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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2021年第8期16卷

作者： Gligorov, V. V. Hageboeck, S. Nanut, T. Sciandra, A. Tou, D. Y. Sorbonne Univ LPNHE Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cite CNRSIN2P3 4 Pl Jussieu Paris France CERN 1 Esplanade Particules Meyrin Switzerland Ecole Polytech Fdn Lausanne EPFL Inst Phys Rte Sorge Lausanne Switzerland Univ Calif Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys 5 High St Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

Binned maximum likelihood fits are an attractive option when analysing large datasets, but require care when computing likelihoods of continuous PDFs in bins. For many years the widely used statistical modelling package RooFIT evaluated probabilities at the bin centre, leading to significant biases for strongly curved probability density functions. We demonstrate the biases with real-world examples, and introduce a PDF class to RooFIT that removes these biases. The physics and computation performance of this new class are discussed.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods

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Identifying heavy-flavor jets using vectors of locally aggregated descriptors

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2021年第3期16卷

作者： Bielcikova, J. Elayavalli, R. Kunnawalkam Ponimatkin, G. Putschke, J. H. Sivic, J. Czech Acad Sci Nucl Phys Inst Dept Nucl Spect Hlavni 130 Rez 25068 Czech Republic Czech Tech Univ Dept Phys FNSPE Prague 11519 Czech Republic Wayne State Univ Dept Phys & Astron 666 W Hancock Detroit MI 48202 USA Czech Tech Univ Czech Inst Informat Robot & Cybernet Prague Czech Republic INRIA Willow Team Paris France PSL Res Univ Ecole Normale Super Paris France

Jets of collimated particles serve a multitude of purposes in high energy collisions. Recently, studies of jet interaction with the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in high energy heavy ion collisions are of growing interest, particularly towards understanding partonic energy loss in the QGP medium and its related modifications of the jet shower and fragmentation. Since the QGP is a colored medium, the extent of jet quenching and consequently, the transport properties of the medium are expected to be sensitive to fundamental properties of the jets such as the flavor of the parton that initiates the jet. Identifying the jet flavor enables an extraction of the mass dependence in jet-QGP interactions. We present a novel approach to tagging heavy-flavor jets at collider experiments utilizing the information contained within jet constituents via the JetVLAD model architecture. We show the performance of this model in proton-proton collisions at center of mass energy root s = 200 GeV as characterized by common metrics and showcase its ability to extract high purity heavy-flavor jet sample at various jet momenta and realistic production cross-sections including a brief discussion on the impact of out-of-time pile-up. Such studies open new opportunities for future high purity heavy-flavor measurements at jet energies accessible at current and future collider experiments.

关键词： data processing methods Pattern recognition cluster finding calibration and fitting methods Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors Software architectures (event data models, frameworks and databases)

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Frontiers in computing for artificial intelligence

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2022年第3期17卷 C03037页

作者： Humble, T. S. Perdue, G. N. Fahim, F. Lamm, H. Schram, M. Oak Ridge Natl Lab POB 2009 Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab POB 500 Batavia IL 60510 USA Thomas Jefferson Natl Accelerator Facil Newport News VA USA

An emerging diversity of computational platforms offers many different approaches to adopting the paradigm of artificial intelligence to the study of electron-ion collisions. Here we review several leading candidates in this computational frontier and their workflows for experimental applications of artificial intelligence that may impact the future Electron-Ion Collider. We discuss the motivation for exploring novel methods to solve artificial intelligence and machine learning problems including with customized devices, quantum simulation, and heterogeneous computing systems. These technologies offer promising approaches to address some of the leading concerns of future computing that may impact the Electron-Ion Collider but they will require further development and testing in order to support future planning efforts.

关键词： Computing (architecture farms GRID for recording storage archiving and distribu-tion of data) data processing methods Simulation methods and programs Analysis and statistical methods

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A novel technique for an alignment-insensitive density calibration of Thomson scattering diagnostics developed at W7-X

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2022年第3期17卷 C03012-C03012页

作者： Fuchert, G. Nelde, P. Pasch, E. Beurskens, M. N. A. Bozhenkov, S. A. Brunner, K. J. Meineke, J. Scott, E. R. Wolf, R. C. Max Planck Inst Plasma Phys Greifswald Germany Univ Wisconsin Madison WI USA Tech Univ Berlin Berlin Germany

