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AIAA SciTech Forum

作者： Kuleshov, Yury A. Nagpal, Kabir Ucpinar, Korel Gadaginmath, Alisha Gadaginmath, Sanjana O'Daniel, Katie B. Sun, Dalbert Tan, Lucas Veatch, Nathan L. Monangi, Hridhay Purdue Univ Coll Agr Dept Anim Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Purdue Polytech Inst Sch Engn Technol W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Dept Comp Sci Coll Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Purdue Polytech Inst Dept Comp Graph Technol W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Mitchell E Daniels Jr Sch Business W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Data Mine W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624107115

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107115

The discussion of cyber attacks and vulnerabilities in aircraft avionics networks is limited within academia, forgoing useful collaboration and potential for the aviation cybersecurity industry to benefit from university research capabilities. The authors, comprised of university students, and advised by industry mentors, present a novel academia-industry collaboration between the data Mine Corporate Partners program at Purdue University and the Boeing Company. A synergetic course was developed to expand the learning process and outcomes of conventional information technology (IT), computer science (CS), data science (DS), aerospace engineering and technology (e.g., cyber-physical systems (CPS)) courses by linking cybersecurity studies to aviation. The topics of discussion included avionics network communication protocols and standards, limitations of running simulations on a local machine, processing priority on existing aircraft systems, and the potential impact on safety and performance of cyber attacks on an aircraft. To assess attack vectors and perform vulnerability analysis without dedicated testing hardware or cost-prohibitive avionics components, the authors developed a digital twin model for simulating potential cyber attacks. The digital twin model ran on general-purpose computers and emulated aircraft data packets transferring within firewalled network domains. The digital twin files were stored in a shared repository for easy access and execution via simple shell commands. Through a series of Python-based scripts the students emulated the architecture of real-world avionics systems. The model was divided into three isolated systems according to ARINC 811: the Aircraft Control Domain, Airline Information Services Domain, and the Passenger Information and Entertainment Services Domain. Each domain represented a distinct aspect of the avionics system and facilitated the simulation and analysis of vulnerabilities and potential attack vectors. Students explo

关键词： Digital Twins Avionics Systems Cyber Security Aviation controller pilot data link communications Boeing Aerospace Engineering Commercial Aviation Software Development Aircraft Control

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Quality of Candidate Flights and Submission Prediction in Collaborative Digital Departure Reroute

Quality of Candidate Flights and Submission Prediction in Co...

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AIAA SciTech Forum

作者： Youlton, Sarah Amblard, Alexandre Coupe, William J. NASA Ames Res Ctr Univ Space Res Assoc Moffett Field CA 94035 USA NASA Ames Res Ctr Moffett Field CA USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624107115

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107115

Collaborative Digital Departure Reroute (CDDR) enables the reroute of flights using a flight operator proposed set of alternative route options, referred to as Trajectory Option Set (TOS), in order to reduce delay on the airport's surface and in the Metroplex environment. The reroute functionality is enabled through NASA's Digital Information Platform (DIP). TOS candidate flights are defined as flights with an alternative route with delay savings greater than the flight operator defined relative trajectory cost. This paper analyzes the TOS candidate flights at Dallas/FortWorth International Airport (KDFW) in the North Texas Metroplex to gain insight into which candidate flights are higher quality through a scoring method. This insight will inform refinements to help CDDR focus on high quality reroute opportunities. Binary classification models for predicting the flight operator's submission of candidate flights are also explored in this paper.

关键词： Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport controller pilot data link communications Terminal Radar Approach Control Federal Aviation Administration Digital Transformation Airspace NASA

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Effects of Communication Modality on pilot-controller Coordination during a Simulated m:N Operation

Effects of Communication Modality on Pilot-Controller Coordi...

