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Improving Neutron-gamma discrimination in CLYC with Gaussian mixture model

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第9期18卷 P09006页

作者： Chen, Jiaolong Guo, Jianhua Wang, Shen Wan, Qiang Xu, Xing Chen, Yiren Cui, Yuxin Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yongqiang Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Dark Matter & Space Astron Purple Mt Observ 10 Yuanhua Rd Nanjing Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Sch Astron & Space Sci 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Peoples R China

Neutron and gamma discrimination is a common issue in neutron detection. Cs2LiYCl6 : Ce (CLYC) crystal, with its unique core-to-valence luminescence (CVL) mechanism for gamma rays, has excellent capability for neutron-gamma discrimination. This paper proposes a new preprocessing method called constant fraction alignment (CFA), based on the fast rise and slow decay characteristics of CLYC, to effectively improve discrimination performance. Unsupervised classification methods that do not require training data have a great advantage since pure neutron sources are difficult to obtain. As an unsupervised clustering method, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is used to achieve neutron-gamma discrimination of data detected by CLYC, and the impact of different parameters on GMM results is studied. When the input dimension is high, GMM not only requires significantly more time but also reduces precision, so dimensionality reduction is necessary. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a commonly used dimensionality reduction method, and through analysis, it is found that using the first three components of PCA as inputs achieves the best performance. In the GMM solving process, selecting different covariance matrices based on data types can reduce running time while maintaining high accuracy. Diagonal mode is the most suitable according to comparison. Based on the same dataset, the accuracy of GMM is higher than that of charge comparison method and k-means++, with an accuracy of 99.96% for 252C f source and a false alarm rate as low as 0.01% for 137Cs source.

关键词： Particle identification methods data processing methods Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons)

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Design and implementation of integrated high-speed wireless EEG/ECoG acquisition system

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第6期18卷 P06017页

作者： Li, Ruikai Zhang, Yixing Fan, Guangwei Li, Ziteng Lou, Cunguang Liu, Xiuling Hebei Univ Coll Elect Informat Engn Baoding 071002 Peoples R China Hebei Univ Hebei Key Lab Digital Med Engn Baoding 071002 Peoples R China Hebei Univ Affiliated Hosp Baoding 071000 Peoples R China

With the development and application of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), the demand for the portability, transmission performance, sampling rate, and number of channels of electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition devices is increasing. The high-performance acquisition devices used in current research are generally large in size which limit its application scenarios, while portable high-performance acquisition devices have a limited wireless transmission bandwidth. To tackle these issues, a high-performance multichannel wireless EEG acquisition system was designed, the acquisition device is powered independently by a battery, controls the bioelectric acquisition chip through FPGA (filed-programmable gate array) to achieve high-speed and stable processing of EEG data, and transmits it in real-time via Wi-Fi to the host computer for display and recording. Standard signal source tests and Electrocorticography (ECoG) acquisition experiments demonstrate that the system performed well with 64 channels and a maximum sampling rate of 30 kHz within a distance of 10 meters. This design provides a new solution for neuroscience research scenarios.

关键词： Bioanalytical platforms data acquisition circuits data processing methods Electrochemical sensory systems

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Check on the features of potted 20-inch PMTs with 1F3 electronics prototype at Pan-Asia

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第2期18卷 P02003页

作者： Liu, Caimei Li, Min Wang, Zhimin Hu, Jun Anfimov, Nikolay Fan, Lei Garfagnini, Alberto Gong, Guanghua Hou, Shaojing Ji, Xiaolu Jiang, Xiaoshan Korablev, Denis Lachenmaier, Tobias Ma, Si Ma, Xiaoyan Ning, Zhe Olshevskiy, Alexander G. Peng, Zhaoyuan Qin, Zhonghua Sterr, Tobias Sun, Yunhua Tietzsch, Alexander Felix Wang, Jun Wang, Wei Wang, Yangfu Wen, Kaile Wonsak, Bjoern Soenke Xie, Wan Xu, Meihang Yan, Xiongbo Yang, Yifan Zhao, Rong Zhou, Tong Zhu, Kejun Chinese Acad Sci Inst High Energy Phys Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen Phys Inst Tubingen Germany Univ Hamburg Inst Expt Phys Hamburg Germany Sun Yat Sen Univ Guangzhou Peoples R China Joint Inst Nucl Res Dubna Russia Univ Padua Dipartimento Fis & Astron Padua Italy INFN Sez Padova Padua Italy Tsinghua Univ Beijing Peoples R China Univ Libre Bruxelles Brussels Belgium

The Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory (JUNO) is a neutrino project with a 20-kton liquid scintillator detector located 700-m underground. The large 20-inch PMTs are one of the crucial components of the JUNO experiment aiming for precision neutrino measurements with better than 3% energy resolution at 1 MeV. The excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume provide many exciting opportunities for addressing important topics in neutrino and astroparticle physics. With the container #D at JUNO Pan-Asia PMT testing and potting station, the features of waterproof potted 20-inch PMTs were measured with JUNO 1F3 electronics prototype in waveform and charge, which are valuable for a better understanding of the performance of the waterproof potted PMTs and the JUNO 1F3 electronics. In this paper, the basic features of the JUNO 1F3 electronics prototype run at Pan-Asia will be introduced, followed by an analysis of the waterproof potted 20-inch PMTs and a comparison with the results from commercial electronics used container #A and #B.

关键词： data processing methods Photon detectors for UV visible and IR photons (vacuum) (photomultipliers HPDs others)

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Automatic energy calibration of radiation portal monitors using deep learning and spectral remapping

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第1期18卷 P01031页

作者： Jeon, Byoungil Park, Jaeheong Park, Kyutae Lee, Joohyun Moon, Myungkook Artificial Intelligence Application & Strategy Team Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Daedeok-dareo 989-111 Yuseong-gu Daejeon Republic of Korea M1 International INC. Hakha-ro 30-49 Yuseong-gu Daejeon Republic of Korea Neutron Science Division Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Daedeok-dareo 989-111 Yuseong-gu Daejeon Republic of Korea

Radiation portal monitors comprising large-volume plastic scintillators are commonly used to monitor the smuggling of radioactive materials. Various applications have been proposed to perform radioisotope identification using these monitors. Such applications require calibration of the spectrum measured by the detector to obtain the physical energy spectrum. The relationship between the multichannel readout and energy bins depends on environmental conditions: it implies that energy calibration in radiation portal monitors should be performed periodically, even multiple times in a single day, thus demanding for a simple and fast energy calibration method. In this study, a deep learning model and a spectral remapping method were used to transform the raw detector output into an energy spectrum with constant energy bins. The deep learning model was designed to predict energy calibration parameters based on the channel spectrum of a single radioisotope. The dataset used to train the deep learning model was generated using the spectrum of the radiation portal monitor. A convolutional neural network model was utilized to evaluate the performance. The remapping method was designed to remap calibrated energy bins to fixed energy bins based on the linear interpolation of nearby bins. The performance of the neural network model and of the remapping method were then evaluated based on several measured spectra taken with different conditions, and found to be adequate to fulfill the requirements.

关键词： data processing methods Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers sources particle-beams) Pattern recognition cluster finding calibration and fitting methods

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Beam test result of the sealed MRPC prototype for CEE-eTOF

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第11期18卷 C11001页

作者： Wang, Botan Xu, Haoqian Sun, Kai Liu, Daming Han, Dong Wang, Yi Zhao, Lei Guo, Baohong Wang, Hexiang Huang, Shiya Tsinghua Univ Dept Engn Phys Key Lab Particle & Radiat Imaging 1 Qinghuayuan St Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China State Key Lab Particle Detect & Elect 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei 230026 Peoples R China

We report the beam test and result of the sealed Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) for the external Time of Flight (eTOF) wall of the Cooler-strorage-ring External-target Experiment (CEE). The test stand detects the secondary charged particles produced from heavy ion collisions in the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), and it serves as a joint evaluation of the future CEE system, including the detectors, readout electronics, data acquisition, trigger system, etc. The collision is achieved by a Fe beam and a Fe target, with an estimated beam energy of 300 MeV/u. The sealed MRPC prototypes work stably during the test with a 20 sccm low gas flow. The whole test system is triggered from the channel multiplicity provided by the TOF detectors. A tracking method is implemented to the analysis in order to resolve the events with multiple tracks on the detectors. The result shows that the detectors reach 98% efficiency at their working point. With proper corrections, the time resolution is evaluated to be 60 ps, which fulfills the requirement to the eTOF wall.

