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arXiv 2025年

作者： Pritychenko, B. Tretyak, V.I. National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory UptonNY11973-5000 United States Institute for Nuclear Research Kyiv03028 Ukraine INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso AQ Assergi67100 Italy

The double-beta (2β)-decay is the rarest nuclear physics process, and its experimental half-lives (T1/2) exceed the age of the Universe from nine to fourteen orders of magnitude. Double-beta decay was observed, and its half-life was measured in 14 parent nuclei using direct, radiochemical, and geochemical methods. The decay observables are analyzed using the Evaluated Nuclear Structure data File (ENSDF) procedures, and the recommended T1/2 were deduced. Using the calculated values of phase factors, the effective nuclear matrix elements were extracted and compared with available data. Thousands of theoretical and experimental works have been dedicated to these topics in the last 85 years, and we present two data sets of recommended values to encapsulate the results. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： data encapsulation

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An Efficiency Firmware Verification Framework for Public Key Infrastructure with Smart Grid and Energy Storage System

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Shih, Jhih-Zen Chuang, Cheng-Che Huang, Hong-Sheng Chen, Hsuan-Tung Sun, Hung-Min Department of Computer Science National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan Institute of Information Security National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan Information and Communications Research Laboratories Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu Taiwan

As a critical component of electrical energy infrastructure, the smart grid system has become indispensable to the energy sector. However, the rapid evolution of smart grids has attracted numerous nation-state actors seeking to disrupt the power infrastructure of adversarial nations. This development underscores the urgent need to establish secure mechanisms for firmware updates, with firmware signing and verification serving as pivotal elements in safeguarding system integrity. In this work, we propose a digital signing and verification framework grounded in Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), specifically tailored for resource-constrained devices such as smart meters. The framework utilizes the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) formats to achieve efficient data encapsulation and robust security features. Our approach not only ensures the secure deployment of firmware updates against the convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) attacks but also addresses performance bottlenecks stemming from device limitations, thereby enhancing the overall reliability and stability of the smart grid system. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： data encapsulation

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Refinements of complexity results on type consistency for object-oriented databases

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND SYSTEM SCIENCES 2001年第4期62卷 537-564页

作者： Ishihara, Y Shimizu, S Seki, H Ito, M Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Sci Dept Informat & Math Sci Toyonaka Osaka 5608531 Japan Nara Inst Sci & Technol Grad Sch Informat Sci Nara 6300101 Japan

The method invocation mechanism is one of the essential Features in object-oriented programming languages. This mechanism contributes to data encapsulation and code reuse, but there is a risk of a run-time type error. In the case of object-oriented databases (OODBs), a run-time error causes rollback. Therefore, it is desirable to ensure that a given OODB schema is consistent;i.e., no run-time type error occurs during the execution of queries under any database instance of the OODB schema. This paper discusses the computational complexity of the type-consistency problem. As a model of OODB schemas, we adopt update schemas introduced by R. Hull cr rrl.. which have all of the basic features of OODBs such as class hierarchy. inheritance. and complex objects. Fur several subclasses of update schemas, the complexity of the type-consistency problem is presented. Importantly, it turns out that nonflatness of the class hierarchy, recursion in the queries:, and update operations in the queries each make the problem difficult. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

关键词： Legal Executions Refining schema Object oriented programming languages Software reuse object-oriented databases data encapsulation

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Digital watermarking: Algorithms and applications

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 2001年第4期18卷 33-46页

作者： Podilchuk, CI Delp, EJ Bell Labs Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Digital watermarking of multimedia content has become a veryactive research area over the last several years. A general frameworkfor watermark embedding and detection/decoding is presented here alongwith a review of some of the algorithms for different media typesdescribed in the literature. We highlight some of the differences basedon application such as copyright protection, authentication, tamperdetection, and data hiding as well as differences in technology andsystem requirements for different media types such as digital images,video, audio and text

关键词： audio coding copy protection copyright data compression data encapsulation decoding image coding message authentication multimedia systems reviews video coding word processing authentication copyright protection data hiding digital images digital waterma Video coding Hidden data message authentication Digital watermarking DECODING MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEM Digital images copyrights Audio coding image coding Word Processing data compression data encapsulation copy protection Authentication

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IMG-forensics: Multimedia-enabled information hiding investigation using convolutional neural network

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2022年第11期16卷 2854-2862页

作者： Khan, Abdullah Ayub Shaikh, Aftab Ahmed Cheikhrouhou, Omar Laghari, Asif Ali Rashid, Mamoon Shafiq, Muhammad Hamam, Habib Sindh Madressatul Islam Univ Fac Comp Sci Karachi Sindh Pakistan Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Univ Lyari Fac Comp Sci & Informat Technol Karachi Sindh Pakistan Taif Univ Collage CIT At Taif Saudi Arabia Vishwakarma Univ Dept Comp Engn Fac Sci & Technol Pune Maharashtra India Guangzhou Univ Cyberspace Inst Adv Technol Guangzhou Peoples R China Univ Moncton Fac Engn Moncton NB Canada