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AIAA Aviation Forum

作者： Sadler, Garrett G. Chandarana, Meghan Keeler, Jillian N. Kirkley, Crystal NASA Ames Res Ctr Human Machine Syst Human Syst Integrat Div Moffett Field CA 94035 USA NASA Ames Res Ctr Intelligent Syst Div Moffett Field CA 94035 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624107047

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107047

The last decade or so has seen growing interest in new control paradigms and concepts of operation for uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) in which multiple aircraft are piloted remotely by a single or relatively small number of people. Referred to as "one-to-many" and "many-to-many" (alternatively, "multi-operator, multi-vehicle")-and frequently expressed as the corresponding ratios, 1:N and m:N-such novel configurations of aircraft and the people who manage them are seen as critical to the path to future operations involving UAS. Examples of industry domains interested in these control paradigms are small package delivery services utilizing small UAS and passenger-carrying, short-range "Urban Air Mobility" (UAM) operations. Stakeholders in such operations have identified communication and coordination of flight activity with air traffic controllers (ATC) as a barrier to operations. In contrast to present-day flight operations, in which a pilot communicates with one ATC on one radio frequency for one aircraft, multi-vehicle operations potentially entail a significant increase in pilot task load for management of comms. New concepts, such as UAS Service Suppliers (USSs) and Providers of Services to UAM (PSUs), have been proposed to address the known bottleneck for Air Traffic Management (ATM) presented by multi-vehicle operations. Although progress has been steadily made over years developing USSs and PSUs, it is generally expected that initial UAM operations will rely on traditional voice-over-radio communication with ATC for purposes of ATM. The current study was a human-in-the-loop simulation that had participants, each possessing a Private pilot License, act as the ground-based pilot-in-command for multiple vehicles in a hypothetical UAM service in the San Francisco Bay Area. The experiment utilized a 2-by-3, within-subjects design in which the pilot's Vehicle Load (4 vs. 12) and Comm System (Voice, datalink, and a Hybrid) were manipulated. The task given to pilots

关键词： controller pilot data link communications Advanced Air Mobility Unmanned Aircraft System Ground Control Station Air Traffic Management Airspace Human In The Loop Digital Communication System Coordinated Flight NASA

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Evaluating Benefits of Reduced Separation Minima for North Atlantic Traffic Through Computer Simulations

Evaluating Benefits of Reduced Separation Minima for North A...

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AIAA Aviation Forum

作者： Zolfaghari, Armin Hinzet, Nicolas Trani, Antonio A. Posts, Joseph Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn Blacksburg VA 24061 USA FAA NAS Syst Engn & Integrat Washington DC 20591 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624107047

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107047

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract (ADS-C), controller-pilot data link Communication (CPDLC), Advanced Required Navigation Performance (RNP), Advanced Area Navigation (RNAV), and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are technologies that enhance air traffic surveillance and improve air traffic control and pilot situational awareness. To measure the potential benefits of advanced surveillance systems we use a simulation tool named the Global Oceanic (GO) model. The GO model is a fast-time computer simulation tool developed jointly by the Virginia Tech Air Transportation Systems Laboratory and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The GO model employs discrete-time algorithms to simulate the entire trajectory of a flight from an origin airport to a destination. The objective of the GO Model is to evaluate new technologies and policies to improve flight operations in oceanic airspace including oceanic portions of the National Air Space (NAS). This study uses three metrics to quantify the potential benefits of new surveillance technologies that allow a reduction in oceanic separation standards. Metrics used in the study are fuel consumption, travel time, and the number of tactical resolution maneuvers (changing flight level, changing Mach number, or performing a lateral deviation) used by Air Traffic controllers (ATC) to resolve air traffic conflicts.

关键词： Computer Simulation Airspace controller pilot data link communications Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Fuel Consumption Air Navigation Service Provider International Civil Aviation Organization Mach Numbers Global Navigation Satellite System Flight Operation

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A Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm for Flight Assignment to the North Atlantic Organized Track System

A Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm for Flight Assignment...

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AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition

作者： Izadi, Arman Trani, Antonio A. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn 200 Patton Hall Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn 200 Patton Hall Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624106101

ISBN: (纸本)9781624106101

The North Atlantic region is the busiest oceanic airspace controlled by the United States. To better serve the two traffic flows between Europe and North America, two Organized Track Systems (OTS) are created on a daily basis to accommodate oceanic flights. This paper studies the potential benefits of a novel method for assigning flights to the OTS in the North Atlantic airspace. A mathematical model for the group assignment procedure is provided in this study, and a metaheuristic optimization algorithm is proposed for the solution methodology. The proposed algorithm is validated with a small size problem verifying it can find the global optimal in reasonable computational time. The validated optimization algorithm is implemented inside a fast-time flight simulation tool, called Global Oceanic Model. This study used the real-scale flight traffic related to three consecutive days in June 2016. The simulation results show the operational benefits of the proposed assignment procedure in terms of efficiency, level of service, and airline equity.

