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A new track finding algorithm based on a multi-dimensional extension of the Hough Transform

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第5期19卷 P05011页

作者： Ristori, Luciano Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab POB 500 Batavia IL 60510 USA

We introduce a new pattern recognition algorithm for track finding in High Energy Physics Experiments based on an extension of the Hough Transform to multiple dimensions. A remarkable property of this algorithm is that the execution time is simply proportional to the total number of the hits to be processed, making it particularly attractive for high occupancy situations. The algorithm needs to be trained using a sufficiently large set of simulated tracks. The same track finding algorithm can be used for very different detector geometries and only the set of simulated tracks used for training needs to be changed. The particular structure of the algorithm also lends itself naturally to parallel hardware implementations which, combined with its intrinsic flexibility, should provide a most powerful tool for triggering at future colliders.

关键词： data processing methods Pattern recognition cluster finding calibration and fitting methods Trigger algorithms

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Updates for automatic analysis and post-processing of JET neutral particle analysers for TT and DT campaigns

Updates for automatic analysis and post-processing of JET ne...

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4th European Conference on Plasma Diagnostics (ECPD)

作者： Siren, P. Beaumont, P. Weisen, H. Univ Helsinki Dept Phys Helsinki 00014 Finland Culham Sci Ctr Culham Ctr Fus Energy UKAEA Abingdon OX14 3DB Oxon England Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL Swiss Plasma Ctr Lausanne Switzerland

The data processing from both JET Neutral Particle Analysers (NPAs), high energy and low energy detector systems, has been updated for needs of operating in different scenarios with several isotopes in tritium and deuterium plasmas in the 2021 campaigns. The new automatic processing allows quick routine analysis of NPA data during JET experiments and enables efficient further analysis of large data sets with the help of coupling to the JETPEAK database. The analysis of the NPA data can be now performed as a standard way reliably in intershot and avoid misunderstanding and misusing the data. The NPA data analysis workflow has been systematically applied and demonstrated during scenario development experiments in 2020. This contribution introduces the capability and efficiency of the coupled analysis chain in fast particle diagnostics data checks and post-processing by using JET DTE2 reference pulse sub-database.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics Software architectures (event data models frameworks and databases)

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Estimation of combinatoric background in seaquest using an event-mixing method

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第10期18卷 P10032页

作者： Pate, S. F. Pun, A. Hossain, M. F. Nagai, K. Aidala, C. A. Ayuso, C. El Fassi, L. Geesaman, D. F. Hague, T. J. Kinney, E. R. Lorenzon, W. Nakano, K. Reimer, P. E. Scott, M. B. C. Towell, R. S. New Mexico State Univ Dept Phys Las Cruces NM 88003 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab Phys Div Los Alamos NM 87545 USA Univ Michigan Dept Phys Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Rutgers State Univ Dept Phys & Astron Piscataway NJ 08854 USA Mississippi State Univ Dept Phys & Astron Mississippi State MS 39762 USA Argonne Natl Lab Dept Engn & Phys Lemont IL 60439 USA Abilene Christian Univ Dept Engn & Phys Abilene TX 79601 USA Univ Colorado Dept Phys Boulder CO 80309 USA Univ Virginia Dept Phys Charlottesville VA 22904 USA RIKEN Nishina Ctr Accelerator Based Sci Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan

All experiments observing dilepton pairs (e.g e(+)e(-), mu(+)mu(-)) must confront the existence of a combinatoric background caused by the combining of tracks not arising from the same physics vertex. Some method must be devised to calculate and remove this background. In this document we describe a particular event-mixing method relying on many of the unique aspects of the SeaQuest spectrometer and data. The method described here calculates the combinatoric background with correct normalization;i.e., there is no need to assign a floating normalization factor that is then determined in a subsequent fitting procedure. Numerous tests are applied to demonstrate the reliability of the method.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods data reduction methods

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Development of a multifunctional real-time data processing system for interferometers on EAST

