data matter. Protest data are no exception. Not all datasets are equal, nor do all have equal validity and reliability. Thus far, there has been no serious debate regarding the quality of protest datasets. Increasing ...
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data matter. Protest data are no exception. Not all datasets are equal, nor do all have equal validity and reliability. Thus far, there has been no serious debate regarding the quality of protest datasets. Increasing attention to protest studies suggests that now is the time to talk about the sine qua non for growing knowledge in this sub-field of comparative politics. In this paper I emphasize the importance of the underlying data sources. In particular, I argue that protest datasets should be drawn from many sources, particularly as many local sources as possible, in order to provide accurate and meaningful data. To support this contention, I first discuss traditional protest datasets and their limitations and provide suggestions about how to overcome these limitations. Second, I explain an alternative type of dataset coding and its characteristics. And finally, I use statistical tests to illustrate the importance of local sources.I give my sincere and deep thanks to Erik S. Herron and Ronald A. Francisco for reviewing drafts of this paper and giving me indispensable comments and continuous encouragements. I would also like to thank Elizabeth Collins and Omur Yilmaz who edited drafts of this manuscript. My appreciation also goes to anonymous reviews of this paper and the editors of PS: Political Science and Politics. I would like to thank my late farther, Ki-Dae whose love and support were simply endless. I'll share any compliment with them, but only I will take responsibility for any error.
Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAMs (STT-MRAMs) are the most promising alternative for static random-access memories in large last-level on-chip caches due to their higher density and near-zero leakage power. However, ...
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Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAMs (STT-MRAMs) are the most promising alternative for static random-access memories in large last-level on-chip caches due to their higher density and near-zero leakage power. However, the reliability of STT-MRAMs is threatened by high probability of read disturbance and write failure. Both read disturbance and write failure, which cause a soft error in the cache cells, have an asymmetric behavior. Read disturbance occurs only in STT-MRAM cells storing "1" value, and write failure error rate in a 0 -> 1 transition is much higher than that in a 1 -> 0 transition. In this paper, we propose Read/write Error-rate Aware coding Technique (REACT) to improve the reliability of the emerging STT-MRAM caches. REACT decreases the read disturbance and write failure rates by reducing the total number of "1" s and 0 -> 1 transitions on a cache block update. Our simulation results show that REACT reduces the probability of read disturbance and write failure up to 58% and 71%, respectively. These improvements are achieved by imposing negligible area, power, and performance overheads (less than 1%).
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is one of the most widely used markers for phylogenetic analysis. Compared with whole-genome data, mitogenome data are less expensive to obtain and easier to manipulate. However, ...
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The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is one of the most widely used markers for phylogenetic analysis. Compared with whole-genome data, mitogenome data are less expensive to obtain and easier to manipulate. However, compositional bias and accelerated evolutionary rate reduce the effectiveness of the mitogenome in determining insect phylogeny. This study shows that mitogenome data are not suitable to reconstruct deep holometabolan evolution, even with a most comprehensive data coding scheme and the more realistic CAT model. For the deep levels of divergence within Holometabola, protein-coding genes only retain weak phylogenetic signals, leading to peculiar interordinal relationships. Consensus relationships in the Holometabola phylogeny, such as the monophyly of Holometabola, the most basal position of Hymenoptera, and the sister group relationship between the Strepsiptera and Coleoptera were rarely resolved in our analyses. The relationships of the holometabolan groups as inferred by mitogenomes are highly vulnerable to gene types, data coding regimes, model choice, and optimality criteria, and no consistent alternative hypothesis of Holometabola’s relationships is supported. Thus, we suggest that the slowly evolving nuclear genes or genome-scale approaches may be better options for resolving deep-level phylogeny of Holometabola.
Most empirical studies concerning rehabilitation yield numerous multidimensional, signals (dozens of time variables are obtained for dozens of empirical situations). The purpose of this paper is to suggest a statistic...
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Most empirical studies concerning rehabilitation yield numerous multidimensional, signals (dozens of time variables are obtained for dozens of empirical situations). The purpose of this paper is to suggest a statistical analysis procedure based on: 1) space-time fuzzy windowing;2) signal behavior characterization within the windows using membership value averages (MVA);and 3) MVA analysis using the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). A load lifting study provided an example of 78 multidimensional signals including 89 time variables (forces, energy indicators, linear and angular positions, speeds, and accelerations). The main goal of MCA was to compare and contrast biomechanical signals from two lifting modes: "free" and "isokinetic." In the first mode, three loads were tested-light, medium, and heavy. In the second, three speeds were tested-slow, medium, and fast. Thirteen male individuals without disabilities participated in this study. The MCA showed that most of the free load-lifting strategies cannot be used in isokinetic lifting because the constraints of the subject and the environment are different. In addition, as the level of difficulty increases, free lifting became more economical while isokinetic lifting became less economical. These results would appear to indicate that movement strategies used for free lifting, cannot be learned using an isokinetic machine during rehabilitation sessions for chronic low back pain. MCA was also suggested as a tool for comparing patients with control individuals. To achieve this aim, the notion of "supplementary data" was introduced.
