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doa estimation algorithm based on DFT and multiple regression

IET COMMUNICATIONS 2020年第22期14卷 4127-4134页

作者： Mao, Yuqian Zhang, Gong Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Key Lab Radar Imaging & Microwave Photon Minist Educ Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 211106 Peoples R China

In order to address the problem that the direction-of-arrival (doa) estimation is restricted by the number of array elements, this study comes up with a novel doa estimation algorithm based on discrete-Fourier-transformation (DFT) and multiple regression, which focuses on the direct data domain from each array element rather than the traditional covariance domain of the whole array. In this algorithm, the authors regard each channel of the array signal model as an independent form of multiple regression and achieve the doa by estimating the regression coefficient of the reconstructed source signal from each array element one by one iteratively. In addition, the doas estimated from the multiple array elements are averaged to improve the accuracy by exploiting the asymptotic normality. This algorithm is proposed, modelled, and developed theoretically at first. Then the capabilities that the authors' algorithm can estimate not only the very close doas since they distinguish the irrelevant sources by the DFT on temporal frequency but also the doas when the number of sources is larger than that of array elements are fully demonstrated by simulations. Furthermore, no requirement for the known number of sources brings the algorithm broader application foreground.

关键词： discrete Fourier transforms direction-of-arrival estimation array signal processing regression analysis covariance analysis signal reconstruction iterative methods multiple regression direction-of-arrival estimation discrete-Fourier-transformation DFT array signal model regression coefficient doa estimation algorithm covariance domain reconstructed source signal

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Widened nested array: configuration design, optimal array and doa estimation algorithm

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IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION 2020年第5期14卷 440-447页

作者： Lin, Xinping Gong, Pan He, Lang Li, Jianfeng Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Minist Ind & Informat Technol Key Lab Dynam Cognit Syst Electromagnet Spectrum Nanjing Peoples R China

A generalised nested array (GNA) configuration with large minimum inter-element spacing is attractive to alleviate mutual coupling. In this study, by decomposing and rearranging the sub-arrays of GNA, the authors propose a new nested array configuration named as widened nested array (WNA). The WNA enables to provide the reduced mutual coupling, enhanced degrees of freedom (DOFs), extended array aperture and improved direction of arrival (doa) estimation performance compared to GNA. The closed-form expressions for sensor positions of WNA are given and the optimal array configuration for largest DOFs is derived. Meanwhile, the authors propose a partial angular compressed sensing(CS) based doa estimation algorithm for WNA. Specifically, discrete Fourier transform method is first derived for consecutive DOFs of WNA to obtain initial doa estimates. Subsequently, the initial estimates are utilised to compress the angular range of overcomplete dictionary of the CS algorithm, which is exploited to obtain the fine doa estimates. Extensive simulation results testify that the proposed algorithm has the same estimation accuracy as CS algorithm with lower complexity.

关键词： array signal processing discrete Fourier transforms direction-of-arrival estimation correlation methods matrix algebra widened nested array configuration design doa estimation algorithm generalised nested array configuration GNA minimum inter-element spacing WNA reduced mutual coupling extended array aperture arrival estimation performance optimal array configuration initial doa estimates initial estimates CS algorithm fine doa estimates estimation accuracy

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STUDY OF doa estimation algorithm FOR UNDERDETERMINED CASE

STUDY OF DOA ESTIMATION ALGORITHM FOR UNDERDETERMINED CASE

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OCEANS - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Oceans Conference (OTO)

作者： Gupta, Payal Agrawal, Monika Indian Inst Technol Ctr Appl Res Elect New Delhi 110016 India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538616543

Fourth order cumulant based sparse array enhances the degrees of freedom to estimate Direction of Arrival (doa). Various algorithms have been presented to estimate doa from the received data of these sparse array. In this paper, we conduct a study to understand the source resolving capabilities, and other performance metrics of cumulant based sparse array. All performance studies and comparisons are based on computer simulations.