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第11期18卷 C11013页

作者： Yao, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, Y. Ruan, T. Li, W. Lian, H. Wang, S. Zhang, Y. Lin, B. Jie, Y. Liu, H. Chinese Acad Sci Inst Plasma Phys Hefei 230031 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Anhui Univ Inst Phys Sci Hefei 230031 Peoples R China Anhui Univ Inst Informat Technol Hefei 230031 Peoples R China

In the latest campaign of EAST experiments, two new interferometers were installed, a dispersion interferometer (DI) based on a Carbon Dioxide laser and a solid source interferometer (SSI) based on microwave multiplier sources. To make them available for the Plasma Control System (PCS) system, each of them needs to be provided with a real-time processing system to extract the detector output signal and afterward obtain the electron density information through signal processing. To obtain interferometer data quickly and reliably, a unified hardware template was applied to both interferometers. Three main parts are included in this hardware template - digitization, digital signal processing, and output modules. In particular, the digitization section uses a multi-channel Analog-to-Digital Convertor (ADC) to acquire the signals that need to be calculated. The digital signal processing part is implemented by an FPGA, which is the hardware basis of this multifunctional template that can be used for multiple interferometers. This section includes two main parts, wrapped density signal extraction and signal unwrapping. For DI it is a phase calculation based on the intensity ratio, while for SSI it is a phase calculation by means of FFT or phase demodulation. Both computational approaches form independent IP cores to build systems quickly, while these IP cores provide parameter interfaces to adapt to different application scenarios. The output module provides a variety of data transmission methods, including fiber optic transmission and Digital-Analog-Convertor (DAC) based analog transmission, to interface with PCS or other subsequent systems. This data processing system template has been applied to each of the above two interferometers and valid data were obtained in a recent EAST experiment campaign. It demonstrates the usefulness of the template and provides a reference for the design of data processing systems on future devices.

关键词： data processing methods Plasma diagnostics-interferometry spectroscopy and imaging

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Novel reconstruction method of angle-limited backprojection (ALBP) for low-dose dental panoramic X-ray imaging

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第10期18卷 C10014页

作者： Yang, Hyesun Shim, Jiyong Jeon, Duhee Cho, Hyosung Yonsei Univ Dept Radiat Convergence Engn 1 Yonseidae Gil Wonju 26493 South Korea

Panoramic radiography is a popular two-dimensional X-ray imaging modality in dentistry. It produces a single image of the overall facial view, including the maxillary and mandibular arches and supporting structures. Panoramic images are typically reconstructed using the shift-and-add (SAA) algorithm, in which only structures within a certain image layer are in focus, and others are out of focus on the panoramic image. As the clinical use of panoramic radiography has grown rapidly, radiologists are continuously seeking ways to reduce the radiation dose to patients. This study proposes a novel panoramic reconstruction method called the angle-limited backprojection (ALBP) algorithm for low-dose panoramic X-ray imaging. In ALBP, X-rays that meet the angular criterion established in this study are selected from the measured panoramic projection data and then backprojected onto the spherical voxels placed along the dental arch, as in a typical computed tomography reconstruction. The angular criterion selects X-rays that pass through a given spherical voxel and simultaneously have directional vectors within a prespecified angular range concerning the directional vector at the corresponding source position. To validate the efficacy of the proposed reconstruction method, we conducted a numerical simulation and experiment and investigated the image characteristics. Panoramic images were reconstructed using the SAA and ALBP algorithms with full and half (i.e., half radiation dose) panoramic projections, and their image quality was quantitatively evaluated using the intensity profile and universal quality index (UQI). The image quality of the ALBP with half projections was similar to that of the SAA with full projections, indicating the efficacy of the proposed method. Accordingly, our results demonstrated the potential for radiation dose reduction in panoramic X-ray imaging.