In most laboratory setups in plasma physics, including magnetic-confinement experiments for fusion research, laser-based Thomson scattering allows for absolutely calibrated density measurements without input from other diagnostics and with high spatial resolution. A common issue is the alignment stability of either the laser beam or the observation optics. Frequent recalibrations are typically required. This is a challenge in particular for larger fusion experiments;while beam paths tend to get longer, the access for alignment and calibration gets more restricted. Therefore, simple, fast and robust calibration methods are required. A novel calibration technique has been developed at W7-X to account for alignment variations in the calibration procedure. This will decrease the pulse-to-pulse variations significantly and allow for a longer time duration before a recalibration becomes necessary. By monitoring the beam position accurately, it could be shown that misalignment leads to deterministic and reproducible changes in the measured density. The introduced density errors can be corrected for by monitoring the laser beam for every individual laser pulse. In the last experimental campaign, this has been done retrospectively by introducing parallel shifts to the laser beam path in order to show the feasibility of this method. It could be demonstrated that the impact of introduced shifts on the electron density can be successfully corrected for. For future campaigns, the beam alignment will intentionally be varied during the absolute calibration in order to cover the full range of expected beam positions. During the actual experiments, the beam positions will be monitored likewise and each density profile will be evaluated with the most suitable calibration factor. While probably not needed for W7-X, vibrations of the observation optics could be included in the same way.

关键词： data processing methods Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers sources particle-beams) Plasma diagnostics interferometry spectroscopy and imaging

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A neural network based algorithm for MRPC position reconstruction

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第10期15卷

作者： Yu, Y. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Han, D. Guo, B. Wang, F. Shen, C. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Tsinghua Univ Dept Engn Phys Key Lab Particle & Radiat Imaging Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Over the last ten years, muon imaging has attracted much attention due to its possible applications to detect high-Z materials in shipping containers or image very large objects such as volcanoes and large buildings. Precise measurements of the incident and outgoing angles of the cosmic muons are mandatory in this application. Large size (M)RPC detector with sub-millimetre position resolution should be an ideal candidate for the detector system. Prior work on improving the position resolution of MRPC mainly focuses on adjusting read-out panel and the detector geometry, while little work has been done on improving the position reconstruction algorithm. This paper proposes a new position reconstruction algorithm based on the neural networks which has no systematic error and gives better results than the center of gravity algorithm.

关键词： data processing methods Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc) Particle tracking detectors (Gaseous detectors) Resistive-plate chambers

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Improving the time resolution of the MRPC detector using deep-learning algorithms

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第9期15卷

作者： Wang, F. Han, D. Wang, Y. Tsinghua Univ Dept Engn Phys Key Lab Particle & Radiat Imaging Minist Educ Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

The multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) will be used as the Time-of-Flight (ToF) system in the Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID). The time resolution required by the experiment for the MRPC system is 20 ps in order to make a 3 sigma separation of the pi/K created in the collisions. To achieve this goal, the whole system including the MRPC detector, the front-end electronics and the readout system will be upgraded. Based on the new system, a time reconstruction algorithm using a combined LSTM (ComLSTM) neural network is proposed. The best time resolution achieved with this algorithm in a cosmic ray test is 16.8 ps, which largely improves the timing ability of the MRPC detector and well satisfies the requirement of the SoLID.

关键词： data processing methods Gaseous detectors Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors

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Versatile free-running ADC-based data acquisition system for particle detectors

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2022年第4期17卷 C04022页

作者： Jokhovets, L. Kulessa, P. Erven, A. Grewing, C. von der Gracht, T. Hahnraths Harff, M. Ohm, H. Pysz, K. Ritman, J. Roth, C. Schloesser, M. Sefzick, T. Serdyuk, V Waasen, S. v. Wintz, P. Forschungszentrum Julich D-52428 Julich Germany GSI Darmstadt D-64291 Darmstadt Germany Inst Nucl Phys PAN PL-31342 Krakow Poland Ruhr Univ Bochum D-44801 Bochum Germany

A high-density and low-power (<300 mW/channel) data acquisition (DAQ) system integrating 2240 readout channels inside a single OpenVPX crate is presented. It is intended to be used in various applications, e.g. gaseous or scintillator-based particle detectors. 14 payload slots, controller and data concentrator communicate via a multi-gigabit backplane. Each payload slot consists of a front module for digital and a rear transition module for analog processing. A pair of modules implements 160 full readout chains including amplification/shaping, sampling, and feature extraction. The sampling rate and ADC resolution are configurable for 100-1000 MS/s and 14-8 bit, respectively. To extract the pulse arrival time we used a proper shaping of signals and a timing algorithm based on a non-linear rise approximation, which strongly reduces the sampling phase error, thus providing a good performance at moderate (100-250 MS/s) sampling rates. This allows raw data acquisition, arrival time extraction, energy calculation, and pile-up reconstruction for all 160 channels to be implemented in a single FPGA. It occupies less than 30% of its processing resources. The system was tested using the proton beam at COSY (Cooler Synchrotron) at Juelich Research Center (Germany). An off-detector DAQ with a 12-m long cabling was investigated. It introduces considerable additional thermal noise and crosstalk affecting the timing performance. For a sampling rate of 150 MS/s, the time resolution was found to be about 270 ps.