关键词： Optimization Algorithm North Atlantic Airspace Mathematical Models Flight Simulation Flight Level controller pilot data link communications Mach Numbers Fuel Consumption Annealing Process Air Navigation Service Provider

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Flight Demonstration of the Tailored Arrival Manager

Flight Demonstration of the Tailored Arrival Manager

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AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition

作者： Coppenbarger, Richard Aweiss, Arwa Erzberger, Heinz NASA Ames Res Ctr Flight Trajectory Dynam & Controls Branch Moffett Field CA 94035 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624106101

ISBN: (纸本)9781624106101

A flight demonstration of arrival traffic management automation was conducted in partnership between NASA, FAA and Boeing as an element of the latter's ecoDemonstrator 2020 flight program. For the demonstration, NASA's prototype Tailored Arrival Manager (TAM) was used to compute efficient trajectory-based solutions to traffic management problems representing those encountered during time-based metering operations today. TAM solutions involving route modifications were uplinked to a Boeing 787 airplane using controller pilot data link communications and seamlessly loaded into the airplane's Flight Management System (FMS). The paper describes the concept and technology behind TAM along with the data exchanges and procedures involved with the demonstration. All TAM solutions were delivered in a timely manner and successfully integrated with the airplane's FMS, thereby demonstrating the basic feasibility of trajectory-based arrival management using currently available data communications and avionics equipage. Although TAM solutions were not executed during this initial demonstration, a limited study of trajectory prediction accuracy was possible given that the airplane flew uninterrupted, automated descents with known route and speed intent. Analysis revealed that TAM meter-fix arrival time predictions were accurate to within +/- 30 seconds for time horizons of 30 minutes or less, which matched closely with FMS predictions acquired through real-time data exchange. Top-of-descent predictions over similar time horizons were found accurate to within +/- 5 nautical miles.

关键词： Flight Management System Commercial Aircraft controller pilot data link communications Boeing Avionics Calibrated Airspeed Estimated Time of Arrival Crew Member Vertical Navigation Airspace

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Advances in Cooperative Trajectories for Commercial Applications

Advances in Cooperative Trajectories for Commercial Applicat...

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AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition (AIAA SciTech)

作者： Flanzer, Tristan C. Bieniawski, Stefan R. Brown, John A. Boeing Co Boeing Commercial Aircraft Everett WA 98204 USA Boeing Co Boeing Res & Technol Everett WA USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624105951

ISBN: (纸本)9781624105951

Numerous studies have confirmed that a significant improvement in fuel efficiency can be obtained by flying aircraft in formation. From 2015 - 2018, Boeing conducted a study of extended formation flight, referred to here as Cooperative Trajectories. This study culminated in a flight test in 2018 on Boeing's ecoDemonstrator platform. In this paper, select results from this effort are shared, including a detailed concept of operations, elements of a Cooperative Trajectories system architecture, and flight test results that include fuel savings and ride quality measurements. Recommendations to further advance Cooperative Trajectories technology are given.

关键词： Flight Testing Boeing Fuel Efficiency controller pilot data link communications Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Target Level of Safety Electronic Flight Bag Commercial Aircraft Flight Operation Controlled Airspace

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In-Trail Procedure for Improved Oceanic Air Traffic Operations

In-Trail Procedure for Improved Oceanic Air Traffic Operatio...

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AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition

作者： Izadi, Arman Hinze, Nicolas Trani, Antonio A. Post, Joseph Virginia Polytechn Inst Dept Civil & Environm Engn 200 Patton Hall Blacksburg VA 24061 USA State Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn 200 Patton Hall Blacksburg VA 24061 USA FAA Washington DC 20591 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781624105890

ISBN: (纸本)9781624105890

One of the key technologies in modernizing the National Airspace System (NAS) and enhancing situational awareness is Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). In this paper, we study the operational benefits of "In-Trail Procedure (ITP)" as one of the advanced oceanic operations using the Global Oceanic Model- a fast-time computer simulation tool. This procedure allows ITP aircraft (equipped with "ADS-B In" technology) to have reduced lateral and longitudinal separations with reference aircraft (equipped with "ADSB Out" technology) while climbing or descending to requested flight levels. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) evaluations, the percentage of performed ITP maneuvers compared to ITP capable flights between August 2011 and June 2014 is 1.01% in the Pacific Ocean. The results of the Pacific traffic simulation show the ratio of performed ITP maneuvers are 0.8% and 1.1% for 2014 and 2015 traffic demands. Based on the FAA's operational trials with Boeing 747-400 in the Oakland oceanic center, ITP-equipped aircraft saved an average of 573 pounds (260 kilograms) of fuel per flight. The results of simulating the Pacific traffic show that 248 kilograms are the average fuel consumption saving when flights follow hemispherical rules in 50% of the situations. Also, we analyzed controller-pilot data link Communication (CPDLC) messages to validate the results of simulating ITP operations in the Pacific Oceanic airspace.

