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9th Annual IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)

作者： Prabakar, Kumaraguru Shirazi, Mariko Singh, Akanksha Chakraborty, Sudipta Natl Renewable Energy Lab Power Syst Engn Ctr Golden CO 80401 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509029983

Penetration levels of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation on the electric grid have increased in recent years. In the past, most PV installations have not included grid-support functionalities. But today, standards such as the upcoming revisions to IEEE 1547 recommend grid support and anti-islanding functions-including volt-var, frequency-watt, volt-watt, frequency/voltage ride-through, and other inverter functions. These functions allow for the standardized interconnection of distributed energy resources into the grid. This paper develops and tests low-level inverter current control and high-level grid support functions. The controller was developed to integrate advanced inverter functions in a systematic approach, thus avoiding conflict among the different control objectives. The algorithms were then programmed on an off-the-shelf, embedded controller with a dual-core computer processing unit and field programmable gate array (FPGA). This programmed controller was tested using a controller-hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) test bed setup using an FPGA-based real-time simulator. The CHIL was run at a time step of 500 ns to accommodate the 20-kHz switching frequency of the developed controller. The details of the advanced control function and CHIL test bed provided here will aide future researchers when designing, implementing, and testing advanced functions of PV inverters.

关键词： controller-hardware-in-the-loop advanced inverter control functions inverter testbed

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Site-Specific Evaluation of Microgrid controller Using controller and Power-hardware-in-the-loop 45

Site-Specific Evaluation of Microgrid Controller Using Contr...

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45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON)

作者： Prabakar, Kumaraguru Pratt, Annabelle Fossum, John Wang, Jing Miller, Brian Symko-Davies, Martha Usman, Muhammad Usama Bialek, Thomas Natl Renewable Energy Lab Golden CO 80401 USA San Diego Gas & Elect Co San Diego CA 92123 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728148786

Microgrid assets are built by utilities to improve the resilience and reliability of segments of the distribution system. controllers with advanced capabilities will operate and control these microgrids with diverse energy technologies, which vary from inverter-based photovoltaics and energy storage systems to conventional diesel generators. There are multiple challenges to building a microgrid controller for a site because of the unique requirements presented by the controllable and uncontrollable elements in a specific microgrid. There are also challenges to testing the performance of the microgrid controller for such unique microgrids. This paper presents the controller and power-hardware-in-the-loop evaluation platform built to enable site-specific evaluation for a microgrid as well as the test cases used to evaluate the operation of a microgrid controller for a specific site. Finally, this paper presents the results from a subset of the experiments performed to evaluate the microgrid controller.

关键词： controller-hardware-in-the-loop IEEE 2030.8 microgrids microgrid controller power-hardware-in-the-loop

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Biased-fuzzy logic power management scheme for multi-battery energy storage systems in grid-tied DC microgrids

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JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2025年 114卷

作者： Ghosh, Sourabh Singh, Asheesh K. Barwar, Manish Kumar Motilal Nehru Natl Inst Technol Allahabad Elect Engn Dept Prayagraj 211004 India OPAL RT Technol India Pvt Ltd Bengaluru 560038 Karnataka India

This article proposes a supervisory power management scheme with biased-fuzzy modifiers for optimal power allocation among multiple battery energy storage systems in grid-tied direct current microgrids, incorporating real-time pricing and dynamic load demands, thereby reducing the burden on the utility grid. Unlike traditional power management schemes, the power references for each battery energy storage system are dynamically adjusted through biased-fuzzy modifiers, based on the real-time information of the state of charge conditions of battery energy storage systems, real-time pricing, solar photovoltaic generation, and electric vehicle charging requirements. Six distinct scenarios, emulating real-world conditions, are identified with a two- battery energy storage systems-based direct current microgrids system for performance evaluation of the proposed biased-fuzzy modifier-based power management scheme. The effectiveness of the proposed biased-fuzzy modifier-based power management scheme is demonstrated through comprehensive simulations in MATLAB (R) Simulink and validated using controller-hardware-in-the-loop testing on the OPAL-RT (R) OP4510 simulator. The results indicate a significant reduction in the net energy import from the utility grid, achieving decreases of 87.09 %, 111.38 %, 28.70 %, 94.52 %, 154.20 %, and 12.93 % across six distinct scenarios. Correspondingly, the net electricity cost incurred by the prosumer was reduced by 88.95%, 87.05%, 22.32 %, 95.22 %, 180%, and 84.90 % under the same scenarios. The results show a significant increase of 0.2 % in both self-sufficiency and self- consumption ratios compared to non-biased-fuzzy modifier-based power management scheme. A comparative analysis of the results highlights the practical viability of the proposed scheme for enhancing energy reliability, enabling scalability, minimizing grid dependency, and delivering economic benefits to prosumers.