关键词： data acquisition circuits data processing methods Front-end electronics for detector readout Analogue electronic circuits

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Identification of neutron sources and background levels in the polyethylene room of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2021年第12期16卷

作者： Zhong, W. X. Fang, C. H. Lin, S. T. Liu, S. K. Yu, C. X. Liang, J. He, H. T. Xing, H. Y. Zhu, J. J. Tang, C. J. Yue, Q. Wong, H. T. Sichuan Univ Coll Phys Chengdu 610065 Peoples R China Nankai Univ Coll Phys Tianjin 30071 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Engn Phys Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Acad Sinica Inst Phys Taipei 11529 Taiwan

The neutron backgrounds induced by supplementary experimental materials can result in contaminations in rare event search experiments. To address this, we present the neutron background levels arising from ambient materials in the polyethylene room of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory;particularly, we compare simulated spectra with measured neutron spectra unfolded using a genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm optimizes the continuity of the energy spectra and obtains a reasonable spectral result. A good agreement between the unfolded and simulated spectra is achieved. Moreover, estimated neutron background levels of representative ambient materials such as polyethylene, aluminum, and lead are obtained using an exposure time of 511.27 days via a 28 liter 0.5%-gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator detector. The identification of rare neutron sources can aid in background reduction in next-generation large-scale rare event experiments.

关键词： data processing methods Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons) Simulation methods and programs Gamma detectors (scintillators, CZT, HPGe, HgI etc)

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Deep learning reconstruction in ANTARES

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2021年第9期16卷

作者： Garcia-Mendez, J. Geisselbrecht, N. Eberl, T. Ardid, M. Ardid, S. Univ Politecn Valencia Inst Invest Gestio Integrada Zones Costaneres Carrer Paranimf 1 Gandia 46730 Spain Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys Erwin Rommel Str 1 D-91058 Erlangen Germany

ANTARES is currently the largest undersea neutrino telescope, located in the Mediterranean Sea and taking data since 2007. It consists of a 3D array of photo sensors, instrumenting about 10Mt of seawater to detect Cherenkov light induced by secondary particles from neutrino interactions. The event reconstruction and background discrimination is challenging and machin-elearning techniques are explored to improve the performance. In this contribution, two case studies using deep convolutional neural networks are presented. In the first one, this approach is used to improve the direction reconstruction of low-energy single-line events, for which the reconstruction of the azimuth angle of the incoming neutrino is particularly difficult. We observe a promising improvement in resolution over classical reconstruction techniques and expect to at least double our sensitivity in the low-energy range, important for dark matter searches. The second study employs deep learning to reconstruct the visible energy of neutrino interactions of all flavors and for the multi-line setup of the full detector.

关键词： Analysis and statistical methods data processing methods Neutrino detectors Pattern recognition cluster finding calibration and fitting methods

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Detector geometry management system designed for Super Tau Charm Facility offline software

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2021年第4期16卷

作者： Li, H. Huang, W. H. Liu, D. Song, Y. Shao, M. Huang, X. T. Univ Sci & Technol China Dept Modern Phys 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Dept Modern Phys State Key Lab Particle Detect & Elect Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Shandong Univ Inst Frontier & Interdisciplinary Sci 72 Binhai Rd Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China Minist Educ Key Lab Particle Phys & Particle Irradiat Qingdao 266237 Peoples R China

In this paper, a geometry management system (GMS) is designed for the Offline Software of Super Tau Charm Facility (STCF) in China. Based on the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and Detector Description Toolkit for High Energy Physics Experiments (DD4Hep), the system provides a consistent detector-geometry description for different offline applications, such as simulation, reconstruction and visualization. It is being used for detector optimization and performance evaluation with a customized full detector simulation package (FullSim). The paper presents the design, implementation, and performance of the GMS.

关键词： Simulation methods and programs Software architectures (event data models, frameworks and databases) data processing methods Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors

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