关键词： controller pilot data link communications North Atlantic Airspace Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Fuel Consumption Cruise Altitude Federal Aviation Administration Airbus A321 Traffic Flow Management System Base of Aircraft data Conflict Detection and Resolution

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A Quantitative Evaluation on Potential Benefits Assessment of Dynamic Airborne Reroute Procedures (DARP)

A Quantitative Evaluation on Potential Benefits Assessment o...

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AIAA Aviation Forum and Exposition

作者： Wickramasinghe, Navinda K. Nakamura, Yoichi Hirabayashi, Hiroko Brown, Mark A. Eletron Nav Res Inst ENRI Natl Inst Maritime Port & Aviat Technol Air Traff Management Dept 7-42-23Jindaijihigashi Chofu Tokyo 1820012 Japan

ISBN: (数字)9781624105890

ISBN: (纸本)9781624105890

Dynamic Airborne Reroute Procedures (DARP) is a dynamic rerouting procedure applied to User Preferred Routes for implementing fuel-efficient flights over the North Pacific region. Increased workload for pilot/dispatcher coordination causes low DARP implementation rate which includes just a single rerouting update for a flight that lasts over 10 hours. Accuracy in weather prediction data is critical for generating precise pre-flight and DARP flight plans. The study focuses on this issue through an evaluation on weather prediction data error and its effect on estimating benefits through DARP implementation. A set of QAR data and flight plan data from a Japanese national airline operator are integrated with numerical weather prediction data and BADA aircraft performance model data to quantitatively estimate and compare performance parameters such as wind magnitude/direction, atmospheric temperature, fuel consumption and flight time to implement a comprehensive review on aircraft's performance deviation due to weather forecast error.

关键词： Notice to Airmen Quick Access Recorder Aircraft Performance Numerical Weather Prediction Fuel Consumption Base of Aircraft data Weather Forecasting pilot controller pilot data link communications Pacific Organized Track System

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Time and Energy Management During Approach: A Human-in-the-Loop Study

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JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT 2017年第1期54卷 177-189页

作者： de Jong, P. M. A. Bussink, F. J. L. Verhoeven, R. P. M. de Gelder, N. van Paassen, M. M. Mulder, M. Delft Univ Technol Sect Control & Simulat Fac Aerosp Engn POB 5058Kluyverweg 1 NL-2600 GB Delft Netherlands NLR Netherlands Aerosp Ctr Cockpit & Flight Operat Div POB 90502Anthony Fokkerweg 2 NL-1006 BM Amsterdam Netherlands NLR Netherlands Aerosp Ctr Cockpit & Flight Operat Div POB 90502 NL-1006 BM Amsterdam Netherlands Delft Univ Technol Sect Control & Simulat POB 5058 NL-2600 GB Delft Netherlands

Time and energy managed operations is a new integrated planning and guidance concept that optimizes the vertical aircraft trajectory to achieve a continuous engine-idle descent while satisfying time constraints. To investigate acceptance of the concept and the influence of pilot involvement on performance, time and energy managed operations were evaluated in a real-time simulation involving nine airline pilots. Three human-machine interface variants were tested;these varied in the level of information presented. The results were compared to computer simulations with a zero-delay pilot response model, to evaluate the effect of pilot reaction time variation on performance and environmental impact. Results indicated that the effects of pilot response delays are limited. pilots preferred the human-machine interface variant that included a timer to support accurate selection of flaps and gear. Although the timer did not significantly affect system performance, it did reduce variation in the pilot response. Results further indicated that modifications to the time and energy managed operations concept are possible to further improve time performance.

关键词： Energy Management pilot Human In The Loop Human Machine Interaction Knots Indicated Airspeed Final Approach Segment controller pilot data link communications Analysis of Variance Continuous Descent Operations Autopilot

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