关键词： doa estimation algorithm Sparse array Direct Augmentable Approach (DAA) Spatial smoothing Compressive sensing Fourth order cumulant

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Underdetermined direction of arrival estimation of wideband signal based on sparse array

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IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION 2022年第10期16卷 646-653页

作者： Wu, Fan Cao, Fei Zhang, Xurong Jiang, Nan Zhang, Yanhong Lu, Shikun High Tech Inst Xian Xian 710025 Peoples R China High Tech Inst Beijing Beijing Peoples R China

To solve the problem of the mismatch of the wideband underdetermined direction of arrival (doa) estimation under the condition of the On-grid model, this paper extends the narrowband Off-Grid model to wideband and proposes a new doa estimation algorithm for Off-Grid sources based on group sparsity. The proposed algorithm first obtains the preliminary estimation result under the current predefined discrete grid through the group sparsity wideband doa estimation algorithm. Then, the Off-Grid optimisation problem is adopted to calculate the Off-Grid deviation vector. It is also assumed that the off-grid deviation vectors of each frequency subband are exactly the same, thereby reducing the number of parameters to be estimated. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can not only maintain similar or even better estimation accuracy but also greatly reduce the computational complexity. Finally, simulation is conducted and the results verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method.

关键词： vectors optimisation doa estimation algorithm off-grid optimisation problem wideband signal wideband underdetermined direction on-grid model computational complexity direction-of-arrival estimation off-grid deviation vectors compressed sensing group sparsity underdetermined direction of arrival estimation sparse array

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Research and Implementation of Indoor Positioning algorithm Based on Bluetooth 5.1 AOA and AOD

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SENSORS 2024年第14期24卷 4579页

作者： Xiao, Kun Hao, Fuzhong Zhang, Weijian Li, Nuannuan Wang, Yintao Univ Elect Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Chengdu 610056 Peoples R China State Grid Henan Elect Power Co Zhengzhou 450018 Peoples R China State Grid Henan Elect Power Res Inst Zhengzhou 450000 Peoples R China

With the addition of Bluetooth AOA/AOD direction-finding capabilities in the Bluetooth 5.1 protocol and the introduction of antenna array technology into the Bluetooth platform to further enhance positioning accuracy, Bluetooth has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of indoor positioning due to its standard protocol specifications, rich application ecosystem, and outstanding advantages such as low power consumption and low cost compared to other indoor positioning technologies. However, current indoor positioning based on Bluetooth AOA/AOD suffers from overly simplistic core algorithm implementations. When facing different application scenarios, the standalone AOA or AOD algorithms exhibit weak applicability, and they also encounter challenges such as poor positioning accuracy, insufficient real-time performance, and significant effects of multipath propagation. These existing problems and deficiencies render Bluetooth lacking an efficient implementation solution for indoor positioning. Therefore, this paper proposes a study on Bluetooth AOA and AOD indoor positioning algorithms. Through an analysis of the principles of Bluetooth's newly added direction-finding functionality and combined with research on array signal doa estimation algorithms, the paper ultimately integrates the least squares algorithm to optimize positioning errors in terms of accuracy and incorporates an anti-multipath interference algorithm to address the impacts of multipath effects in different scenarios. Experimental testing demonstrates that the indoor positioning algorithms applicable to Bluetooth AOA and AOD can effectively mitigate accuracy errors and overcome multipath effects, exhibiting strong applicability and significant improvements in real-time performance.

关键词： indoor positioning Bluetooth AOA/AOD doa estimation algorithm least squares algorithm anti-multipath interference algorithm

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Non-circular signals for nested array: sum-difference co-array and direction of arrival estimation algorithm

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IET RADAR SONAR AND NAVIGATION 2020年第1期14卷 27-35页

作者： Wang Yunfei Shen Jinqing Zhang Xiaofei He Yi Dai Xiangrui Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China Southeast Univ State Key Lab Millimeter Waves Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Southeast Univ Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