关键词： Multi-battery energy storage system Supervisory power management scheme Biased-fuzzy modifiers DC microgrid State of charge Real-time pricing controller-hardware-in-the-loop

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Control Design for Effective Usage of Electric Vehicles in V2G-Enabled DC Charging Stations

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2023年第6期38卷 4335-4346页

作者： Zabetian-Hosseini, Asal Joos, Geza Boulet, Benoit McGill Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Montreal PQ H3A 2A7 Canada

This article discusses the usage of electric vehicles (EVs) to enable vehicle-to-grid (V2G) in DC charging stations. The V2G-enabled DC charging station is equipped with bidirectional DC/DC converters for both DC chargers and the energy storage system (ESS) and a three-phase two-level AC/DC voltage source converter for connecting to the low-voltage grid. A proposed controller with a state-of-charge (SoC) balancing algorithm for a bidirectional DC charging station is designed to offer the capability to limit the injected power from the grid using both EVs in V2G mode (V2G-EV) and the ESS. It ensures the safety of each V2G-EV battery by communicating with the EV battery management system (BMS) and receiving its SoCs, charge/discharge current limits, and energy capacity. Finally, it aggregates EV batteries and the optional ESS using the proposed SoC balancing algorithm. Several cases are developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed control design in the studied DC charging station model. The results validate the performance of the control design in both offline simulation and controller-hardware-in-loop (C-HIL) implementation via a digital signal controller (DSC) and a real-time simulator.

关键词： Batteries Charging stations Vehicle-to-grid Control design Electric vehicles Centralized control Battery centralized control controller-hardware-in-the-loop DC charging station digital signal controller electric vehicle real-time simulator state-of-charge vehicle-to-grid

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A Dual Distributed Optimal Energy Management Method for Distribution Grids With Electric Vehicles

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2022年第8期23卷 13666-13677页

作者： Hoang, Phuong H. Ozkan, Gokhan Badr, Payam R. Papari, Behnaz Edrington, Christopher S. Zehir, Mustafa Alparslan Hayes, Barry Mehigan, Laura Al Kez, Dlzar Foley, Aoife M. Clemson Univ Real Time COntrol & Optimizat Lab RT COOL Holcombe Dept Elect & Comp Engn Clemson SC 29634 USA Texas A&M Univ Galveston Dept Marine Engn Technol Galveston TX 77554 USA Marmara Univ Fac Engn Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-34722 Istanbul Turkey Univ Coll Cork Sch Engn & Architecture Cork K36 VH05 Ireland Univ Coll Cork MaREI Ctr Environm Res Inst Energy Policy & Modelling Grp Cork T23 XE10 Ireland Queens Univ Belfast Sch Elect Elect Engn & Comp Sci Belfast BT9 5AH Antrim North Ireland Queens Univ Belfast Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn Belfast BT9 5AH Antrim North Ireland

Future distribution grids are expected to face an increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DERs). This demands a distributed energy management (EM) to manage power generation and delivery of energy sources to maintain power quality under the impact of EV charging, to save operating costs, and to enhance resiliency. However, the global optimality of the distributed EM's optimization problem is still an issue in existing works because of the non-convex nature of the optimization problem. In this paper, a distributed EM strategy for grid-connected distribution networks is proposed. In particular, the EM strategy is composed of two steps. In the first step, some conditions of the EM optimization task are relaxed to apply an algorithm converging to the global optimality. The results of the first step are used to reconfigure constraints of the full optimization problem in Step 2. The proposed scheme is validated by implementing the real-time controller-hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) experimentation on the IEEE 33 bus system. To study the impact of EV charging, EV data is collected from the market and the literature to generate realistic EV load profiles to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy on saving operating costs and maintaining power quality.

关键词： Optimization Automobiles Electric vehicle charging Reactive power Convex functions Indexes Costs Electric vehicles distributed energy management distribution grid controller-hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation

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Use of Grid-Forming Medium-Voltage Power Electronics Hub in a Microgrid Setting

Use of Grid-Forming Medium-Voltage Power Electronics Hub in ...

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IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America (ISGT-LA)

作者： Xie, Fuhong Chowdhury, Vikram Roy Prabakar, Kumaraguru Singh, Akanksha Choi, Jongchan Adib, Aswad Pinto, Joao Onofre Pereira Chinthavali, Madhu Sudhan Natl Renewable Energy Lab Golden CO 80401 USA DNV Principal Engn Power Convers Chalfont PA USA Oak Ridge Natl Lab Oak Ridge TN USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350336962

This paper presents the application of a new design of a multiport, modular, medium-voltage power electronics hub (M3PE-HUB) in a microgrid setting. The M3PE-HUB system was modeled in a digital real-time simulator (DRTS) and integrated into the Banshee microgrid test system. This paper presents the preliminary DRTS simulation-based results of the M3PE-HUB system connected in a test microgrid system. Verification and validation of the M3PE-HUB architecture and controls in the test microgrid setting are the primary contributions of this work. The results of the operation during the islanding and resynchronization process indicate the feasibility of the proposed architecture in a microgrid setting. This paper also presents results for a system reconfiguration use case where the M3PE-HUB was used to reconfigure the system under a fault condition.