Information hiding aims to embed a crucial amount of confidential data records into the multimedia, such as text, audio, static and dynamic image, and video. Image-based information hiding has been a significantly important topic for digital forensics. Here, active image deep steganographic approaches have come forward for hiding data. The least significant bit (LSB) steganography approach is proposed to conceal a secret message into the original image. First, the lightweight stream encryption cryptography encrypts secret information in the cover image to protect embedded information from source to destination. Whereas the encrypted embedded cover information into the carrier of stego-image with the help of the LSB and then transmit. In the proposed investigational scheme, a convolutional neural net is used. A model is trained to detect and extract patterns of image hidden features, encrypted stego-image optimization, and classify original and cover images of steganography. Through the experiment result on the forensic image database for mobile steganography of the Center for Statistics and Application in Forensic Evidence, the overall embedded and extracting that the proposed scheme can achieve information hiding as well as revealing with an accuracy rate of 95.1%. The experimental result shows the robustness of the model in terms of efficiency as compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.

关键词： visual databases image hidden features convolutional neural network data encapsulation multimedia computing IMG forensics information hiding encrypted stego image optimization digital forensics convolutional neural nets optimisation LSB steganography static image active image dynamic image records management forensic image database mobile computing feature extraction confidential data records secret information audio image secret message lightweight stream encryption cryptography significant bit steganography approach cryptography convolutional neural net encrypted embedded cover information forensic Evidence multimedia enabled information hiding investigation image coding steganographic approaches cover image

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Lossless digital image watermarking in sparse domain by using K-singular value decomposition algorithm

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2020年第6期14卷 1005-1014页

作者： Deeba, Farah Kun, She Dharejo, Fayaz Ali Zhou, Yuanchun Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Informat & Software Engn Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Univ Chinese Acad Sci Comp Network Informat Ctr Beijing Peoples R China

The crucial hurdle faced by the watermarking technique is to maintain the steadiness corresponding to several attacks while assisting a sufficient level of security. In this study, a robust lossless sparse domain-based watermarking approach combined with discrete cosine transform (DCT) is introduced to hide the secret message in the selected significant sparse elements of the host image. The proposed method takes advantage of a sparse representation-based dictionary learning process. To enhance the security of the original image, the authors first apply the DCT on a secret message. These DCT coefficients with some regularised parameters will be inserted into the selected significant sparse coefficients. At the extraction stage, the secret message is extracted from those significant sparse coefficients by employing the sparse domain orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm. Finally, the inverse DCT is applied to extract the secret message without any information loss. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, different commonly used attacks are simulated. Simulation results in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity, normal correlation, and feature similarity indicate that the proposed method can recover the hidden secret message accurately against seven different types of attacks including speckle, Gaussian, salt and pepper, rotate, crop, fold, and blur attack.

关键词： discrete cosine transforms iterative methods singular value decomposition image watermarking data encapsulation image representation image coding lossless digital image watermarking K-singular value decomposition algorithm watermarking technique sparse elements host image DCT coefficients sparse coefficients sparse domain orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm inverse DCT hidden secret message robust lossless sparse domain-based watermarking approach discrete cosine transform sparse representation-based dictionary learning process regularised parameters secret message extraction stage peak signal-to-noise ratio structural similarity normal correlation feature similarity Gaussian attack salt and pepper attacks speckle attacks rotate attacks crop attacks fold attacks blur attack

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Biometric-based efficient medical image watermarking in E-healthcare application

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2019年第3期13卷 421-428页

作者： Aparna, Puvvadi Kishore, Polurie Venkata Vijay KL Univ Dept Elect & Commun Engn Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh India

Information hiding is particularly used for security applications to protect the secret message from an unauthorised person. Due to the tremendous development of the Internet and its usage, the issue of protection over the internet is increasing. Under such a condition, transforming the information from the transmitter to the receiver requires more security. Accordingly, in my previous research, an efficient medical image watermarking technique in E-healthcare application using a combination of compression and cryptography algorithm was proposed. The system only gives confidentiality and reliability. To overcome the problem, the authors propose a biometric-based on an efficient medical image watermarking in E-healthcare application, which produces a system for authentication, confidentiality, and reliability of the system. The proposed system utilises the fingerprint biometric for authentication, cryptography process for confidentiality, and reversible watermarking for the integrity. Basically, the proposed system consists of two stages such as (i) watermark embedding process and (ii) watermark extraction process. The experiments were carried out on the different medical images with electronic health record and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is analysed with the help of peak signal-to-noise ratio and normalised correlation.