关键词： Instrumentation and methods for time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy Resistive-plate chambers Timing detectors data processing methods

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Kinematic and vertex fitting package for the CMD-3 experiment

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第5期18卷 P05030-P05030页

作者： Gribanov, S. S. Popov, A. S. SB RAS Budker Inst Nucl Phys Prospekt Akademika Lavrentyeva 11 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Novosibirsk State Univ Phys Dept Pirogova 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia

In this article, we discuss a new software package of kinematic and vertex fitting for the CMD-3 experiment at the VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider. The authors describe in detail the fitting algorithm, parametrization of four-momenta and trajectories of various particles and present the results of testing the fitting pakage using events of Monte Carlo simulation of various e(+)e(-) annihilation processes. The authors also provide several examples of the fitting package validation using Gaussian simulation. Although the package discussed in this article is intended for the CMD-3 experiment, it can also be used in other experiments. The authors consider the described package as their first step towards a more universal and rigorous kinematic and vertex fitting package that can be used in future e(+)e(-) experiments, such as the Super Charm-Tau factory.

关键词： data processing methods Particle identification methods Software architectures (event data models frameworks and databases)

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Ability of spatial filters to distinguish between two MUAPs generated from MUs with different locations, sizes and fibers pennation

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第3期18卷 P03041页

作者： Messaoudi, Noureddine Belkacem, Samia Bekka, Rais El'hadi Univ Boumerdes Fac Technol Dept Engn Elect Syst Boumerdes 35000 Algeria Univ Boumerdes Fac Technol LIST Lab Boumerdes 35000 Algeria Univ Boumerdes Fac Sci LIMOSE Lab Boumerdes 35000 Algeria Univ Set Fac Technol Dept Elect LIS Lab Setif 19000 Algeria

In this study, we investigated the effects of the motor unit (MU) location and size and the fibres pennation on the ability of anisotropic and almost isotropic spatial filters used to detect surface electromyographic (EMG) signals to make a distinction between motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) generated from two MUs. The study was based on simulated MUAPs. The fibres orientation was performed by varying the fibres pennation angle (FPA).The root mean square error (RMSE) between MUAPs generated from two MUs was used as a criterion to evaluate the ability of the investigated filters to distinguish between two generated MUAPs. The location of a MU was fixed and the second MU moved away from the first MU in the transversal direction for the first case and in the depth direction in the second case to take five different locations in every *** showed that the capability of the studied filters to more separate two MUAPs strongly depended on MU location, MU size and FPA. This capability of separation was best with large distances between the two MUs and with large sizes of them. Furthermore, the main survey of this work was that the BiTDD filter has the best ability of separation of two MUAPs than the other filters in a given FPA interval. The number of pennation angles in this interval is related to the location and size of the moved MU.

关键词： Bioinstrumentation data processing methods Simulation methods and programs Software Engineering

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Real time reconstruction of the fast electron spectrum from high intensity laser plasma interaction using gamma counting technique

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第3期18卷 P03042页

作者： Zavorotnyi, A. Savel'ev, A. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ Fac Phys 1 Leninskie Gory Moscow 119991 Russia Russian Acad Sci Lebedev Phys Inst 53 Leninskiy Prospekt Moscow 119991 Russia

X-ray and gamma fluxes from the high intensity laser-plasma interaction are extremely short, well beyond temporal resolution of any detectors. If laser pulses come repetitively, the single photon counting technique allows to accumulate the photon spectra, however, its relation to the spectrum of the initial fast electron population in plasma is not straightforward. We present efficient and fast approach based on the Geant4 package that significantly reduces computer time needed to re-construct the high energy tail of electron spectrum from experimental data accounting for the pileup effect. Here, we first tabulate gamma spectrum from monoenergetic electron bunches of different energy for a given experimental setup, and then compose the simulated spectrum. To account for the pileups, we derive analytical formula to reverse the data. We also consider errors coming from the approximation of the initial electron spectrum by the sum of monoenergetic impacts, the finite range of the electron spectrum, etc. and give estimates on how to choose modelling parameters to minimize the approximation errors. Finally, we present an example of the experimental data treatment for the case of laser-solid interaction using 50 fs laser pulse with intensity above 1018 W/cm2.