Nested array has aroused remarkable attention due to the capability to obtain both enhanced degrees of freedom (DOFs) and enlarged array aperture, whereas only difference co-array is employed. Here, the authors construct the sum co-array of nested array by utilising the non-circular (NC) characteristic and, subsequently, the sum-difference (SD) co-array is obtained by careful crafting of the sum co-array and the typical difference co-array, which doubles the resulting co-array aperture and, simultaneously, further increases the achievable DOF compared with the difference co-array of nested array. Moreover, to circumvent the time-consuming two-dimensional spectral search, the authors proposed the reduced-dimension multiple signals classification (MUSIC) algorithm with the SD (SD-RD-MUSIC) co-array of the nested array by discarding the NC phase. Resultantly, the proposed SD-RD-MUSIC co-array algorithm can resolve more signals and obtain more accurate direction of arrival estimates. In addition, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are validated by numerical simulations.

关键词： array signal processing direction-of-arrival estimation signal classification nested array sum-difference co-array sum co-array typical difference co-array co-array algorithm noncircular signals direction of arrival estimation doa estimation algorithm enhanced degrees of freedom co-array aperture enlarged array aperture two-dimensional spectral search reduced-dimension multiple signals classification MUSIC algorithm SD-RD-MUSIC co-array algorithm

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Patch and monopole antennas in linear coprime arrays for direction of arrival estimation using compressed sensing

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IET MICROWAVES ANTENNAS & PROPAGATION 2020年第2期14卷 209-214页

作者： Oweis, Ahmad, I Alawsh, Saleh A. Muqaibel, Ali H. Sharawi, Mohammad S. King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals Elect Engn Dept Dhahran Saudi Arabia Polytech Montreal Elect Engn Dept Polygrames Res Ctr Montreal PQ H3T 1J4 Canada

Original work on direction of arrival (doa) estimation relied on uniform linear arrays (ULAs) of antennas. Most of the work focused on improving the algorithms and the configuration of the antenna array and overlooked the effects of practical antennas on the algorithm performance. Very limited work studied doa estimation within the physical limitations of handheld devices. In this work, we introduce three nonuniform linear coprime arrays based on patch and monopole antenna elements operating in 2.1 and 5.8 GHz bands and assess their behaviour in doa estimation. The complex radiation patterns of the arrays were incorporated in the doa estimation algorithm using compressed sensing (CS). estimation accuracy is quantified by the root mean square error (RMSE) and the results are compared with those obtained by using isotropic antennas, showing that physical antennas can introduce up to 8 degrees of error. Simulations were also carried out using the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm to demonstrate the advantage of CS in coprime arrays. The MUSIC algorithm failed to detect all sources even at maximum SNR. The impact of reducing the fundamental inter-element spacing in coprime arrays below $0.5\lambda $0.5 lambda to achieve smaller array sizes is investigated as well.

关键词： antenna radiation patterns array signal processing mean square error methods linear antenna arrays direction-of-arrival estimation signal classification monopole antennas monopole antenna elements complex radiation patterns doa estimation algorithm compressed sensing estimation accuracy isotropic antennas physical antennas multiple signal classification algorithm MUSIC algorithm smaller array sizes direction of arrival estimation utilised algorithms antenna array practical antennas algorithm performance nonuniform linear coprime arrays frequency 2 1 GHz frequency 5 8 GHz

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A Passive Direction Finding of Virtual Time Reversal Method Based on Cross Antenna Array

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 87059-87068页

作者： Fu, Yongqing Yu, Zhixin Guo, Shengnan Harbin Engn Univ Coll Informat & Commun Engn Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang Peoples R China

This paper presents a passive direction finding of a virtual time reversal method based on cross antenna array (CROSS-VTR), which aim is to solve the problem that the number of antenna elements of planar arrays is too large and the layout of circular arrays is complex which requires high hardware design. In order to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the algorithm, the mathematical model of the cross antenna array is first established. The search area of yaw angle and a pitch angle of the CROSS-VTR algorithm is determined according to the basic principle of passive time reversal focusing, and then, the time-reversed signal of each antenna element completes the time delay compensation at each scanning point in the search area. The compensated signals of each antenna element are added up to obtain the signal energy of each scanning point. The value of the yaw angle and pitch angle is obtained by searching the maximum energy among scanning points along the search route of yaw angle and pitch angle, respectively. Finally, the validity of the method is verified and compared with the music algorithm (multiple signal classification) based on the cross antenna array. The results show that the method has good direction finding accuracy at low signalto-noise ratio.