关键词： Image reconstruction in medical imaging data processing methods Simulation methods and programs

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Track reconstruction and analysis of particle interactions in short bent crystals

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第6期18卷 P06027页

作者： Rossi, R. Esposito, L. S. Pesaresi, M. Hall, G. Scandale, W. CERN European Org Nucl Res 1 Esplanade Particules Meyrin Switzerland Imperial Coll Blackett Lab Prince Consort Rd London SW7 2AZ England INFN Sez Roma 1 Piazzale Aldo Moro 2 I-00185 Rome Italy

Measurements of the interaction of positively charged particles with bent crystals were obtained by developing a new and consolidated analysis method, for the use of UA9 collaboration. The method was deployed to characterize crystals with a length of a few mm along the beam direction and a bending angle in the order of 10 grad to 100 grad, typically exploited in the CERN accelerators. To assess their properties and quality, the crystals have been investigated in the Super Proton Synchrotron North Area with a beam of mixed hadrons at 180 GeV. The UA9 telescopic tracker has been used to collect the data. Some of them are used in the present study to describe and validate the applied data-analysis methodology.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods Particle tracking detectors

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A Systematic Review on Imbalanced Learning methods in Intelligent Fault Diagnosis

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2023年 72卷 1页

作者： Ren, Zhijun Lin, Tantao Feng, Ke Zhu, Yongsheng Liu, Zheng Yan, Ke Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Key Lab Educ Minist Modern Design & Rotor Bearing Xian 710049 Peoples R China Univ British Columbia Sch Engn Okanagan Campus Kelowna BC V1V 1V7 Canada

The theoretical developments of data-driven fault diagnosis methods have yielded fruitful achievements and significantly benefited industry practices. However, most methods are developed based on the assumption of data balance, which is incompatible with engineering scenarios. First, the normal state accounts for the majority of the equipment's lifespan;second, the probability of various faults varies, both of which result in an imbalance in the data. The consequence of data imbalance in intelligent fault diagnosis methods has attracted extensive attention from the research community, and a significant number of papers have been published. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review of achievements in this field is still missing, and the research perspectives have not been thoroughly investigated. To end this, we review and discuss all the research achievements in fault diagnosis under data imbalance in this survey, based on to the best of our knowledge. First, the existing imbalanced learning methods are classified into three categories: data processing methods, model construction methods, and training optimization methods. Then, the three methodologies are introduced and discussed in detail: the data processing method is to optimize the inputs of the intelligent fault diagnosis model so that the imbalance rate of the sample set involved in training is reduced;the model construction method is to design the structure and the features of the intelligent fault diagnosis model so that the model itself is resistant to the effects of imbalance;the training optimization method is an optimization of the training process for intelligent fault diagnosis models, raising the importance of the minority class in the training. Finally, this survey summarizes the prospects of the imbalanced learning problem in intelligent fault diagnosis, discusses the possible solutions, and provides some recommendations.

关键词： Fault diagnosis data models Training Learning systems Systematics Optimization methods Load modeling data processing methods imbalanced data intelligent fault diagnosis model construction methods training optimization methods

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Visualisation of sulphur on single fibre level for pulping industry

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第1期18卷 C01012-C01012页

作者： Norlin, B. An, S. Granfeldt, T. Krapohl, D. Lai, B. Rahman, H. Zeeshana, F. Engstranda, P. Mid Sweden Univ Holmgatan 10 SE-85170 Sundsvall Sweden Valmet AB Gustaf Gidlofs Vag 4 SE-85179 Sundsvall Sweden Argonne Natl Lab 9700 S Cass Ave Lemont IL 60439 USA Lund Univ MAX Lab 4 SE-22100 Lund Sweden