关键词： controller-hardware-in-the-loop Grid-following controls Grid-forming controls Microgrids Multiport modular medium-voltage power electronics hub

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Open-source framework for data storage and visualization of real-time experiments

Open-source framework for data storage and visualization of ...

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IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference (KPEC)

作者： Prabakar, Kumaraguru Wunder, Nick Brunhart-Lupo, Nicholas Pailing, Courtney Potter, Kristi Eash, Matthew Munch, Kristin Natl Renewable Energy Lab Golden CO 80401 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728153919

Digital real time simulators (DRTS) are increasingly being used for the evaluation of power hardware and controller hardware in the laboratory prior to field deployment. Although DRTS are capable of simulating large models in real-time, it is challenging to visualize the results of large models without overdrawing or confounding the viewer. This paper provides an open-source framework for users to visualize their DRTS-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental results in real-time. This proposed framework can be used by experimental test beds that can push data through an internet protocol based network. The proposed framework includes three main components. First, it includes the DRTS that generates and pushes the data to a relay. Second, it includes an application that serves multiple purposes, from data storage, testing, and translation of the data to a publisher/subscriber protocol. Finally, it includes libraries and applications that can be used to visualize the data by subscribing to the relay. This framework is available in open source, and it is tested using the HIL platform developed for testing advanced distribution management systems.

关键词： Advanced distribution management systems controller-hardware-in-the-loop digital real-time simulation open-source framework power-hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation visualization volt-VAR optimization

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Testing and Analysis of Grid Forming Inverter Control for Achieving Resilient and Economic Operation of an Islanded Microgrid

Testing and Analysis of Grid Forming Inverter Control for Ac...

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IEEE-Power-and-Energy-Society General Meeting (PESGM)

作者： Westman, An Hadidi, Ramtin Fox, Curtiss Leonard, Jesse Clemson Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Clemson SC 29634 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350381849;9798350381832

This investigation examines the feasibility of operating a battery energy storage system (BESS) in parallel with synchronous generation by using grid forming (GFM) control in order to achieve frequency control objectives while mitigating increases to operating costs in the context of an islanded microgrid. The BESS GFM control system, which is based on conventional droop techniques, is modeled along with the overall microgrid using the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) to allow for integration of genset controller hardware. A series of simulations are performed to test the voltage and frequency regulation capability of the BESS control system when the primary frequency regulating genset is tripped offline. The results of the simulations suggest that the GFM control scheme will successfully maintain frequency and voltage stability, which will enable operation without a back-up genset while not compromising the microgrid resiliency to contingencies.

关键词： grid forming inverters controller-hardware-in-the-loop frequency control renewable energy integration microgrids

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Analysis of transient overvoltages and Self Protection Overvoltage of PV inverters through RT-CHIL

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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2023年第PartA期214卷

作者： Adhikari, Prottay M. Vanfretti, Luigi Banjac, Anja Bruendlinger, Roland Ruppert, Michael Ropp, Michael Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Elect Comp & Syst Engn Troy NY 12180 USA Austrian Inst Technol Ctr Energy Seibersdorf Austria JEM Engn Wappingers Falls NY USA Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM USA

In power systems, Single-Line-to-Ground (SLG) faults are the most common type of fault. When a three-phase four-wire system supplied by an ungrounded synchronous generator is subjected to SLG faults, the unfaulted phases are expected to exhibit significant ground-fault over-voltage (GFOV). Mitigation of this is via effective grounding, as described in IEEE Std 62.92.2. However, for inverter-based resources (IBRs), the physical mechanism that leads to GFOV in synchronous machines is not present. This paper investigates whether GFOV is a problem in IBRs, and whether conventional mitigation requirements, such as providing a grounding transformer (GTF), are suitable for IBR installations. To answer these questions, a controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) based performance analysis is conducted. To this end, different simulation models have been developed to analyze the IBRs control and protection response. The models are comprised of a 13.2 kV, 500 kW distribution system fed by a grid connected PV inverter which was simulated in Typhoon HIL 604 real time simulator, with a IEEE Std 1547-2018 compliant external physical controller connected in the loop. The experimental set-up and tests conducted are explained and results are analyzed, showing that effective grounding requirements are much different than those for traditional generators.

关键词： Inverter protection Self-Protection Overvoltage Ground fault overvoltage IEEE std 1547-2018 Real-time simulation controller-hardware-in-the-loop

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