关键词： Cross antenna array passive direction finding doa estimation algorithm virtual time reversal method

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Coprime L-shaped array connected by a triangular spatially-spread electromagnetic-vector-sensor for two-dimensional direction of arrival estimation

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IET RADAR SONAR AND NAVIGATION 2019年第10期13卷 1609-1615页

作者： Yang, Minglei Ding, Jin Chen, Baixiao Yuan, Xin Xidian Univ Natl Lab Radar Signal Proc Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Nokia Bell Labs 600 Mt Ave Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA

The authors propose a hybrid L-shaped array composed of two sparse scalar arrays and a single triangular spatially-spread electromagnetic-vector-sensor (SS-EMVS) for two-dimensional (2D) direction-of-arrival (doa) estimation. These two sparse but uniform scalar arrays are placed along the x-axis and y-axis, respectively, which constitute two arms of the L-shaped array. These two arms are connected by an SS-EMVS, which consists of a spatially-spread dipole-triad plus a spatially-spread loop-triad. Further, the inter-dipole/loop spacings of SS-EMVS follow a coprime relationship with the inter-sensor spacings of the L-shaped scalar array. In proposed doa estimation algorithm, they first perform the vector-cross-product algorithm to SS-EMVS to obtain a high-accuracy but ambiguous direction cosine estimation;they then apply the ESPRIT algorithm to the scalar array on each arm to get another high-accuracy but cyclically ambiguous direction cosine estimation;finally, they adopt the Chinese Remainder Theorem to disambiguate the ambiguous estimations. Because the authors' proposed array has 2D array aperture extension, it can achieve a high angular estimation performance. Moreover, one component of triangular SS-EMVS rather than an SS-EMVS is used as the array unit of two scalar arrays;thus, the whole array cost decreases dramatically. Simulation results validate the array configuration and the developed algorithm.

关键词： electromagnetic wave polarisation direction-of-arrival estimation aperture antennas array signal processing coprime L-shaped array two-dimensional direction L-shaped array configuration sparse scalar arrays single triangular spatially-spread electromagnetic-vector-sensor direction-of-arrival estimation arm spatially-spread dipole-triad spatially-spread loop-triad inter-dipole loop spacings inter-sensor spacings L-shaped scalar array doa estimation algorithm vector-cross-product algorithm high-accuracy cyclically ambiguous direction cosine estimation ambiguous estimations authors array aperture extension high angular estimation performance triangle SS-EMVS array unit array cost decreases

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doa estimation algorithms for low-angle targets with MIMO radar

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2016年第8期52卷 652-653页

作者： Shi, Junpeng Hu, Guoping Lei, Teng Air Force Engn Univ Air & Missile Def Coll Radar Engn Dept Xian 710051 Shaanxi Peoples R China PLA Unit 95899 Jiuquan 735018 Peoples R China

The direction of arrival estimation algorithm for low-angle targets with MIMO radar is discussed, and a novel peaks searching algorithm according to the multipath received signal model is derived. The proposed algorithm, which uses the multipath echo signal power and MIMO radar spatial diversity, can avoid the effects of complex multipath transmitter variable and targets glint. It is illustrated that the algorithm has a better performance with the increase of multipath variable or the transmit antennas. Simulation results verify the usefulness of the algorithm.

关键词： direction-of-arrival estimation MIMO radar echo transmitting antennas radar antennas radar detection doa estimation algorithm low-angle target MIMO radar direction of arrival estimation algorithm peaks searching algorithm multipath received signal model multipath echo signal power spatial diversity complex multipath transmitter variable effect targets glint effect transmit antenna

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