关键词： data processing methods Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics Simulation methods and programs

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The triggerless data acquisition system of the XENONnT experiment

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第7期18卷 P07054-P07054页

作者： Aprile, E. Aalbers, J. Abe, K. Agostini, F. Maouloud, S. Ahmed Althueser, L. Andrieu, B. Angelino, E. Angevaare, J. R. Antochi, V. C. Martin, D. Anton Arneodo, F. Baudis, L. Baxter, A. L. Bellagamba, L. Biondi, R. Bismark, A. Brookes, E. J. Brown, A. Bruenner, S. Bruno, G. Budnik, R. Bui, T. K. Cai, C. Cardoso, J. M. R. Cichon, D. Chavez, A. P. Cimental Coderre, D. Colijn, A. P. Conrad, J. Cuenca-Garcia, J. J. Cussonneau, J. P. D'Andrea, V. Decowski, M. P. Di Gangi, P. Di Pede, S. Diglio, S. Eitel, K. Elykov, A. Farrell, S. Ferella, A. D. Ferrari, C. Fischer, H. Flierman, M. Fulgione, W. Fuselli, C. Gaemers, P. Gaior, R. Rosso, A. Gallo Galloway, M. Gao, F. Glade-Beucke, R. Grandi, L. Grigat, J. Guida, M. Hammann, R. Higuera, A. Hils, C. Hoetzsch, L. Hood, N. F. Howlett, J. Iacovacci, M. Itow, Y. Jakob, J. Joerg, F. Joy, A. Kato, N. Kara, M. Kavrigin, P. Kazama, S. Kobayashi, M. Koltman, G. Kopec, A. Kuger, F. Landsman, H. Lang, R. F. Levinson, L. Li, I. Li, S. Liang, S. Lindemann, S. Lindner, M. Liu, K. Loizeau, J. Lombardi, F. Long, J. Lopes, J. A. M. Ma, Y. Macolino, C. Mahlstedt, J. Mancuso, A. Manenti, L. Marignetti, F. Undagoitia, T. Marrodan Martens, K. Masbou, J. Masson, D. Masson, E. Mastroianni, S. Messina, M. Miuchi, K. Mizukoshi, K. Molinario, A. Moriyama, S. Mora, K. Mosbacher, Y. Murra, M. Mueller, J. Ni, K. Oberlack, U. Paetsch, B. Palacio, J. Peres, R. Peters, C. Pienaar, J. Pierre, M. Pizzella, V. Plante, G. Qi, J. Qin, J. Garcia, D. Ramirez Rocchetti, A. Sanchez, L. Sanchez-Lucas, P. dos Santos, J. M. F. Sarnoff, I. Sartorelli, G. Schreiner, J. Schulte, D. Schulte, P. Eissing, H. Schulze Schumann, M. Lavina, L. Scotto Selvi, M. Semeria, F. Shagin, P. Shi, S. Shockley, E. Silva, M. Simgen, H. Takeda, A. Tan, P. -L. Terliuk, A. Thers, D. Toschi, F. Trinchero, G. Tunnell, C. Toennies, F. Valerius, K. Volta, G. Weinheimer, C. Weiss, M. Wenz, D. Wittweg, C. Wolf, T. Xu, D. Xu, Z. Yamashita, M. Yang, L. Ye, J. Yuan, L. Zavattini, G. Zerbo, S. Zhong, M. Zhu, T. SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab Menlo Pk CA 94025 USA Stanford Univ Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol Stanford CA 94305 USA Coimbra Polytech ISEC P-3030199 Coimbra Portugal Heidelberg Univ Phys Inst Heidelberg Germany INFN Sez Ferrara Via G Saragat 1Edificio C I-44122 Ferrara FE Italy Univ Ferrara Dip Fis & Sci Terra Via G Saragat 1Edificio C I-44122 Ferrara FE Italy Columbia Univ Dept Phys New York NY 10027 USA Nikhef NL-1098 XG Amsterdam Netherlands Univ Amsterdam NL-1098 XG Amsterdam Netherlands Stockholm Univ Dept Phys Oskar Klein Ctr AlbaNova SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden Univ Tokyo Inst Cosm Ray Res Kamioka Observ Hida Gifu 5061205 Japan Univ Tokyo Kavli Inst Phys & Math Universe WPI Hida Gifu 5061205 Japan Univ Bologna Dept Phys & Astron I-40126 Bologna Italy INFN Bologna I-40126 Bologna Italy Sorbonne Univ LPNHE CNRS IN2P3 F-75005 Paris France Westfal Wilhelms Univ Munster Inst Kernphys D-48149 Munster Germany Univ Torino Dept Phys INAF Astrophys Observ Torino I-10125 Turin Italy INFN Torino I-10125 Turin Italy Univ Chicago Dept Phys Chicago IL 60637 USA Univ Chicago Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys Chicago IL 60637 USA New York Univ Abu Dhabi Ctr Astro Particle & Planetary Phys Abu Dhabi U Arab Emirates Univ Zurich Phys Inst CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland Purdue Univ Dept Phys & Astron W Lafayette IN 47907 USA INFN Lab Nazl Gran Sasso I-67100 Laquila Italy Gran Sasso Sci Inst I-67100 Laquila Italy Univ Freiburg Phys Inst D-79104 Freiburg Germany Univ Nantes SUBATECH IMT Atlantique CNRSIN2P3 F-44307 Nantes France Weizmann Inst Sci Dept Particle Phys & Astrophys IL-7610001 Rehovot Israel Tsinghua Univ Dept Phys Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Ctr High Energy Phys Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Univ Coimbra Dept Phys TLIBPhys P-3004516 Coimbra Portugal Max Planck Inst Kernphys D-69117 Heidelberg Germany Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Astroparticle Phys D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany Univ Aquila Dept Chem & Phys

