The requirements of data coding in multimedia applications are presented, the current technique of coding and relative standards is introduced, then the work that have been doing is presented, i.e. the wavelet-based c...
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The requirements of data coding in multimedia applications are presented, the current technique of coding and relative standards is introduced, then the work that have been doing is presented, i.e. the wavelet-based coding method and the VE (Visual Entropy)-based coding method. The experiment results prove that these methods have gained a better perceptual quality of a reconstructed image and a lower bit rate. Their performance evaluations are better than JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) coding. Finally, the future topics of study are put forward.
The quality of the information provided in post-transplant follow-up is necessary to obtain a coherent and exploitable database. Since the beginning of 2017, three forms (Med-B-allogroft) have been available: the firs...
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The quality of the information provided in post-transplant follow-up is necessary to obtain a coherent and exploitable database. Since the beginning of 2017, three forms (Med-B-allogroft) have been available: the first month (Day 0), Day 100 (second report) and an annual follow-up report. Recommendations for follow-up were addressed in the 2014 harmonization workshop, "Harmonization of data coding...". However, it is sometimes difficult to determine which data to specify in ProMISe for post-transplantation. The objective of this workshop was to clarify certain situations and/or items.
A comprehensive overview of the relationship of alternative coding strategies to the inapplicable data coding problem is presented. In contrast to Pleijel who argued that the presence/absence coding method (coding eac...
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A comprehensive overview of the relationship of alternative coding strategies to the inapplicable data coding problem is presented. In contrast to Pleijel who argued that the presence/absence coding method (coding each observable feature as-a separate character) avoids problems with non-applicable states, we show that the problem of inapplicable data is the same, no matter whether observable features are coded-as separate characters or as two or more states of a character. The inapplicable data problem is concealed in presence/absence coding if the distinction between inapplicable and absent data is not made.
The possibility is discussed of constructing an efficient code which would allow the classification of unknown flint artifacts with mine sites based on trace element analysis. The proposed technique, based on the conc...
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The possibility is discussed of constructing an efficient code which would allow the classification of unknown flint artifacts with mine sites based on trace element analysis. The proposed technique, based on the concepts of Information Theory, allows the replacement of the infinite number code (i.e. the analytical results expressed in p.p.m.) by a simple alphabetic code, representing groups of values. The technique is applied to geochemical data obtained from fifteen British flint mines and the results are discussed.
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479983391
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she can shoot encoded image to decode hidden data at close distance. Color intersection is a key technique to generate four sub-pixels to represent a target pixel in original image, and the average color of those sub-pixels is equal to that of the target pixel. During decoding process, shot image is divided into several non-overlapping blocks, and then the average color of every block is computed. Color arrangement of four adjacent blocks is determined as well as hidden data is decoded. The experiment results demonstrate that the CIC scheme not only can control color contrast of encoded image, but also preserves content completeness of encoded image.
This paper presents data coding techniques for a stable single-bit noise-shaping quantizer, which has a cascade structure of a multi-bit SigmaDelta modulator and a binary interpolator. The binary interpolator chooses ...
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This paper presents data coding techniques for a stable single-bit noise-shaping quantizer, which has a cascade structure of a multi-bit SigmaDelta modulator and a binary interpolator. The binary interpolator chooses a pre-optimized binary vector for each input sample and successively generates the chosen binary vector as an output bit stream. The binary vectors can have different lengths. The paper also proposes two methods to evaluate and bound output errors of a binary interpolator. A multi-bit SigmaDelta modulator is designed to cause no overload for all possible input signals whose amplitudes are bounded to a specified level, and thus the SigmaDelta modulator rigorously guarantees the stability condition. In design examples, we have evaluated Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratios (SNDRs) and noise spectra and then confirmed that our stable quantizers can sharply shape output noise spectra.
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479983407
In this paper we propose a new data coding scheme called color intersection coding (CIC). The feature of the CIC is that people may not perceive particular color arrangement in encoded image at a distance, and he/she can shoot encoded image to decode hidden data at close distance. Color inter-section is a key technique to generate four sub-pixels to represent a target pixel in original image, and the average color of those sub-pixels is equal to that of the target pixel. During decoding process, shot image is divided into several non-overlapping blocks, and then the average color of every block is computed. Color arrangement of four adjacent blocks is determined as well as hidden data is decoded. The experiment results demonstrate that the CIC scheme not only can control color contrast of encoded image, but also preserves content completeness of encoded image.
Recently, the dominant way of analyzing allozyme data for phylogenetic estimation has been to code the presence or absence of alleles as characters, despite the invalidity of this method having been demonstrated over ...
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Recently, the dominant way of analyzing allozyme data for phylogenetic estimation has been to code the presence or absence of alleles as characters, despite the invalidity of this method having been demonstrated over 10 years ago. Adding to the previous arguments, four problems are discussed: (1) independent losses of relatively primitive alleles are considered as synapomorphies;(2) loci having a greater number of alleles are given a correspondingly higher weight in the tree reconstruction;(3) unnecessary character conflicts arise when no alleles are shared between the ingroup and outgroup;and (4) polymorphism in the outgroup may result in erroneous hypotheses. This coding method can result in the resolution of a less parsimonious solution than could be obtained by using the locus as the character. The ''mutation model'' of allozyme coding, which equates apomorphies with mutation events, is described and used in a four stage method for character-state evaluations, termed the ''quadraphenic evaluation procedure''. In order of preference these stages are: (1) taxonomic outgroup analysis;(2) functional outgroup analysis;(3) use of loss data, including shifts in gene frequency;and (4) nonadditive (unordered) evaluations. Conclusions drawn from the last two levels should not be used in taxonomy.
A data coding is presented in this paper for ZigBee-based wireless data communication system for future microgrids. It is assumed that each microgrid has a central controller and each distributed generation unit in th...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780646923758
A data coding is presented in this paper for ZigBee-based wireless data communication system for future microgrids. It is assumed that each microgrid has a central controller and each distributed generation unit in the microgrid has a local controller. The communication system is responsible for transmitting and receiving data amongst these controllers. This communication system is based on ZigBee technology, which has low cost and low power consumption. The required data to be transferred are defined and a suitable coding is also proposed. Finally, the number of transmitted symbols and the processing time delay of the proposed data coding are numerically analyzed.
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