The extent of medical terminology and the sheer volume of medical terms, coupled with the wish to enable all medical personnel to have an access to the data, prompted an investigation of the lexical attributes of medi...
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The extent of medical terminology and the sheer volume of medical terms, coupled with the wish to enable all medical personnel to have an access to the data, prompted an investigation of the lexical attributes of medical name files. Knowledge of the lexical structure is a prerequisite for efficient coding which may provide inexpensive data storage. One particular medical name base taken from obstetrics and gynecology is analyzed, and its lexical attributes are reported. Properties are presented in tabular form, followed by a brief discussion.
A methodology is presented to analyse multidimensional signals from several recording periods resulting from an experimental study on human or other living systems. The methodology is divided into two stages: intra-pe...
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A methodology is presented to analyse multidimensional signals from several recording periods resulting from an experimental study on human or other living systems. The methodology is divided into two stages: intra-period analysis and inter-period analysis. The purpose of the first stage is to highlight general trends in multidimensional signal changes and the more informative components of the signals. The purpose of the second stage is to assess the influence of environmental or individual difference factors on a given signal component that appears to be discriminant in the first stage. To take into account the multivariable state of the system and the multi-observational aspect, a multidimensional descriptive statistical approach is used. The methods are correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering. They are illustrated through an occupational medicine application from a study of sedentary posture.
A new segmented group-inversion coding is proposed to achieve current balancing in single-ended parallel data transmission. With minimal increase in number of pins, the proposed coding reduces the difference between t...
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A new segmented group-inversion coding is proposed to achieve current balancing in single-ended parallel data transmission. With minimal increase in number of pins, the proposed coding reduces the difference between the number of ZEROS and ONEs to only 0 or 2. Since the proposed coding is a simple inversion-or-not transformation of pre-defined groups of binary data, it can be implemented with greatly simplified logic circuits. Generalization for the optimum grouping is also presented. A transmitter with 16-bit link was designed for verification. The proposed coding scheme is suitable for gigabit parallel links to reduce the simultaneous switching noise.
data characterizing is considered the first and main stage of the statistical analysis. Rather than characterizing each biomechanical signal through one or few global indicators, such as the mean or the root mean squa...
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data characterizing is considered the first and main stage of the statistical analysis. Rather than characterizing each biomechanical signal through one or few global indicators, such as the mean or the root mean square, this paper suggests first to cut the scale into several fuzzy windows and to summarize the data within each window through an occurrence indicator. These indicators become the analysis variables. They can be analyzed through the multiple correspondence analysis, which shows the most discriminant variables, connections between them, empirical situation classes and correspondences between these classes and the most discriminant variables. An example is considered for arguing our point of view;it concerns characterizing and analysis of forces situated at the hand, foot and back level in a load lifting task. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multi-level partial response channel is investigated for submicron-trackwidth multi-track recording based on high areal density perpendicular magnetic recording. The assumed single-pole head combination is a multi-wri...
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Multi-level partial response channel is investigated for submicron-trackwidth multi-track recording based on high areal density perpendicular magnetic recording. The assumed single-pole head combination is a multi-write head of submicron-trackwidth and relatively wide single read-head. Encoding rules including nero-level magnetization for the partial response channel is proposed for the head and the channel combination. A simulation assumed ideal playback waveform and an experiments with actual heads show availability of the method.
Diagnosis is a basic issue of any fault-tolerance policy. Fault localization within the neural architecture is necessary to provide information for hardware reconfiguration in order to achieve system survival, possibl...
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Diagnosis is a basic issue of any fault-tolerance policy. Fault localization within the neural architecture is necessary to provide information for hardware reconfiguration in order to achieve system survival, possibly with reduced computational capabilities. In this paper, a comprehensive approach to architectural fault-tolerant design of neural networks is proposed and evaluated, with specific reference to concurrent high-level diagnosis and fault localization. The approach refers to the operational life of trained neural networks. Two error detection techniques are applied: on-line concurrent diagnosis with the use of data coding for error detection at neuron level and on-line compact testing for localization of the faulty neuron within the network. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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