The XENONnT detector uses the latest and largest liquid xenon-based time projection chamber (TPC) operated by the XENON Collaboration, aimed at detecting Weakly Interacting Massive Particles and conducting other rare event searches. The XENONnT data acquisition (DAQ) system constitutes an upgraded and expanded version of the XENON1T DAQ system. For its operation, it relies predominantly on commercially available hardware accompanied by open-source and custom-developed software. The three constituent subsystems of the XENONnT detector, the TPC (main detector), muon veto, and the newly introduced neutron veto, are integrated into a single DAQ, and can be operated both independently and as a unified system. In total, the DAQ digitizes the signals of 698 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), of which 253 from the top PMT array of the TPC are digitized twice, at x10 and x0.5 gain. The DAQ for the most part is a triggerless system, reading out and storing every signal that exceeds the digitization thresholds. Custom-developed software is used to process the acquired data, making it available within 30 s for live data quality monitoring and online analyses. The entire system with all the three subsystems was successfully commissioned and has been operating continuously, comfortably withstanding readout rates that exceed 500 MB/s during calibration. Livetime during normal operation exceeds 99% and is 90% during most high-rate calibrations. The combined DAQ system has collected more than 2 PB of both calibration and science data during the commissioning of XENONnT and the first science run.

关键词： Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs axions etc) data acquisition concepts data processing methods Front-end electronics for detector readout

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Research of transient temperature measuring based on thin-film thermocouple and Wi-Fi wireless DAQ method

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2023年第2期18卷 P02021页

作者： Cui, Y. Xie, Y. Yin, J. Dalian Jiaotong Univ Coll Mech Engn Dalian 116028 Peoples R China

The thin-film thermocouple temperature sensor is a new type of temperature sensor which was emerged with the development of thin-film materials. It features on a small heat capacity and a rapid response speed for transient temperature measurement on the surface of objects. The existing temperature data acquisition systems for filamentary thermocouples do not yet meet the conditions for distortion-free measurement of transient temperature signals in terms of sampling frequency and transmission rate. In addition, it is less flexible in terms of data transmission methods, while the cold end of the thermocouple compensation method has not yet compensated for the non-linear phenomenon of thermocouples, which affects the final measurement accuracy. This paper devised a wireless temperature data acquisition system for K-type thin-film thermocouples using a Wi-Fi wireless network to transmit sampling data, then applied the devised system as a data acquisition method to investigate the measurement of transient temperatures in conjunction with thin-film thermocouple sensors. The results of performance test indicated that the devised system is capable of transient temperature measurement of K-type thin-film thermocouples in the range of 0-650 degrees C with a maximum sampling rate of 100 kHz, a temperature resolution of 0.16 degrees Celsius, an accuracy of 0.2% after non-linear compensation and the ability to measure transient temperature signals with a maximum frequency component of 25 kHz. Taken advantage of the devised wireless data acquisition system to measure the impulse response of a thin-film thermocouple sensor specimen, the meausured response curve is consistent with the law of first-order system, and the time constant of the sensor was obtained as approximately 1.16 ms. A comparison between the existing data acquisition apparatuses of type K thermocouple was made. The limitations of the devised system are also discussed.

关键词： Computing (architecture farms GRID for recording storage archiving and distribution of data) data acquisition concepts data processing methods Detector control systems (detector and experiment monitoring and slow-control systems architecture hardware algorithms databases)

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