, are developed. Improved understanding of process characteristics for elementary IPF operations, obtained from FEM analysis and experiments, is described. Issues in developing a control-oriented process model are discussed along with prior related work. An overall control strategy for improving part geometry in IPF is formulated, indicating directions for needed research in process design, control-oriented modelling, sensing improvements, and control.

关键词： Incremental forming Radial indentation Axial grooving Material springback Optical sensing control-oriented modelling

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