关键词： cryptography data compression data encapsulation electronic health records feature extraction fingerprint identification health care image coding image watermarking Internet medical image processing message authentication

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High-payload block-based data hiding scheme using hybrid edge detector with minimal distortion

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2014年第11期8卷 647-654页

作者： Tseng, Hsien-Wen Leng, Hui-Shih Chaoyang Univ Technol Dept Informat Management Taichung 41349 Taiwan Changhua Univ Educ Dept Math Changhua 50058 Changhua County Taiwan

data hiding is a technique that is embedding the secret message into the media. In 2010, Chen et al.'s proposed a scheme combined the Canny' edge detector and fuzzy edge detector to increase edge pixels, and embedded more secret data into the edge pixels than the non-edge pixels based on the least-significant-bit (LSB) substitution scheme. In this study, the authors use Kaur et al.'s fuzzy logic-based algorithm and extend the original design to block-based design. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves higher payload with Kaur et al.'s fuzzy logic-based algorithm, and achieve minimal distortion by selecting the number of edge pixel's embedding length of each block which has minimum mean-squared error.

关键词： data encapsulation edge detection fuzzy set theory mean square error methods high payload block data hiding scheme hybrid edge detector minimal distortion secret message Canny edge detector fuzzy edge detector edge pixels LSB substitution scheme fuzzy logic based algorithm block based design mean squared error

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Prediction error expansion-based reversible data hiding in encrypted images with public key cryptosystem

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2019年第10期13卷 1705-1713页

作者： Shah, Mohsin Zhang, Weiming Hu, Honggang Dong, Xiaojuan Yu, Nenghai Univ Sci & Technol China Sch Informat Sci & Technol Hefei 230026 Anhui Peoples R China

Advances in signal processing in the encrypted domain and cloud computing have given rise to privacy-preserving technologies. In recent years, reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDH-EI) has received attention from the research community because additional data can be embedded into an encrypted image without accessing its original content, and the encrypted image can be losslessly recovered after extracting the embedded data. Although the recent development of RDH-EI compatible with homomorphic public key cryptosystems has intensified research interest, most of the existing mature RDH schemes cannot be transplanted to the encrypted domain due to the limitations of the underlying cryptosystems. In this paper, prediction error expansion based RDH-ED using probabilistic and homomorphic properties of the Paillier cryptosystem is presented. This work implements non-integer mean value computation in the encrypted domain without any interactive protocol between the content owner and the cloud server. This work presents mathematical detail of pixel prediction (mean), prediction error, error expansion and data embedding in the encrypted domain and data extraction and content recovery in the plain domain. Experimental results from standard test images reveal that the proposed scheme outperforms other state-of-the-art encrypted domain schemes.

关键词： public key cryptography cryptography image watermarking image processing data encapsulation data privacy image coding cloud computing encrypted image embedded data RDH-EI homomorphic public key cryptosystems existing mature RDH schemes prediction error expansion-based RDH data embedding data extraction state-of-the-art encrypted domain schemes prediction error expansion-based reversible data hiding public key cryptosystem additional data

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Efficient algorithm for very low bit rate embedded image coding

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2008年第2期2卷 59-71页

作者： Moinuddin, A. A. Khan, E. Ghanbari, M. Aligarh Muslim Univ Dept Elect Engn Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India Univ Essex Dept Comp & Elect Syst Colchester CO4 3SQ Essex England

The authors propose an embedded wavelet-based image coding algorithm that exploits both the inter- and intra-subband correlations among the wavelet coefficients. The proposed coding algorithm is based on spatial orientation trees (SOT) in which the basic unit is a block of m x n coefficients in contrast to a single coefficient in the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. Each SOT has a root node (a block of m x n coefficients) in the LL-subband with the child and descendent blocks in the high frequency subbands. Thus it fuses the features of both block- and tree-based coding algorithms into a single algorithm. Performance of the proposed method is compared (in terms of rate-distortion performance) with the other state-of-the-art coding algorithms including the JPEG2000 for popular test images. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a better coding efficiency over the other coders at very low bit rates. Also, compared with SPIHT it reduces the elements of the auxiliary lists, thereby reducing the memory requirements. In addition, the encoder of the proposed algorithm is significantly faster than that of the SPIHT, but with a slight increase in its decoder complexity.

关键词： low bit rate embedded image coding set partitioning Computer vision and image processing techniques data encapsulation Image and video coding image coding wavelet transforms hierarchical tree algorithm Combinatorial mathematics Integral transforms spatial orientation tree decoding trees (mathematics)

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