In the pulp and paper industry, about 5 Mt/y chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) are produced globally from softwood chips for production of carton board grades. For tailor making CTMP for this purpose, wood chips are impregnated with aqueous sodium sulphite for sulphonation of the wood lignin. When lignin is sulphonated, the defibration of wood into pulp becomes more selective, resulting in enhanced pulp properties. On a microscopic fibre scale, however, one could strongly assume that the sulphonation of the wood structure is very uneven due to its macroscale size of wood chips. If this is the case and the sulphonation could be done significantly more evenly, the CTMP process could be more efficient and produce pulp even better suited for carton boards. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a technique based on X-ray fluorescence microscopy imaging (mu XRF) for quantifying the sulphur distribution on CTMP wood fibres. Firstly, the feasibility of mu XRF imaging for sulphur homogeneity measurements in wood fibres needs investigation. Therefore, clarification of which spatial and spectral resolution that allows visualization of sulphur impregnation into single wood fibres is needed. Measurements of single fibre imaging were carried out at the Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source (APS) synchrotron facility. With a synchrotron beam using one micrometre scanning step, images of elemental mapping are acquired from CTMP samples diluted with non-sulphonated pulp under specified conditions. Since the measurements show significant differences between sulphonated and non-sulphonated fibres, and a significant peak concentration in the shell of the sulphonated fibres, the proposed technique is found to be feasible. The required spatial resolution of the mu XRF imaging for an on-site CTMP sulphur homogeneity measurement setup is about 15 mu m, and the homogeneity measured along the fibre shells is suggested to be used as the CTMP sulphonation measurement par

关键词： X-ray fluorescence (XRF) systems Instruments for environmental monitoring food control and medical use data processing methods Image filtering

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A method of three-dimensional muon imaging using cosmic ray ground array

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第5期19卷 P05077页

作者： Song, Sichen Liu, Jia He, Huihai Chinese Acad Sci Inst High Energy Phys 19B Yuquan Rd Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci 19A Yuquan Rd Beijing 100049 Peoples R China

Cosmic ray muon imaging technology is an effective non-destructive imaging technique. It is currently used to survey the internal structure of large-scale objects such as active volcanoes, pyramids, and some buildings. Additionally, it is used to detect high -Z materials in scenarios such as border security, nuclear reactor monitoring, and container inspection. All applications of cosmic ray muons require a detector to reveal and measure the flux or angular variations of muons. However, detectors may have specific characteristics for each application depending on the detection requirements. Unlike single -point track detectors, we propose using ground array detectors to investigate how ground array detection technology can be used for 3D reconstruction of objects. We use ground array detection technology for simulation studies and apply the Iterative Correction Algorithm (ICA) to reconstruct two-dimensional projections and obtain three-dimensional images of density distribution. We have also addressed the convergence problem and analyzed and optimized some parameters that may affect the detection results. The advantages of using ground arrays include their ability to simultaneously measure the transmittance flux data of muons in different directions, achieve multi -angle detection, and have a large field of view, enabling the collection of sufficient data for more accurate detection results. To verify the feasibility of our new method, we conducted a simple experimental validation on a cylindrical cement building located in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). By comparing the experimental results with the cement building in the array, we found that their shape structure and density information are basically consistent, demonstrating the effectiveness of our method.

关键词： data processing methods Simulation methods and programs Inspection with x-rays Radiation monitoring

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Machine learning for track reconstruction at the LHC

Machine learning for track reconstruction at the LHC

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Conference on Artificial Intelligence for the Electron Ion Collider (AI4EIC-EXP)

作者： Gagnon, L. -G. Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

The planned upgrade of the LHC to its High-Luminosity counterpart (HL-LHC) circa 2027 will bring about a drastic increase in instantaneous luminosity, pileup, and trigger rates. Currently, most LHC experiments use Kalman filter based track reconstruction algorithms which exhibit outstanding physics performance but scale poorly with the amount of data produced per bunch crossing. Therefore, the high energy physics community is currently performing intensive R & D to commission new or improved algorithms for this crucial data reconstruction task. This article presents many approaches such as running existing Kalman filter algorithms on accelerated hardware and overhauling the current approaches with machine learning techniques. A new algorithm testbed for research in track reconstruction, ACTS, is also discussed.

关键词： Particle tracking detectors Pattern recognition cluster finding calibration and fitting methods Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods

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